Pw Pleev Pleev Tsis Txaus Ntshai Qhov Kos Npe Ntawm Kev Kawm Ua Tau Zoo Part 3
Dec 12, 2023
Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas
Cwj pwm
Cov ntaub ntawv coj tus cwj pwm tau txheeb xyuas siv R Studio (v.1.4.1717, R Studio Team 2021). Lub cim xeeb sib sau ua ke tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv visuospatial nco qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas tam sim thiab qeeb.
Kev xeem qeeb yog ib txoj kev sim uas feem ntau siv los ntsuas kev nco thiab kev kawm. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tias tom qab ib qho kev kawm thiab kev nco ua tiav, qhov kev xeem tau ncua sij hawm los soj ntsuam tib neeg lub cim xeeb mus ntev thiab kev paub txog kev kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev xeem qeeb tuaj yeem pab peb sib sau ua ke thiab txhim kho kev kawm. Peb feem ntau kawm thiab cim ntau dua thaum kawm paub tshiab, tab sis kev sim qeeb tuaj yeem pab peb nco thiab nco qab zoo dua, pab ua kom peb nkag siab thiab nco txog kev paub peb tau kawm. Qhov kev nco tob no feem ntau yuav pab peb rov qab sai thiab nco qab cov ntaub ntawv peb xav tau yav tom ntej.
Los ntawm kev sim qeeb, peb tuaj yeem tshawb pom qhov muag tsis pom hauv peb txoj kev kawm, nrhiav cov ntsiab lus uas nyuaj tshaj plaws rau peb nco qab, thiab kawm thiab rov ua tus tswv hauv lub hom phiaj kom paub ntau ntxiv txog kev paub txog kev xav tau.
Tab sis peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev ncua sij hawm tsis zoo tag nrho. Nws yog tsuas yog siv los sib sau ua ke cov kev paub uas peb tau paub dhau los, thiab yuav tsis pab peb kawm cov ntsiab lus lossis cov ntsiab lus kev paub. Yog li ntawd, thaum kawm kev paub tshiab, peb kuj yuav tsum tau sau ntawv ntau ntxiv thiab siv cov kev paub uas peb tau kawm rau hauv lub neej tiag tiag kom peb nkag siab thiab nco txog kev paub.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, ncua kev xeem yog pab tau zoo rau peb kev kawm thiab nco. Nws tso cai rau peb los sib sau ua ke kev paub kev nco zoo dua thiab kawm thiab paub cov kev paub uas xav tau kom zoo dua. Cia peb nquag siv qhov kev xeem qeeb los txhim kho peb cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm thiab ua kom zoo dua qhov kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse uas yuav tsum tau muaj thaum lub sijhawm kawm. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.
Nyem paub ntxiv los txhim kho kev nco
Rau txhua tus neeg koom thiab kev xeem, peb suav cov qhab nia yuam kev rau txhua daim duab los ntawm kev xam qhov nrug (cm) ntawm qhov chaw rov qab (duab chaw) thiab qhov chaw uas cov duab tau tshwm sim ntawm kev saib tsis pom. Peb tau txais qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas (RI) los ntawm kev rho tawm qhov yuam kev ntawm qhov ncua sij hawm los ntawm qhov qhab nia yuam kev ntawm qhov ntsuas tam sim rau txhua daim duab thiab tom qab ntawd nruab nrab ntawm cov duab.
Kev ua raws li RI tau suav nrog ntawm qhov kev sim tam sim ntawd thiab kev soj ntsuam uas siv tib txoj kev. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab yooj yim (xws li RI siab dua=kev tuav pov hwm zoo dua), peb tau hloov qhov kev txiav txim ntawm RI rho tawm rau qhov uas tau sau npe ua ntej.
This change yields statistically identical results aside from the sign change. As preregistered, 1 participant was removed from analyses that included RISleepBenefit scores (see below) because their RI at the delayed test in the sleep deprivation condition was >3 SD los ntawm txhais tau tias.
