Thaum Lub Cev Chemistry ntsib Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam Los daws teeb meem Environmental: Yuav Ua Li Cas ReScA Project Aims Ntawm Kev Siv Cov Khoom Siv Pyrolysis Los Txhim Kho Thiab Rejuvenate Bitumens Part 1

Abstract: Kev tswj cov khib nyiab hauv nroog yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj: ntau dua 30 feem pua ​​​​ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tsim khoom tag nrho ntawm Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, nrog rau kev pov tseg tseem yog ib qho kev coj ua. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov pov tseg yog kev lag luam pavement: nrog rau kev pab cuam lub neej txog li 10-15 xyoo, asphalts tawv, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab nrib pleb, thiab yog li ntawd tsis hloov mus rau txoj kev paving, yog li lawv ua pov tseg. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem no ib txhij, ib qho kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau npaj los ntawm ReScA qhov project, tawm tswv yim txog kev siv pyrolysis los kho MSW (lossis nws cov feem raws li Refuse Derived Fuels, RDFs), uas nws cov seem (roj thiab char) tuaj yeem siv los ua Ntxiv cov khoom xyaw rau asphalt voj voog. Char tuaj yeem siv los npaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab ruaj khov asphalts, thiab cov roj tuaj yeem siv los ua kom rov ua dua asphalts, zam lawv qhov chaw pov tseg. Txoj kev npaj tau muab txoj hauv kev sib txawv thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm cov khib nyiab (EoW) lub voj voog ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub tswv yim no tau pom zoo los ntawm ob qhov kev soj ntsuam hauv qab no: (i) Char yog tsim los ntawm carbonaceous hais tau zoo heev nrog cov organic xwm ntawm bitumens, yog li nws ntxiv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tag nrho cov qauv bitumen, ua rau nws cov khoom siv dag zog thiab ua kom cov molecular qeeb. kinetics ntawm nws txoj kev laus; (ii) roj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv hydrocarbons, yog li nws muaj peev xwm enrich lub pluag feem ntawm lub maltene theem nyob rau hauv pa asphalts. Cov kev xav no tau raug pov thawj los ntawm kev sim cov khoom seem uas tau txais los ntawm pyrolysis ntawm RDFs rau kev txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg sawv cev bitumen qauv thiab nws cov kev tsim kho tshiab tom qab kev laus. Txoj kev npaj tau pom zoo los ntawm kev tshawb fawb physicochemical ntawm cov ntaub ntawv koom nrog thiab lub hom phiaj los qhia tias kev paub txog tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj, zoo li cov ntaub ntawv bituminous, tuaj yeem pab daws teeb meem ib puag ncig. Peb cia siab tias txoj hauv kev no yuav raug suav tias yog ib txoj hauv kev rau yav tom ntej.

Glycoside ntawm cistanche tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv plawv thiab daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm lipofuscin thiab MDA hauv txhua cov ntaub so ntswg, tshem tawm ntau yam reactive oxygen radicals (OH-, H₂O₂, thiab lwm yam) thiab tiv thaiv DNA puas. los ntawm OH-radicals. Cistanche phenylethanoid glycosides muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, muaj peev xwm txo tau ntau dua li cov vitamin C, txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv cov phev ncua, txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA, thiab muaj qee yam kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov phev ua haujlwm. Cistanche polysaccharides tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD thiab GSH-Px hauv erythrocytes thiab ntsws cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nas senescent sim los ntawm D-galactose, nrog rau txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA thiab collagen hauv lub ntsws thiab ntshav, thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm elastin, muaj Cov nyhuv scavenging zoo ntawm DPPH, ncua lub sijhawm ntawm hypoxia hauv cov nas senescent, txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv cov ntshav, thiab ncua lub physiological degeneration ntawm lub ntsws hauv kev sim cov nas nrog cellular morphological degeneration, kev sim tau pom tias Cistanche muaj peev xwm antioxidant zoo. thiab muaj peev xwm los ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij laus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, echinacoside hauv Cistanche muaj lub peev xwm tseem ceeb txhawm rau txhawm rau DPPH dawb radicals thiab muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov pa oxygen reactive thiab tiv thaiv dawb radical-induced collagen degradation, thiab kuj muaj kev kho zoo ntawm thymine dawb radical anion puas.

