Temporal Grouping Effects in Verbal And Musical Short-term Memory: Puas yog Serial Order Representation Domain-general? Ntu 2

Txhawm rau kom ua tiav, txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tsom los tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub cev ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim ntawm cov suab nrov.

Tone sequences yog ib qho teeb meem uas tib neeg muaj thaum kawm thiab cim cov lus, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem txhim kho thiab tswj tau. Mastering tone sequences tseem ceeb heev rau peb lub cim xeeb thiab kev kawm tau zoo.

Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias cov kab ke ntawm lub suab tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb thiab txhawb cov chaw nco. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nrog lub suab zoo, peb tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco thiab kev kawm. Piv txwv li, thaum kawm ib lo lus tshiab, peb tuaj yeem siv cov lus sib txawv los pab peb nco qab nws thiab tseem hu nws rov qab rau peb tus kheej yog tias xav tau. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem siv tau ntau yam kev kawm lus Suav thiab txawv teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub, mastering pitch tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus kheej. Kev kawm siv intonation tsim nyog thiab lub suab nrov tso cai rau peb sib txuas lus zoo dua thiab to taub ib leeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam kev sib tham lossis kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv, lub suab raug thiab intonation tseem ceeb dua.

Thaum kawg, peb xav hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav. Los ntawm kev siv lub suab sib txawv, peb tuaj yeem kho peb lub siab thiab lub siab lub ntsws. Piv txwv li, lub suab nrov tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg zoo siab thiab zoo siab, thaum lub suab qis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab ua siab mos siab muag.

Piv txwv li, kev paub cov suab lus ib ntus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau peb lub cim xeeb, kev kawm, kev txawj ntse, thiab kev tswj lub siab. Cia peb khaws peb cov lus thiab siv lub suab thiab intonation tsim nyog los txhim kho peb lub neej zoo. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola muaj antioxidant, tiv thaiv kev mob, thiab tiv thaiv kev laus, uas tuaj yeem pab txo qis oxidation thiab inflammatory tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb, yog li tiv thaiv cov kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche deserticola kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kho cov paj hlwb, yog li txhim kho kev sib txuas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural networks. Cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev nco, kev kawm, thiab kev xav nrawm, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab kab mob neurodegenerative.

Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv

Los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem tshwm sim rau cov suab sib txuas nrog cov uas tau tshaj tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv STM, peb lub hom phiaj yog (1) txhim kho peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qab qhov sawv cev ntawm kev txiav txim siab hauv suab paj nruag STM thiab (2) hais cov lus nug ntawm domain-generalality ntawm serialorder txheej txheem hauv STM.

Peb tau ua thawj qhov kev sib tw ua ntej piv rau yav tom ntej kev tsim kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv serialorder ntawm ungrouped 6-tone sequences thiab tib cov sequences pawg nyob rau hauv ob pawg ntawm peb yam.1

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais hauv qhov kev sim thawj zaug, qhov kev sim tsis tau sau npe ua ntej hauv online uas yuav tsum tau rov qab los ntawm 6- tsab ntawv tau muab faib ua pawg thiab ungroupedsequences tau ua kom tso cai sib piv ncaj qha nrog cov ntaub ntawv tau txais hauv Kev sim 1.

Vim muaj cov nyhuv qab nthab uas txwv qhov kev sib piv ntawm temporalgrouping teebmeem nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag (sim 1) thiab hais lus (sim 2) domains, lwm yam uas tsis yog-preregistered hauv internet kev sim tau ua rau account rau lub qab nthab effect.Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov kev sim no txhawb qhov ze Zoo sib xws ntawm cov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv tau pom nyob rau hauv kev hais lus thiab suab paj nruag.

Kev sim 1: rau pem hauv ntej reconstruction ntawm suab paj nruag txiav txim

Txoj kev

Kev npaj ua qauv. Tam sim no muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws nyiam siv Bayesian cov txheej txheem txheeb xyuas los tsim cov kev sim thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais. Bayesian cov txheeb cais muab ntau qhov zoo (rau kev tshuaj xyuas, saib Dienes, 2016; Wagenmakers li al.,2018).