Kev kawm hnub tom ntej tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ntsuas kev kawm (LI), uas sib npaug rau feem pua ntawm cov duab pom tau zoo ntawm kev sib tw ua khub. Nruab nrab ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv RI thiab LI tau txheeb xyuas siv cov qauv ua piv txwv t-kuaj nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm P < 0.05. Peb tshaj tawm cov "classical" Cohen's d raws li peb qhov kev kwv yees kwv yees vim tias nws tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sim tsim qauv thiab yog li pab txhawb kev sib piv thoob plaws cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv (R muaj nuj nqi: cohen, R pob: LSR, Navarro2015).
Ib qho ntawm peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau tshawb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej thiab seb SWA pab txhawb kev sib raug zoo li cas. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, peb xub ntsuas qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog deprivation) ntawm RI thiab LI. Peb rho tawm (rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog) RI nyob rau hauv qhov kev pw tsaug zog deprivation los ntawm RI nyob rau hauv pw tsaug zog kom tau txais RISleepBenefit.
Ib yam li ntawd, wesubtracted (rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog) LI hauv kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo los ntawm LI hauv kev pw tsaug zog kom tau txais LISleepBenefit. Cov qhab nia zoo ntawm RISleepBenefitand LISleepBenefit yog li qhia txog kev pw tsaug zog nrog kev txhim kho hauv kev ua haujlwm. RISleepBenefit thiab SWA (saib hauv qab) tau nkag mus ua tus kwv yees ntawm LISleepBenefit hauv kev quab yuam-nkag mus rau ntau qhov kev ntsuas rov qab.
Ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas Bayesianmultiple regression (R pob: BayesFactor, Morey, thiab Rouder 2018) tau siv los kuaj xyuas cov pov thawj ntawm qhov tsis muaj tseeb (xws li tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog koom nrog [RISleepBenefit], SWA, thiab kev kawm tom ntej [LISleepBenefit]). Kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib raug zoo tau suav nrog Pearson's R.
EEG (zeeg)
Kev ua ntej
Pw tsaug zog EEG cov ntaub ntawv tau muab faib ua 30 s epochs thiab tau qhab nia hauv RemLogic 3.4 raws li tus qauv qauv (Iber 2007). Epochs tau qhab nia raws li kev pw tsaug zog-theem N2 lossisSWS raug xa tawm mus rau MATLAB 2019a siv FieldTriptoolbox (Oostenveld li al. 2011, v.10/04/18) rau kev txheeb xyuas ntxiv. Cov khoom cuav raug txheeb xyuas thiab tshem tawm siv FieldTrip's Databrowser (txhais tau tias ± SD cov khoom cuav tsis lees paub, 3.5 ± 2.85), cov suab nrov raug tshem tawm (4 channelsacross 4 tus neeg koom), thiab 2 tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv raug tshem tawm vim lub suab nrov dhau. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem tshuav yog band-pass lim ntawm 0.3 Hz thiab 30 Hz siv Butterworth low-pass thiab high-pass lim.
Lub zog spectral tsom xam
Vim lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv occipital raws (raws li yog vim li cas ntawm electrodes detaching thaum hmo ntuj nyob rau hauv ob peb tus neeg koom), peb tsuas suav nrog frontal (F3 thiab F4), nruab nrab (C3 thiab C4), thiab parietal (P3 thiab P4) channels nyob rau hauv peb spectral tsom xam. ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pw tsaug zog EEG. Siv cov haujlwm los ntawm FieldTrip toolbox, artifact-free N2, thiab SWS epochs tau siv rau Fast Fourier Transformation nrog 10.24-s Hanning qhov rais thiab 50% sib tshooj.EEG lub zog hauv SWA (0.5– 4 Hz) thiab ceev ceev spindle (12.1-16 Hz) bands tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov kab sib txuas thiab cov kab sib txuas.