Nyem rau rou cong rong cov txiaj ntsig

【Yog xav paub ntxiv:george.deng@wecistanche.com / WhatApp:86 13632399501 】

1. Taw qhia

Nyob ib ncig ntawm 2.01 billion tons ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog (MSW) raug tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo, ntawm 33 feem pua ​​​​tsis muaj kev tswj hwm txaus [1]; Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, qhov tseeb, cov khib nyiab hauv nroog (tsev, tsev kawm ntawv, kev lag luam, tsev kho mob pov tseg, thiab lwm yam. [2]) tseem raug kho los ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj kev rov siv dua lossis rov ua dua tshiab. Kev tswj cov khoom pov tseg tsis raug cai tsim teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv thiab nyiaj txiag, muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv [1].

Saib ntawm Tebchaws Europe, xyoo 2019, 224.4 lab tons ntawm MSW raug tsim tawm, ntawm 31 feem pua ​​​​tau rov ua dua, 27 feem pua ​​​​tau hloov mus rau hauv lub zog, 18 feem pua ​​​​tau kho cov kab mob lom, 24 feem pua ​​​​tau muab pov tseg rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg, thiab 1 feem pua ​​​​tau raug hlawv. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev kho cov khib nyiab yog raws li European qauv, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog German, nws tau sau tseg tias cov txheej txheem kev tswj cov khib nyiab zoo dua tuaj yeem ua tau (Italian vs. German feem pua: rov ua dua 33 feem pua ​​​​vs. 48 feem pua; lub zog rov qab. 21 feem pua ​​​​vs. 32 feem pua ​​​​, kev kho mob lom 23 feem pua ​​​​vs. 18 feem pua ​​​​, landfilling 23 feem pua ​​​​vs. 1 feem pua, incineration 1 feem pua ​​vs. 1 feem pua ​​, feem) [3].

Kev pov tseg ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg muaj qhov tshwm sim hauv qab no:

- lub teb chaws toj roob hauv pes disfiguring;

- tus nqi tu thiab kev thauj mus los [4], txij li cov chaw pov tseg feem ntau nyob hauv thaj chaw deb;

- teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv vim kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab kab [5];

- muaj kuab paug ntawm av, dej hauv av (vim percolation ntawm cov kua los ntawm cov organic teeb meem decomposition), thiab huab cua (emission ntawm gaseous decomposition khoom [6] xws li methane, uas yog nees nkaum npaug ntau txaus ntshai tshaj CO2 raws li ib tug tsev xog paj gas [7]).

Thermochemical conversion processes (pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, or incineration) yog cov tswv yim yooj yim los tsim cov roj thiab lub zog los ntawm MSW [8]. Tus nqi ntawm MSW rau kev kho cua sov tau mus txog 921 tons / xyoo hauv 2010-2015 [8]. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev combustion thiab incineration ntawm cov pov tseg muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig uas tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo [9–11]. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho cua sov, qhov tseeb, yuav tsum yog los muab kev txo qis hauv ib puag ncig uas yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj cov khib nyiab tsis raug.

Cov txheej txheem pyrolysis rau kev hloov pauv pov tseg [8] yog ua thaum tsis muaj O2 nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tsim reactors, nyob rau hauv tej qhov kub thiab txias, tso cai rau (i) zus tau tej cov peb yam khoom muaj nqis ntxiv (bio-roj, roj, thiab char) [8,12–14]; (ii) lub zog rov ua kom zoo dua qub, thiab (iii) txo cov pa phem gaseous emissions [15].