Piv txwv li, Bayesian statistical analyses cia saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thaum lub sij hawm sau cov ntaub ntawv, tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub hom phiaj uas cov ntaub ntawv sau, thiab tsis rhiab rau cov kev xaiv txwv (Berger & Berry, 1988; Rouder, 2014). Nrog rau cov kev xav hauv siab no, peb siv cov qauv hauv qab no rau kev sim 1 (rau qhov laj thawj zoo sib xws hauv kev txiav txim siab cov qauv qauv, saib Wagenmakers li al., 2015).

Peb tau nrhiav neeg ua ntej 20 cov neeg tuaj koom thiab ua cov phiaj xwm kev tshuaj ntsuam. Yog hais tias rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas no (saib "Kev Npaj Kev Ntsuam Xyuas" ntu kom paub meej ntxiv), peb tau txais qib muaj zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau lwm qhov (H1) lossis qhov tsis muaj (H0) kev xav nrog Bayes yam (BF) ntawm 10 lossis ntau dua, cov ntaub ntawv sau yuav tsum nres. Yog tias qhov kev ntsuas no tsis ua raws li tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm peb qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, peb yuav nrhiav neeg koom ntxiv thaum saib xyuas BF qhov tseem ceeb.

Hauv lwm lo lus, peb tau khiav tib qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tom qab txhua pawg ntawm tsib tus neeg koom thiab txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum peb mus txog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj muaj zog rau tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau npaj (H0 lossis H1). Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev txwv cov peev txheej, peb npaj yuav tsum tsis txhob sau cov ntaub ntawv tom qab kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm 50 tus neeg tuaj koom, txawm tias peb tsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau tag nrho cov phiaj xwm analyses.Cov neeg koom.

Qhov kev sim tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Psychology thiab Sciences ntawm Kev Kawm ntawm University of Geneva. Tsib caug-yim thawj xyoo psychology cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm University of Genevatook ib feem hauv Kev sim 1 hauv kev sib pauv rau ib feem ntawm cov qhab nia.

Cov qauv kawg yog tsim los ntawm 50 tus neeg koom (45 tus poj niam; hnub nyoog n xyoo: M=21.78, SD=1.95; qib kawm hauv xyoo: M=13.00 , SD=1.12; suab paj nruas kev kawm nyob rau hauv xyoo: M=0.35, SD=0.85; suab paj nruas xyaum nyob rau hauv xyoo:M=0.69, SD{ {16}}.04) tom qab tshem tawm yim tus neeg koom nrog uas tsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem suav nrog (saib cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog pej xeem ntawm OSF qhov chaw khaws cia cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv sau no kom paub meej ntxiv).Cov txheej txheem suav nrog thiab cais tawm.

Raws li peb tau xav txog kev ua suab paj nruag STM rau kev txiav txim siab hauv cov neeg koom nrog tsis muaj kev paub suab paj nruag, cov neeg koom yuav tsum tsis muaj ntau tshaj 3 xyoos ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag theoryor xyaum ua suab paj nruag (xws li hu nkauj) thaum lub sijhawm sim. Peb tshem tawm cov neeg koom nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws lossis kev hais lus tsis zoo (xws li, dyslexia) los ntawm cov qauv.

Thaum kawg, peb tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib tus neeg koom nrog qhov kev ua tau zoo sib npaug lossis qis dua qib .17 txoj hauv kev tsawg kawg yog ib qho kev sim los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas. Txhawm rau ua raws li txoj kev npaj ua piv txwv, cov neeg koom tsis suav nrog raug hloov los ntawm kev xaiv lwm tus neeg koom.
Ntshai. Cov stimuli muaj 60, 6-tone sequences. Toreduce qhov muaj peev xwm uas siv ib qho kev txwv ntawm rau lub tones tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam, peb siv cov txheej txheem ntawm 14 txawv tones uas muaj tag nrho cov kauj ruam diatonic ntawm Cmajor nplai (xws li C4 txog B5). Cov tones yog puresine nthwv dej generated nrog Audacity (Audacity Team, 2017) thiab tau txais kev cawmdim raws li .wav cov ntaub ntawv, txhua qhov kav ntev li 500ms nrog lub sijhawm nce thiab poob ntawm 10ms.