EEG (learning)
Kev ua ntej
Tag nrho 8 EEG raws (F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, thiab O2) tau suav nrog hauv peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas kev kawm. Cov ntaub ntawv tau raug lim dej siab (0.5 Hz), qhov ntsuas tsis pom (49–51 Hz), thiab muab faib rau hauv kev sim (−3 s txog 4.5 s nyob ib puag ncig kev txhawb zog pib). Cov kev sim uas cov neeg koom tsis teb raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tsom xam (txhais tau tias ± SD tsis suav nrog kev sim, pw tsaug zog: 0.1 ± 0.45, pw tsaug zog: 5.11 ± 7.93, Priestet al. 2001).
Los ntawm tawv taub hau electrodes, qhov muag blinks thiab cardiaccomponents raug txheeb xyuas thiab raug tshem tawm siv anindependent Cheebtsam tsom xam, thiab nrov channels tau interpolated los ntawm ib tug luj nruab nrab ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze (14 raws nyob rau hauv 6 tus neeg koom thiab 2 yam). Cov kev sim tau pom qhov muag thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 2 tus neeg koom raug tshem tawm vim muaj suab nrov ntau dhau ntawm cov channel.
Sijhawm-frequency tsom xam
Lub sij hawm-frequency sawv cev (TFRs) raug xam cais rau qis dua (4–30 Hz) thiab ntau zaus (30–60 Hz). Peb qhov kev sau npe sab saud yog 120 Hz, tab sis vim tias peb qhov piv txwv yog 200 Hz, lub sab saud yog siab tshaj qhov Nyquist zaus thiab yuav tsum tau qis dua.Rau qis zaus, cov ntaub ntawv tau convolved nrog 5-5- voj voog Hanning taper hauv 0. {9}}Hz zaus cov kauj ruam thiab 5-mstime cov kauj ruam siv qhov ntev qhov rais adaptive (piv txwv li qhov ntev qhov rais txo nrog nce zaus, piv txwv li 1.25 s ntawm 4 Hz thiab 1 s ntawm 5 Hz, khaws 5 cycles).
Rau siab dua, cov ntaub ntawv tau convolved nrog tapers ntawm Slepiansequence (3 tapers), kuj nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam ntawm 0.5 Hz thiab 5 mswith ib tug adaptive qhov rais ntev. Rau qhov kev soj ntsuam tom qab no, zaus smoothing tau teem rau 0.4 ntawm qhov zaus ntawm kev txaus siab (xws li 20 Hz smoothing ntawm 50 Hz). Kev tsis lees paub cov khoom pov thawj tau ua tiav los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv-tsav mus rau hauv kev siv cais rau kev txheeb xyuas ntawm qis dua thiab siab dua: cov nqi hluav taws xob uas tshaj li 85 feem pua ntawm txhua lub sijhawm / zaus cov ntsiab lus thiab kev sim raug tshem tawm ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv.
TFRs tau hloov mus rau qhov feem pua ntawm lub zog hloov pauv mus rau −400 ms rau −200 ms prestimulus lub hauv paus qhov rais. Lub qhov rais no tau raug xaiv tomitigate hauv paus kev kis kab mob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab kev ua haujlwm thaum khaws cia qhov sib thooj rau qhov kev xav tau pib (nco ntsoov tias peb lub sijhawm poststimulus lub sijhawm ntawm kev txaus siab pib ntawm 0.3 s, saib hauv qab).
Cov kev sim tau muab faib ua tom qab nco qab thiab tsis nco qab cov lus piav qhia-cov duab ua khub (raws li theem kev xeem 48 teev tom qab). Vim tias peb 49-51 Hz notchfilter sib tshooj nrog peb cov gamma zaus ntau, tauran peb qhov kev soj ntsuam ntau dua (30-60 Hz) tsis muaj qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas thiab cov txiaj ntsig hauv gamma zaus (40-60 Hz) tsis hloov pauv.
Kev txheeb cais
TFR kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau ua raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov qauv thiab raug kho rau ntau qhov kev sib piv nrog FieldTrip's nonparametric pawg-raws li permutation method (1,000 randomizations). Cov pawg tau txhais los ntawm channel ∗ lub sijhawm thaum nruab nrab ntawm cov kab ntau zaus ntawm kev txaus siab (theta [4–8 Hz], alpha [8–12 Hz], beta [12–20 Hz], thiab gamma [40–60 Hz], pawg p <0.05).