Txawm hais tias muaj qhov zoo tsis txaus ntseeg rau kev siv cov txheej txheem thermochemical tshwj xeeb no [8,16], thiab tsis muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm CO2 emissions tshwm sim, kev lag luam rov qab los cuam tshuam nrog cov feem cuam tshuam (bio-roj) thiab cov khoom lag luam (char) yog tsis tau txhais kiag li vim:

- bio-roj yog cov kua sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj cov hydrocarbons thiab cov pa oxygenated nrog ntau yam ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm molecular, uas tseem nyuaj rau kev siv thiab siv;

- char yog cov khoom siv carbon-raws li cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom siv tsis zoo (nyob ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus) uas txwv nws txoj kev ua haujlwm.

Lwm lub voj voog uas tseem qhib rau ntau lub tebchaws yog lub voj voog asphalt. Tom qab ~ 10-15 xyoos, asphalts dhau los ua hnub nyoog, thiab yog li nyuaj thiab tsis yooj yim, thiab tsis tsim nyog rau txoj kev paving, yog li lawv tau hloov nrog cov tshiab, vim tias cov tshuaj kim kim yog xav tau rau lawv cov kev tsim dua tshiab. Tsis ntev los no, tsoomfwv thiab cov tub ceev xwm txoj kev tau thov kom txoj kev lag luam pavement tau ua kom ruaj khov los ntawm kev txo cov kev siv ob qho tib si nkauj xwb thiab cov khoom siv tsawg zuj zus thiab tsis txhob muab pov tseg. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, zoo li lwm lub tebchaws EU, tsuas yog 20-30 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov asphalts rov qab siv dua rau cov txheej txheem paving tshiab, thiab 8-10 wt. feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov asphalts uas muaj rov qab tau muab pov tseg hauv 2018 [17,18]. Kev rov siv cov asphalt tshem tawm tuaj yeem txo cov nqi tag nrho ntawm txoj kev tshiab paving cov ntaub ntawv [18,19]. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg hauv kev siv txoj kev tuaj yeem pab txo nqi, thiab kev nce ntxiv rau lawv cov kev siv rau qhov zoo li no tuaj yeem pom [20].

Hauv kev ua haujlwm tam sim no, ib txoj hauv kev tsim txiaj rau kev siv cov khoom seem ntawm pyrolysis los txhim kho kev ua yeeb yam asphalt thiab nce lawv lub neej-kawg, yog li txo cov pov tseg rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg, tau thov. Qhov ua tau ntawm lub tswv yim no tau ua pov thawj los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag tsis ntev los no ntawm ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb (ReScA) aiming ntawm kev siv tau zoo ntawm ob qho tib si khoom (char) thiab kua (bio-roj) cov khoom tau los ntawm cov pyrolysis ntawm cov khib nyiab los tsim cov khoom ruaj khov thiab siab. ua cov bitumens thiab asphalts, yog li lav zoo dua txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab txo cov khoom pov tseg.

Txoj haujlwm no yog tsim raws li hauv qab no: ua ntej, lub hauv paus physicochemical hauv qab lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv cov pyrolysis-derived residues los txhim kho asphalt tus yam ntxwv yog qhia (Tshooj 2), tom qab ntawd qhov ua tau ntawm txoj hauv kev, nrog rau cov txheej txheem thiab kev ua haujlwm. kom deb li deb raws li txoj haujlwm ReScA, tau tshaj tawm hauv Tshooj 3 thiab 4, qhov kev xav tau cuam tshuam hauv kev thev naus laus zis, kev sib raug zoo, thiab kev lag luam tau tshaj tawm hauv Tshooj 5, thiab cov lus xaus, suav nrog qee cov lus kawg ntawm cov kev xav yav tom ntej, tau tshaj tawm hauv Tshooj 6. .

2. Physico-Chemical Basis rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm khib nyiab thiab asphalt voj voog

Polymers yog cov khoom siv ntxiv rau kev txhim kho cov khoom asphalt, tab sis txog rau tam sim no, lawv cov kev siv tau tsis zoo vim lawv cov nqi siab [20]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom pov tseg, lossis cov khoom lag luam tau los ntawm pyrolysis ntawm cov khib nyiab, raws li cov bitumen thiab asphalt additives [20–24]. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis ntev los no, lub hauv paus physicochemical ntawm kev txhim kho asphalt mechanical yam ntxwv vim char ntxiv tau raug soj ntsuam [25–30]. Char nthuav tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kev laus thaum siv los ua asphalt additive, thiab bio-roj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov laus asphalts, rov kho cov theem maltene nrog qis-molecular-yuag molecules [27,31].