Cov suab nrov tau tsim los siv pseudo-random permutations raws li peb txoj cai hloov los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm kev hais lus STMfor serial order (saib, piv txwv li, Hartley li al., 2016):

1. Tsis pub ntau tshaj ob lub suab sib txuas uas tseem sib txuas hauv lub suab nrov (piv txwv li, C4–E4–G4 lossisB4–D5–F5 tsis raug cai);

2. Tsis pub ntau tshaj ob lub sijhawm sib law liag hauv tib txoj kev taw qhia (piv txwv li, C4 [ ]  E4 [ ]  D5 [ ]  G4 raug tso cai tab sis tsis yog C4 [ ]  E4 [ ]  D5 [ ]  F5);

3. Tsis muaj suab nrov ntawm tib txoj hauj lwm serial nyob rau hauv successivetrials.

Raws li cov tones siv npog ob lub octaves, peb txwv qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm qhov ntev mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm xya semitones kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis paub ntau lub sijhawm. Peb kuj tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov kab ke muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov nplai loj. Ib qho ntxiv, txhua qhov sib lawv liag muaj qhov sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsawg kawg yog .70 nrog rau cov suab nrov faib profile ntawm tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov nplai loj. Qhov siab tshaj plaws kev sib raug zoo tau txiav txim siab siv Krumhansl & Schmucklerkey-nrhiav algorithm (Krumhansl, 1990).

Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob qhov kev sib koom ua ke, peb tau rov qab siv 30 qhov sib lawv liag los ntawm cov ungroupedtrials tab sis ua si lawv nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim rov qab thiab nthuav tawm lawv los ntawm qhov kawg mus rau thawj zaug hauv kev sim ua pab pawg.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tsis xav tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tsis tu ncua, cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm pseudo-randomly createdtone sequences tau tsim ua ntej rau txhua tus neeg koom. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias txhua qhov kev tsim ua ntu tau siv ob qho tib si hauv ib pawg neeg tsis sib haum xeeb thiab ib pab pawg sib tw, cov neeg koom nrog tus lej muaj cov ungrouped thiab grouped sequences sib raug rau cov pab pawg thiab ungrouped sequences, raws li, ntawm tus lej khib-ntaus tus neeg koom hauv qhov kev sim.

Kev sim tsim. Qhov kev sim tau ua raws li 2-factor in-particants design. Ob hom sequences tau nthuav tawm hauv ob qhov sib txawv nrog cov ungroupedsequences ib txwm nthuav tawm ua ntej.

Qhov no tau ua kom tsis txhob nthuav tawm cov kab ke ua ntej tuaj yeem ua rau kev siv cov tswv yim pab pawg neeg rau cov kev sim tsis sib xws (rau cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws, saib Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2004; Hartley li al., 2016). Rau cov kev sim uas tsis yog pawg, cov tones tau nthuav tawm ntawm qhov tsis tu ncua.Procedure.

Cov txheej txheem suav nrog kev nthuav qhia auditory ntawm 60 qhov kev sim hauv tag nrho. Stimuli tau ua si nyob rau hauv ib qho yooj yim auditory theem los ntawm headphones txuas nrog aportable workstation. Txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog kev suav rov qab los ntawm 3 mus rau 1 tso tawm ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub khoos phis tawj screenat lub nrawm ntawm 500ms. Lub suab sib lawv liag tau ua si sib law liag ntawm ib qho screen dawb paug rau 500ms.

Inungrouped trials, lub suab tau nthuav tawm nrog lub sijhawm tsis tu ncua interstimulus (ISI) ntawm 150ms. Hauv kev sim ua pab pawg, theISI yog 75ms rau cov khoom hauv pab pawg (Txoj haujlwm 1–2, 2–3,4–5, thiab 5–6) thiab 450ms rau ntawm cov khoom tsim ua pawg (Txoj Haujlwm 3–4). Tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib ntus, cov keyboard virtual tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen thiab cov neeg koom siv lub vijtsam kov los tsim cov kab ke.

Cov neeg koom tau raug yuam kom rov tsim kho cov kab ke hauv pem hauv ntej serial kev txiav txim. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, lawv yuav tsum nrhiav thiab lees paub lub suab sib raug rau thawj txoj haujlwm, tom qab ntawd mus rau txoj haujlwm thib ob, thiab lwm yam kom txog rau thaum rov tsim kho tag nrho cov kab ke.Cov keyboard virtual tau siv dua los tsim cov suab sib luag (Daim duab 2). Ib txheej ntawm rau tus yuam sij dawb uas sawv cev rau rau lub suab tau hnov ​​​​hauv qhov yuav tsum tau tsim dua tshiab tau tshwm sim kab rov tav ntawm qhov screen. Thetones tau teeb tsa hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab nce mus, los ntawm qhov qis qis rau sab laug mus rau qhov siab tshaj ntawm sab xis.