Kev txheeb xyuas ua ntej hauv thetaand gamma bands tau {{0}}tailed, whereas exploratoryanalyses tau 2-tailed. Txhawm rau txo kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov lus teb uas pom pom thaum ntxov, lub sijhawm qhov kev txaus siab tau teeb tsa los ntawm 0.3 s rau 2 s (Friedman andJohnson 2000; Osipova li al. 2006). Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws tau siv los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog) ntawm neural correlates ntawm encoding: Wecalculated qhov loj nruab nrab TFR qhov txawv rau tom qab nco qab> tsis nco qab adjective-duab duab khub nyob rau hauv txhua yam mob (pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog deprivation) thiab ces nkag mus cov kev sib piv no rau hauv pawg-raws li kev tsom xam (Sleepremembered > tsis nco qab > SleepDeprivationremembered > tsis nco qab).
Txhawm rau cuam tshuam txog qhov laj thawj ntawm kev ntsuas kev sib txuas raws li pawg, peb tshaj tawm cov teebmeem raws li Cohen's dz raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm pawg loj tshaj plaws (piv txwv li qhov nruab nrab ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev thiab lub sijhawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau pab ntawm ib qho taw tes rau pawg loj, Meyeret al. 2021).
Cov txiaj ntsig
Pw tsaug zog pab kev nco ua ke
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam kev sib sau ua ke thaum hmo ntuj, peb suav ib qho RIF Los ntawm qhov ntsuas tam sim thiab ncua sij hawm visuospatial nco (siab dua RI {{0}}} zoo dua thaum hmo ntuj, saib Materialsand txoj kev). Raws li qhov xav tau, RI tau nce siab dua tom qab pw tsaug zog ntau dua li kev pw tsaug zog (t(28)=3.78,P < 0.001, d=0.71, saib daim duab 2a). Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias peb qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tau tsav los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov kev sim qeeb, peb kuj tau soj ntsuam kev nco qab ntawm qhov kev sim tam sim thiab kev soj ntsuam (uas tau tshwm sim 48 teev tom qab kev sim qeeb, yog li tso cai rau rov qab pw tsaug zog).
Raws li kev cia siab, RI tseem tseem ceeb dua hauv kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog) mob (t(28)=2.18, P=0.038, d {{5} }.44, saib daim duab 2b), qhia tias kev pw tsaug zog tau yooj yim rau kev sib sau ua ke hmo ntuj. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv visuospatial raug ntawm qhov ntsuas tam sim (txhais tau tias ± tus qauv yuam kev ntawm qhov nruab nrab (SEM), pw tsaug zog: 2.44 ± 0.10, pw tsaug zog: 2.57 ± 0.10, t (28)=−0.98,P=0.337, d=0.19, BF01=3.28) thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntawm tuav ( RISleepBenefit [iesleep condition RI − pw tsaug zog deprivation mob RI], saib hauv qab no) ntawm cov neeg koom ua tiav qhov kev pw tsaug zog ua ntej lossis tom qab pw tsaug zog deprivation condition(t(27)=0.22, P=0.828, d=0.08, BF01=2.81).
Txawm hais tias lub sij hawm teb ntawm PVT tau qeeb qeeb thaum sawv ntxov tom qab pw tsaug zog (txhais tau tias ± SEM, 399.00 ms ± 17.63) dua li pw tsaug zog (289.15 ± 4.34, P < 0.0{ {19}}1), tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm RISleepBenefitand PVTSleepBenefit (piv txwv li RT tom qab pw tsaug zog - txhais tau tias RTafter pw tsaug zog deprivation, R{{10}} −0.15, P {{ 13}}.440, BF01=1.92). Ib yam li ntawd, raws li qhia los ntawm SSS, cov neeg tuaj koom tau hnov tsawg dua tom qab pw tsaug zog (txhais tau tias ± SEM, 5.37 ± 0.15) dua tom qab pw tsaug zog (2.27 ± 0.16). Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm RISleepBenefit thiab SSSSleepBenefit (piv txwv li kev ntsuas tom qab pw tsaug zog - txhais tau tias ntsuas tom qab pw tsaug zog, R2 < −0.01, P=0.991, BF01=2.46). Kev tshawb xyuas txuas ntxiv ntawm PVT thiab SSS cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob hauv Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv.