Nano-loj hais, ua tsaug rau lawv qhov siab-rau-ntim piv thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom siv rheological ntawm bitumens thiab asphalts, txawm tias ntxiv rau bitumen hauv feem pua ​​​​me me [32]. Tshwj xeeb, cov khoom zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev pavement thiab txo qhov tsim ntawm cov kab nrib pleb vim kev qaug zog thaum lub sij hawm pavement lub neej ua haujlwm. Carbonaceous hais tias yuav tsum tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua, ua tsaug rau lawv cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog bitumen (lawv yog ob qho tib si carbon-nplua nuj cov ntaub ntawv) [25]. Lub char, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov qauv ntxeem tau thiab fibrous, yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv [28]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov ntsiab lus carbon siab tau pom tias cuam tshuam rau bitumen hardness thiab toughness [33]. Kev siv char raws li kev hloov kho bitumen tau raug sim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv sib txawv [34,35] thiab nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tau raug kuaj pom.

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm char thiab bitumens tuaj yeem muaj kev tiv thaiv kev laus. Cov laj thawj tshuaj txhawb qhov kev xav no yog tias kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm apolar ib feem ntawm char nrog rau theem maltogenic ntawm bitumen yuav tsum txwv qhov kawg rau hauv kev txwv ntau dua. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov khoom siv zoo li char, cuam tshuam kev hloov pauv ntawm bitumen, tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb cov txheej txheem ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev laus, suav nrog cov dynamics uas muaj asphaltene pawg thiab lawv cov aggregates, ntawm qhov ntev sib txawv thiab sib cuam tshuam nrog sib txawv zog [36].

Tsis ntev los no, Rajib et al. Hauv 2021 [37] tau tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv biochar los ncua oxidation thiab UV aging ntawm ob qho tib si binder thiab asphalt, thiab Kumar li al. [38] ntsuas qhov thermal cia ruaj khov ntawm binders hloov nrog pyrolyzed yas pov tseg (PPC). Lawv txoj haujlwm tau pom tias cov pyrolysis residues tuaj yeem siv los hloov kho hauv bitumens, tab sis nws tshwm sim tias tseem xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntau, tshwj xeeb, kom ntsib teeb meem kev ruaj ntseg [38].

Raws li kev laus, cov kab nrib pleb lossis pob txha hauv asphalt tuaj yeem tshwm sim [39], txij li cov khoom siv tshuaj bitumen ua tsawg dua thiab tsis tshua muaj zog nyob rau hauv kev siv zog. Kev laus yog tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem, txhua tus ntawm lawv tus yam ntxwv los ntawm lawv lub sijhawm:

1. volatilization ntawm cov khoom sib zog [40], ib qho tshwm sim tshwm sim txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm tshiab asphalt tso [41,42];

2. oxidation ntawm bitumen constituents los ntawm atmospheric oxygen. Oxidized molecules muaj ntau lub ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab tuaj yeem muab kev txhim kho nws tus kheej [43];

3. tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau polymerization thiab tsim cov qauv loj nyob rau hauv cov bitumen (thixotropy) [44].

Tom qab kev laus, cov bitumen qhov qub ductility / viscosity tuaj yeem rov qab los ntawm qhov yooj yim ntxiv ntawm softening (feem ntau hu ua fluxing) cov neeg ua haujlwm, xws li cov roj flux, kua roj, cov roj slurry, cov roj hauv Tshuag, thiab lwm yam. [45,46].

Txog rau tam sim no, ntau txoj hauv kev los kho qhov qub chemistry ntawm qhov zoo nkauj bitumen thiab nws cov qauv inter-molecular [36,47] (rejuvenation) los ntawm kev ncua cov oxidation, agglomerations, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm tus kheej tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem laus lawm. tsim tawm.