Txhua lub sij hawm tus yuam sij raug nias ntawm lub vijtsam kov, lub suab sib xws tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub mloog pob ntseg. Kov tus yuam sij ua kom lub suab sib txuas los ntawm kev hloov xim ntawm tus yuam sij togreen (saib panels 1, 5, 7, lossis 10 hauv daim duab 2). Thaum tus neeg koom tau rov qab tau lub suab nrov rau txoj haujlwm tam sim no thiab qhib lub qhov tseem ceeb, lawv yuav tsum nias lub pob "validate" mus rau txoj haujlwm tom ntej (saib panels 4, 6, 8, lossis 12 hauv daim duab 2).

Tom qab lub suab tau raug muab tso rau hauv ib txoj haujlwm, tus yuam sij hloov pauv mus rau grey los qhia tias lub suab tsis tuaj yeem siv ntxiv lawm thiab cov lus tawm tswv yim rau tus yuam sij raug kaw. Nws muaj peev xwm hloov lub suab "active" ua ntej validating ib txoj hauj lwm (saib panels 10–12 nyob rau hauv daim duab 2) tab sis tsis yog ib zaug txoj hauj lwm raug validated.

Yog tias rau ib txoj haujlwm twg tus neeg koom tsis nco qab lub suab sib xws lossis tsis xav twv, nws tuaj yeem teb "Kuv tsis paub" los ntawm kev xaiv "?" khawm ua ntej siv txoj haujlwm (saib vaj huam sib luag 11 hauv daim duab 2). Thaum kawg, txhua lub sijhawm thaum lub sijhawm rov tsim kho dua tshiab, cov neeg tuaj koom muaj lub sijhawm los hnov ​​​​cov txheej txheem rov tsim dua mus txog thaum ntawd (saib vaj huam sib luag 9 hauv daim duab 2).

Hypotheses

Qhov kev sim no muaj lub hom phiaj hauv qab no: (1) kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuab ua suab paj nruag STM los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub cev tsis muaj suab paj nruag, uas nyob rau hauv lem yuav tso cai rau (2) ntsuam xyuas lub ntsiab lus-generality hypothesis ntawm serial order nyob rau hauv STM .

Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov no, peb piv cov kev ua haujlwm rov qab rau hauv pawg thiab muab pawg 6- cov suab sib luag, tsom mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rov qab, cov duab ntawm qhov chaw sib tw, cov lus teb latencies, thiab cov nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam. Raws li lub npe-generality hypothesis ntawm serial order STM, nws tau kwv yees los soj ntsuam ntau dua recallaccuracy rau pawg tshaj ungrouped sequences.

Peb kuj tau kwv yees qhov muaj qhov sib npaug-bowed serial positioncurve rau pawg ua ntu zus. Thaum kawg, peb cia siab tias yuav soj ntsuam ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam tsis raug hauv pawg ntau dua li cov kab ke.

Kev npaj tsom xam

Peb tau siv qhov kev pab cuam qhib JASP (version 0.14, JASP Team, 2018) nrog rau qhov chaw pib rau txhua qhov kev npaj (hais txog ntawm no hauv qab no) thiab tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb qhia.Rau Bayesian t-tests , ua ntej tau sawv cev ua Cauchydistribution nrog r-scale ntawm 0.707.

Rau Bayesian kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv (ANOVA), qhov ua ntej kuj tseem muaj cov kev faib tawm ntawm aCauchy, nrog rau qhov ntsuas r ntawm .5 thiab 1 rau fixedand random teebmeem, feem.Recall qhov tseeb thiab serial txoj hauj lwm nkhaus. Peb soj ntsuam serialposition curves los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov rov qab qhov tseeb raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm serial txoj hauj lwm thiab pab pawg neeg mob rau txhua tus neeg koom.