Kev pw tsaug zog txhim kho kev kawm tom ntej
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev ua tau zoo tom qab pw tsaug zog lossis pw tsaug zog tsis tsaug zog, peb suav ib qho LI, uas sib npaug rau feem pua ntawm cov duab pom zoo ntawm kev sib tw ua khub (qhov no tau tshwm sim 48 teev tom qab kev nkag, ua raws li kev pw tsaug zog rov qab). Raws li qhov xav tau, kev ua haujlwm encoding tau nce siab dua tom qab pw tsaug zog dua li pw tsaug zog (t(29)=12.19, P < 0.001, d=2.17, saib daim duab 2c), qhia tias kev pw tsaug zog tau txais txiaj ntsig kev kawm rau hnub tom ntej.Nws tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntawm kev kawm tshiab (LISleepBenefit; piv txwv li pw tsaug zogLI - pw tsaug zog deprivation mob LI, saib hauv qab) ntawm cov neeg koom nrog uas ua tiav qhov kev pw tsaug zog ua ntej lossis tom qab pw tsaug zog deprivation mob ( t(28)=0.37,P=0.712, d=0.14, BF01=2.75).
Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawmLISleepBenefit thiab PVTSleepBenefit (R{{{0}}} −0.30, P=0.113), txawm hais tias cov pov thawj rau qhov tsis suav nrog (BF{{ 5}} 86). Ib yam li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm LISleepBenefit thiab SSSSleepBenefit(R2=−0.35, P=0.056) nrog cov pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg rau thenull (BF01=0.53).
Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke, kev ua haujlwm yoj qeeb, thiab kev kawm tom ntej
Tom ntej no, peb tau sim qhov kev xav tias kev sib sau ua ke hmo ntuj kwv yees kev kawm hnub tom ntej thiab tias SWA pab txhawb kev sib raug zoo no. Vim tias peb tsom mus rau qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog nrog kev nco txog thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog ua ntej kom paub qhov zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (vs. sleepdeprivation) ntawm RI thiab LI. Peb yog li ntawd rho tawm ob qho tib si RI thiab LI ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog deprivation tej yam kev mob (ntawm cov neeg koom nrog-los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog) xws li cov qhab nia zoo ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm RISleepBenefitand LISleepBenefit metrics qhia txog kev pw tsaug zog-txuas ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm. SWA tau txhais tias EEG lub zog nyob rau hauv 0.5–4 Hz zaus band thaum pw tsaug zog theem N2 thiab SWS (collapsed hla tag nrho EEGchannels). Hauv ntau tus qauv regression, peb tau nkag mus rau RISleepBenefit thiab SWA ua tus kwv yees thiab LISleepBenefit asthe cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv. Raws li qhov kev cia siab, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (RISleepBenefit) thiab SWA tsis tseem ceeb rau kev kawm hnub tom ntej (LISleepBenefit, F(2, 24)=1.51, R2=0.11, P {{ 18}}.242, saib daim duab 3). Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb ntawm RISleepBenefit thiabLISleepBenefit ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm SWA (B=3.30, t(24)=0.86,P=0.399) los yog nruab nrab ntawm SWA thiab LISleepBenefit ntawm tus kheej ntawm RISleepBenefit (B=−0.51, t(24)=−1.65, P=0.111).RISleepBenefit tsis cuam tshuam nrog SWA (R{ {37}}.21, P=0.298). Kev soj ntsuam tom qab Bayesian tau nthuav tawm cov pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm null (ie hais tias kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke thiab SWA tsis suav nrog rau kev kawm hnub tom ntej, BF01=2.04).
Hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov chaw muag khoom, peb tau rov ua qhov kev sib txawv no tab sis tsuas yog nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog hauv peb tus qauv (xws li RISleepBenefit thiab LISleepBenefit tau hloov nrog RI thiab LI los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ib leeg). Peb qhov kev tshawb pom tau tsom mus rau qhov kev soj ntsuam yav dhau los: kev sib koom ua ke pw tsaug zog (RI) thiab SWA tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm tom ntej (LI, F(2, 25)=1.83, P=0.181 , R2=0.13, BF{{10}}.68).Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm RI thiab LI ntawm SWA (B=4}.46, t(25 )=1.67,P=0.107) los yog nruab nrab ntawm SWA thiab LI ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm RI(B=−0.25, t(25)=−1.16, P { {26}}.256), thiab tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb ntawm RI thiab SWA (R2=0.28,P=0.143).
Peb kuj tau tshawb xyuas seb RI hauv kev pw tsaug zog puas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam kev pw tsaug zog yav dhau los hauv kev tshaj tawm kev nco txog kev sib koom ua ke: lub sijhawm (min) hauv SWS (Backhaus li al. 2006; Scullin 2013) thiab ceev spindle zog (12.1–16 Hz , Cox et al. 2012; Tamminen et al. 2010). Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb (tag nrho P> 0.368). Cov ntaub ntawv pw tsaug zog muaj nyob rau hauv Table 1.
Pw tsaug zog deprivation cuam tshuam betadesynchronization thaum kawm tiav
Thaum kawg, peb tau sim qhov kev xav tias kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo cuam tshuam theta thiab gamma synchronization ntawm kev kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tau soj ntsuam cov theta (4–8 Hz) lossis gamma (40-60 Hz) bands thaum piv TFRs tom qab nco qab thiab tsis nco qab cov duab kos duab lossis nruab nrab ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog deprivation, thiab muaj tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv no (tag nrho P> 0.05).
Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntawm beta desynchronization, anestablished marker ntawm kev kawm tiav (Hanslmayret al. 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014; Griffiths et al. 2016). Raws li cov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los no, kev txo qis hauv beta zog tau pom thaum lub sij hawm encoding ntawm tom qab nco qab (vs. tsis nco qab) adjective-duab pairings thaum combining pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog deprivation tej yam kev mob (xws li 2 pawg nyob rau hauv sab laug hemisphere pib ntawm ∼1.5–1.7 s (P=0.044,d=−0.66) thiab ntawm ∼1.75–1.9 s (P=0.038, d=−0.49) afterstimulus onset (saib daim duab 4a ).
Interestingly, kev hloov pauv ntawm beta hwj chim nrog kev kawm tiav tau sib txawv hauv kev pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog tsis zoo (kev sib cuam tshuam, sib xws rau pawg hauv sab laug hemisphereat ∼{{0}}.5–{7}}.7 s, P=0.014, d=−0.33, saib Fig. 4b thiab d).Thaum encoding ntawm tom qab nco qab (vs.forgotten) adjective-duab pairings tau txuam nrog downregulation ntawm beta zog tom qab pw tsaug zog ( P=0.005), qhov pom meej ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm beta lub zog tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv tom qab pw tsaug zog (P=0.019, saib daim duab 4c, txawm hais tias qhov kev xeem tom kawg no tsis muaj txoj sia nyob Bonferroni kho, alpha { {16}}.0125). Ntxiv mus, betapower tau txo qis thaum lub sij hawm encoding ntawm tom qab nco qab khub hauv pw tsaug zog (vs. sleepdeprivation) mob (P=0.001), tab sis tsis muaj qhov txawv li ntawd tau pom thaum lub sij hawm encoding ntawm tom qab tsis nco qab khub (P=0) .928).
To explore whether this significant interaction was driven by increased fatigue in the sleep deprivation (vs. sleep) condition, we correlated (for each participant) average beta power for the contrast Sleepremembered > forgotten >Pw tsaug zog deprivationremembered > tsis nco qab (nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg theem tseem ceeb) nrog SSSSleepBenefit thiab PVTSleepBenefit. Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb (SSS: R2=−0.20, P=0.311, BF01=1.58, PVT: R2=0. 18,P=0.371, BF01=1.73), qhia tias qhov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los tsis tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv infatigue.