Hais txog kev siv cov roj bio-roj, nws tau raug pov thawj tias nws muaj pes tsawg leeg ua rau nws muaj peev xwm fluxing tus neeg sawv cev. Qhov laj thawj tom qab daim ntawv thov no yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm amphiphilic molecules uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov uas twb muaj nyob hauv bitumen. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau hom amphiphilic qhov chaw tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam, vim muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm cov molecules, thiab nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kua qaub thiab cov molecules yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, vim muaj kev txhawb nqa zoo rau H-bond. tsim los yog, txawm tias ib qho kev hloov pauv proton nrog kev tsim ntawm cov tsiaj them nyiaj [48]. Hauv lub moj khaum no, ib qho piv txwv tsis ntev los no tau muab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ren li al. nyob rau hauv 2020 [49], qhov twg ntxiv ntawm bio-roj muab los ntawm biomass pyrolysis rau bitumen tau sim los txhim kho nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Cov kev txhim kho bitumen tau siv rau nws tus kheej-nplaum thiab doped kub-melt nplooj ntawv. Bio-roj raug kuaj los ntawm FT-IR, GC-MS, thiab Karl Fischer titration, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov bitumen tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov muag muag, ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub qis, kev ntsuam xyuas lub zog, viscosity, ntom, hardness, thiab kev txiav txim siab kub. , thiab khaws cia cov kev ntsuam xyuas nplaum. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas lub cev ua kom pom tau tias bio-bitumen yog qhov muaj peev xwm hloov pauv hauv cov nplooj ntawv bitumen.

Hauv seem tom ntej no, cov ntsiab lus hais txog yuav ua li cas cov haujlwm no tau siv thiab txheeb xyuas ntxiv hauv qhov project ReScA tau tshaj tawm.

3. Methodology thiab Preliminary Results: The ReScA Project

Txoj haujlwm ReScA tsom mus rau kev siv tau ntawm ob qho tib si bio-roj thiab char los ntawm cov txheej txheem pyrolysis los tsim cov asphalts zoo dua thiab siv tau ntev dua, nrog rau kev rov tsim dua tshiab rau ntawm qhov chaw thaum lawv muaj hnub nyoog lossis tag nrho. Lub hom phiaj kawg ntawm ReScA yog kev koom ua ke ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog thiab asphalt cycles. Nws yuav ua tiav raws li ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (Daim duab 1): (i) kev kho ntawm cov khoom pyrolysis cov yam ntxwv los ntawm cov txheej txheem optimization; (ii) kev siv cov khoom pyrolysis rau asphalt formulation thiab rejuvenation thaum lawv laus los yog qaug zog.

Txoj kev npaj tau ua rau cov txiaj ntsig dav dav hauv qab no:

1. hloov cov khoom siv roj av (piv txwv li, roj av) nrog cov khoom siv los ntawm cov pyrolysis ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog;

2. kev txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab lub neej ntev ntawm asphalts los ntawm kev siv char;

3. tus nqi qis thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw rejuvenation ntawm cov asphalts tas los ntawm bio-roj.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau hais los saum toj no yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov hnub nyoog asphalts pov tseg hauv cov chaw pov tseg, CO2 emissions, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom, vim yog qhov ua rau lub sijhawm ntev asphalts. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tswv yim ReScA, siv qhov kev siv ntawm pyrolysis los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog (tseem ceeb rau cov roj uas tsis kam lees, RDFs), tib lub sijhawm, tso cai rau lub zog tseem ceeb rov qab los [50] (tus nqi cua sov feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 20 MJ. /kg [51]) thiab kev txo qis ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg, ua tiav txoj kev lag luam ncig kev lag luam uas tau hais kom tau txais kev pom zoo hauv kev hloov pauv tom qab COVID-19.

3.1. Methodology (Pyrolysis, Rheological Properties of Asphalts)

ReScA nrhiav kev siv tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov kua (char thiab bio-roj) rau lub thermoconversion ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog los txhim kho thiab txhim kho asphalts, ua rau lawv tiv taus thiab nyob ntev (los ntawm kev siv char) thiab tso cai rau lawv nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw. regeneration los ntawm kev siv bio-roj. ReScA yog ib qho kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm chemists, physicists, thiab engineers los xyuas kom meej tias ob qho tib si kev tsim khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv rau asphalts los ntawm pyrolysis thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev txhim kho asphalt ua yeeb yam los ntawm kev pom rheological.