Then, we performed a 2 × 6 repeated-measures ANOVA, with a 2-level type of sequence factor (ungrouped vs. grouped) and a 6-level serial position factor (from 1 to 6). In case of an interaction between the two factors (i.e., the full model is the best model and is supported by a BF of at least 10, relative to the second-best model), we assessed the presence of mini-primacy and mini-recency effects in grouped sequences by comparing recall accuracy between Positions 1 and 2 (H1: 1>2), Txoj Haujlwm 2 thiab 3 (H1: 2<3), Positions 4 and 5 (H1: 4>5), thiab Txoj Haujlwm 5 thiab 6 (H1: 5<6) via Bayesian paired samples t-tests.

Hloov gradients. Peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov gradients los ntawm kev suav cov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis raug raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv rau txhua tus neeg mob thiab txhua tus neeg koom nrog. Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov no, peb tau ua 2 × 5 rov ntsuas ANOVA nrog rau 2- qib hom kev sib txuas (tsis suav nrog pawg) thiab ib qho 10-leveldisplacement nrug (los ntawm -5 txog 5, tsis suav nrog { {7}}).

If the full model turned out to be the best (i.e., BF>10 piv nrog tus qauv thib ob zoo tshaj plaws), peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsom mus rau tus nqi ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig thiab kev cuam tshuam tsis raug (saib qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tom ntej kom paub meej ntxiv).

Interposition yuam kev thiab tus nqi xaav uas nyob ib sab. Tus nqi ntawm kev cuam tshuam qhov tsis raug thiab kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov chaw nyob ib sab tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev suav cov kev faib ua feem ntawm qhov tsis raug cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov khoom khaws lawv thawj zaug hauv pab pawg txoj haujlwm (piv txwv li, qhov tseeb ntawm peb txoj haujlwm) thiab qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo. ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm serial ntawm tag nrho cov serial ordererrors thiab cais rau txhua hom kab ke (ungroupedvs. pawg).

Tom qab ntawd, ob qho kev sib koom ua ke tau muab sib piv raws li qhov pom ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam qhov yuam kev

(H1: interpositions in grouped sequences>kev sib tshuamnyob rau hauv ungrouped sequences) thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws (nyob ib sab tsiv nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg sequences

Cov txiaj ntsig

Npaj kev tshuaj ntsuam. Qhov 2 × 6 rov ua dua-kev ntsuas BANOVA ua rau rov qab qhov tseeb raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm serial txoj hauj lwm (1–6) thiab pab pawg neeg mob (paub pawg vs.ungrouped), qhia tias tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws yog tus qauv nrog ob lub ntsiab cuam tshuam (saib daim duab 3a).

Cov qauv no yog nyiam tshaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws thib ob, tag nrho cov qauv los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 1.80 (saib "Serial txoj hauj lwm nkhaus" kab hauv Table 1). Asthe nyiam tsuas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, peb tau txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig. Qhov no tau ua tiav nrog JASP los ntawm ib txoj hauv kev ntsuas cov pov thawj thoob plaws txhua tus qauv uas muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txaus siab. Cov ntaub ntawv muab pov thawj txiav txim siab pom zoo ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj haujlwm aserial (BFIinclusion=∞), cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj muaj zog heev hauv kev pom zoo ntawm pawg ua haujlwm (BFIinclusion=31.28), thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv kev pom zoo ntawm muaj kev sib cuam tshuam (BFIinclusion=2.15).

Raws li tau npaj tseg, peb tsis tau txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm mini-primacy thiab mini-recency cuam tshuam hauv pawg raws li qhov muaj kev sib cuam tshuam tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.Lub 2 × 10 rov ntsuas ANOVA ua rau ntawm qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis raug raws li ib qho muaj nuj nqi ntawm transposition nrug (−5 mus rau 5, tsis suav nrog 0) thiab groupingcondition (paub vs. ungrouped), qhia tias tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws los piav qhia cov ntaub ntawv yog tus qauv tag nrho (saib daim duab 3b).

Cov qauv no nyiam tshaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws thib ob uas tsuas yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ncua deb los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 173.36, sawv cev rau kev txiav txim siab rau tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws (saib "Transpositiongradients" kab hauv Table 1).

Muab qhov kev txhawb nqa meej meej rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, peb muab piv rau tus nqi ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas nyob ib sab thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob pawg ua haujlwm raws li tau npaj tseg.

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