3.1.1. Pyrolysis Txoj Kev Ua Raws Li Pov Hwm Thermoconversion

Cov txheej txheem pyrolysis tso cai rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, feem ntau nrog cov ntsiab lus siab carbon (xws li lignocellulosic biomasses, RDFs, plastics, log tsheb), hauv peb cov khoom tseem ceeb:

- ib feem condensable (bio-roj) nplua nuj nyob rau hauv dej, hydrocarbons, thiab oxygen-muaj hom [14,52–54];

- kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj (tsuas yog CO, CO2, thiab CH4) uas tuaj yeem siv tau, ua tsaug rau nws cov nqi cua sov, kom muaj zog txhawb cov txheej txheem [14,52,55–58];

- cov khoom muaj roj carbon-nplua nuj residue (char) [52,59].

Qhov ntau ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm kub, cua sov tus nqi, huab cua (typology ntawm inert gases), thiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub vapors thiab cov khib nyiab nyob rau hauv lub pyrolysis chamber tuaj yeem hloov kho raws li qhov xav tau, sib sau cov txheej txheem pyrolysis rau hauv plaub pawg dav: qeeb, pa, ceev, thiab flash pyrolysis [52]. Cov cua kub sib txawv ntawm 0.1–1 ◦C/s (slow pyrolysis) mus rau saum 1000 ◦C/s (flash pyrolysis), hos conventionally, qhov kub ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob nruab nrab ntawm 300–600 ◦C.

Txhawm rau hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam yields, hauv daim duab 2, kev sib piv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom pyrolysis tau los ntawm lignocellulosic biomass tau los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ua tiav ntawm qhov sib txawv qhov kawg kub thiab cov cua kub sib txawv tau tshaj tawm. Raws li ib qho kev qhia dav dav, qeeb pyrolysis tej yam kev mob yog haum rau char ntau lawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qis kub, thaum nyob rau tib lub kub, ceev los yog flash pyrolysis tej yam kev mob yog haum rau lub maximization ntawm roj thiab kua ntau lawm. Tshwj xeeb, ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yog tias cov txheej txheem tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej uas lub sijhawm vapor nyob hauv lub sijhawm ntev (ntawm qhov cua sov qis, piv txwv li, qeeb pyrolysis cov xwm txheej), cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov roj feem ntau nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws txij li cov kev cuam tshuam thib ob (xws li. , tawg) ua qhov cuam tshuam thiab cov char hloov mus rau cov qauv nrog cov ntsiab lus oxygen tsawg (hu ua thawj char). Hloov pauv, ntawm qhov kub kub (xws li, nrawm thiab flash pyrolysis tej yam kev mob), cov pa roj tawm los txo qis kom txaus siab ntau dua ntawm cov kua feem ntau, txij li cov kev cuam tshuam thib ob (xws li decomposition rau hauv me me molecules) raug txwv [52]. Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv hais txog cov pyrolysis ntawm lignocellulosic biomass hom tuaj yeem pom hauv kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no los ntawm Giudicianni li al. [52], thaum cov ntsiab lus hais txog pyrolysis ntawm MSW tuaj yeem pom hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Hasan [60].

Kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm ntau hom txheej txheem yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muab rau hauv kev txiav txim siab rau daim ntawv thov. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau ntsuas kev lag luam ntawm cov txheej txheem muab, tag nrho cov khoom tsim tau, suav nrog cov neeg siv kawg ntawm cov khoom pyrolysis, yuav tsum tau muab coj los rau hauv tus account. Kev ntsuas lub neej (LCA) yuav tsum tau ua hauv qhov kev ntsuas no.

Cov txheej txheem pyrolysis yog ib lub tswv yim hloov pauv hloov pauv tau yooj yim vim tias cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm txhua cov khoom pyrolysis tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev ua raws li qhov tsim nyog. Qhov kev ua kom zoo dua no qhia txog cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov khoom lag luam pib, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw tshawb fawb dav dav [52]. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem (ASTM cov txheej txheem) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (C, H, N, S cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov kawg), cov ntsiab lus ntawm noo noo, tshauv, volatiles, thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide (los ntawm kev tsom xam), thiab cov nqi cua sov ntawm cov khoom noj. yog conventionally saws [61].

Hais txog ReScA qhov project, cov khoom noj uas tau xaiv (RDFs) yog muab los ntawm kev tswj cov khib nyiab hauv nroog thiab ruaj khov raws li txoj cai tam sim no. RDF yog ib feem ntawm MSW combustible feem uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau thiab muaj calorific nqi vim nws muaj xws li: tawv yas, ntim khib nyiab, textiles, ntoo, hlau, thiab roj hmab [62]. RDF yog tsim nyob rau hauv mechanical-biological nroj tsuag rau MSW sorting, raws li qhov kawg seem ntawm cov txheej txheem raws li nram no: (i) rov qab cov ntaub ntawv recyclable (xws li, plastics, hlau, iav, ntawv); (ii) kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom pov tseg biodegradable; (iii) kev sib cais ntawm inert pov tseg [62].

RDF yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv uas cuam tshuam rau nws tus cwj pwm thermal tag nrho. Qhov nruab nrab RDF muaj pes tsawg leeg tau qhia los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv sib txawv yog cov hauv qab no: 15-35 feem pua ​​​​plastics, 15-50 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov ntawv cellulosic thiab cardboard, 2-10 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov ntoo, 5-20 feem pua ​​​​cov organics, thiab li 5-10 feem pua ​​​​tsis-combustible teeb meem [ 62–64] ib.

Tag nrho cov thermal degradation ntawm RDF feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm thermal degradation ntawm ob feem ntau (cellulosic thiab yas feem) [64]. RDF decomposes nyob rau hauv qhov dav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (200-600 ◦C, Daim duab 4), tab sis ntawm qhov kub qis dua piv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau [65]. Nws qhov qis qis-carbon, qhov teeb meem tsis haum xeeb [64], thiab muaj cov teeb meem tsis hloov pauv ntawm 10 thiab 20 feem pua ​​(hlau tuaj yeem ua rau cov decompositions) yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus cwj pwm pyrolytic.

Cov txheej txheem depolymerization thiab monomer fragmentation ntawm RDF Cheebtsam tswj cov txheeb ze ntawm cov khoom (char), kua (bio-roj), thiab cov seem gaseous, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular.

Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo dua ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv thermal degradation ntawm RDF, thiab tseem qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov cua sov thiab qhov ntsuas kub kawg tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tom kawg, qhov poob loj (tseem ntsuas los ntawm kev ntsuas ntsuas thermogravimetric, TGA) thiab qhov sib txawv thermogravimetric teeb liab ( DTG) ntawm RDF, xaiv raws li qhov kev tshawb fawb, tau tshaj tawm hauv daim duab 3 rau ob qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cua sov (5 thiab 50 ◦C / min). Qhov loj poob raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los yog lub sijhawm nyob hauv yog vim muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tsoo, oxidation, thiab poob ntawm volatiles [66]. Qhov sib txawv tau pom zoo rau ob lub TG nkhaus ua pov thawj tias cov txheej txheem degradation yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov cua sov thiab, vim li ntawd, cov txheeb ze ntawm peb feem ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem pyrolysis (gas, char, thiab bio-roj) tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov sib txawv (feem ntau yog qhov kub thiab txias, tus nqi cua sov, thiab lub sijhawm nyob hauv roj).

Raws li cov lus hais zaum kawg, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kho pyrolysis ntawm cov khib nyiab yas kom tau txais tag nrho ib puag ncig kev ua yeeb yam zoo dua li cov kev xaiv ib txwm siv, xws li kev cog qoob loo lossis kev tua hluav taws, tau raug pov thawj siv LCA txoj hauv kev txij li xyoo 2005 [67]. Tsis ntev los no, Jeswani et al. [10] tau ua tiav qhov kev soj ntsuam LCA tob dua uas qhia tias txawm tias qhov kev kho mob pyrolysis ntawm cov khib nyiab sib xyaw ua ke muaj 50 feem pua ​​​​txo qis kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab lub neej siv zog siv ntau dua li kev xaiv lub zog rov qab, lwm yam cuam tshuam xws li acidification, eutrophication, thiab photochemical. thiab ozone tsim, yog siab dua cov neeg kho tshuab rov ua dua tshiab thiab lub zog rov qab los ntawm kev xav tau lub zog loj hauv cov txheej txheem pyrolysis thiab purification. Yog li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Jeswani li al. [10] qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau txhim kho, yav tom ntej, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua kom cov pa roj carbon conversion efficiency ntawm khib nyiab pyrolysis ntxiv kom txo tau nws cov kev cuam tshuam.

3.1.2. Asphalts Kev Npaj, Kev Laus, Rejuvenation Test, thiab Rheological Characterization

Ib qho dav ntawm cov qauv ntsuas rheological feem ntau yog ua haujlwm los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm asphalt Cheebtsam (feem ntau bituminous feem) thiab asphalt prototypes.

Nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm ReScA, cov qauv bitumen uas muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov char yog npaj thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lawv qhov kev ruaj ntseg yog ua tiav los ntawm ntau hom kev sib txawv: kev sim qib nkag mus (EN 1426: 2015), lub nplhaib thiab pob kev xeem (EN 1427: 2015), NMR diffusion thwmsim, sib txawv scanning calorimetry (DSC) ntsuas, rheometry ntsuas rau G0, G00, thiab tan delta, rutting thiab qaug zog tsis, dub daim duab tsom xam, microscopy imaging (optical, AFM), thiab infrared spectroscopy ntsuas. Cov char-hloov bitumens uas muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo yog siv los npaj asphalt prototypes. Kev npaj ntawm asphalt prototypes yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem raws tu qauv (UNI EN 12697-31) nrog rau lub gyratory compactor. Hauv kev nthuav dav, qhov loj me me ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo yog xaiv raws li Italian Standard Specifications [19], tib lub sijhawm, ua tau raws li cov kev txwv uas tau tsim los ntawm Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements txoj kev raws li Txoj Haujlwm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txoj Kev Loj (Superpave SHRP) [20 ]. Cov kev sib sau tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov asphalt specimen raug xaiv los ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv rutting phenomena [21] thiab ua raws li kev sib xyaw tsim qauv (UNI EN 933-1). Kev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg yog ua tiav siv tus qauv Marshall Stability Test (ASTM D6927).

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv kev laus uas tau muab los ntawm char ntxiv, kev kuaj kev laus yog ua ntawm char-hloov bitumens. Kev simulation ntawm kev laus yog ua los ntawm tus qauv txheej txheem ntawm dov nyias-zaj duab xis qhov cub ntsuas (RTFOT) raws li tus qauv raws tu qauv ASTM D2872-04, thiab lub siab laus lub nkoj (PAV), raws li ASTM D6521 raws tu qauv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab tom qab cov txheej txheem kev laus yog ua los ntawm tib txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas siv rau kev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg.

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm bio-roj li rejuvenator lossis ua tus neeg sawv cev fluxing, cov laus cov qauv bitumens yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem hais saum toj no thiab tom qab ntawd kho nrog cov roj bio-roj ntau ntxiv. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov qauv tau txais thiab kev sib piv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no nrog cov neeg nkauj xwb thiab cov hnub nyoog bitumens tso cai rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm bio-roj ntxiv.

Kev sau los ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig kev ua tau zoo no yuav tsum ntxiv dag zog rau kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv bitumen thiab additives hauv daim ntawv ntawm nanoparticles lub luag haujlwm rau kev nce hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab kav ntev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txiaj ntsig asphalt.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov kev thov, qee qhov kev tshwm sim ua ntej ntawm RDF, cov khoom noj uas tau xaiv los ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb, tau tshaj tawm hauv ntu tom ntej.

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