Ib qho kev txo qis hauv beta tag nrho kuj tau pom zoo rau kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog deprivation) mob thaum sib txuas ua ke tom qab nco qab thiab tsis nco qab-daim duab khub sib txuas rau 2 pawg sab laug (∼1–1.5 s, P=0.{{8} }14, d=−{17}}.63) thiab righthemisphere (∼1.3–1.7 s, P=0.038, d=−0.47) .Rau qhov yav dhau los qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm alpha (8–12 Hz) desynchronization thiab kev kawm tiav (Griffiths li al. 2016; Weisz li al. 2020), peb kuj tseem tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov zaus band (tib yam zoo ib yam li saum toj no), tab sis tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj. tau pom (tag nrho P> 0.05).
Kev ua yeeb yam
Cov sij hawm pw tsaug zog thaum lub sijhawm {{0}}h ncua sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm qhov ncua sij hawm thiab kev soj ntsuam tom qab (raws li kwv yees los ntawm lub dab teg actigraphy) tau siv rau 2 (Txheej xwm: Pw tsaug zog / Pw tsaug zog deprivation) ∗ 2 (Hmo: 1/2 ) rov ntsuas dua ANOVA (Rfunction: anova_test, R pob: rstatix). Nco ntsoov tias 2 tus neeg koom tsis suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no vim muaj teeb meem kev ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej actigraphy. Muaj cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm Hmo ntuj (F(1, 27)=62.47, P < 0.001, ηp2=0.7{ {42}}), qhia tias txhua tus neeg koom pw tsaug zog ntev dua hmo ntuj 1 dua hmo ntuj 2. Ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb ∗ Hmo ntuj kev sib cuam tshuam (F(1, 27)=14.21, P < 0. {45}}1, ηp2=0.35) kuj tau tshwm sim, nrog Bonferroni-kho qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tom qab hoc qhia tias pw tsaug zog ntev dua nyob rau hauv kev pw tsaug zog (vs.sleep) mob hmo ntuj 1 (txhais tau tias ± SEM teev pw tsaug zog, pw tsaug zog: 9.03 ± 0.45, pw tsaug zog: 7.52 ± 0.24, P=0.006) tab sis luv dua hmo ntuj 2 (pw tsaug zog: 5.33 ± 0.23, pw tsaug zog: 6.00 ± 0.25, P. {{48}) . Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm Condition (F(1, 27)=3.07, P=0.091, ηp2=0.10).
Nws yog qhov ua tau tias lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thawj hmo tom qab kawm hauv kev pw tsaug zog tsis txaus (vs.sleep) mob ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev kawm tshiab-cov duab ua khub, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam thawj zaug ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntawm encoding. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov muaj peev xwm no, peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev pw tsaug zog nyob rau thawj hmo tom qab kawm (pw tsaug zog deprivation mob - pw tsaug zog mob) nrog theLISleepBenefit. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb tshwm sim (R2=−0.06, P=0.756, BF01=2.33).
Kev sib tham
Pw tsaug zog muab ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo dua li sawv rau khaws cia nco thiab tseem rau kev kawm tshiab (Gais et al. 2006; Yoo et al. 2007; Talamini et al. 2008; Payne et al. 2012; Alberca-Reina et al. 2014; Kaida et al. 2015; Durrant et al.2016; Tempesta et al. 2016; Cairney, Lindsay, et al. 2018; Cousins et al. 2018; Gaskell et al. 2018; Ashton et al.2020; Cairney et al.2020). Qee qhov qhia tias cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm SWS thiab koom nrog neural oscillations hauv kev hloov lub cim xeeb rov qab los ntawm hippocampus mus rau neocortex thiab ua rau rov qab muaj peev xwm hippocampal rau kev kawm tshiab (Walker 2009; Born and Wilhelm 2012; Kornlin 2012; ib. 2019). Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no, wetested lub hypothesis hais tias qhov twg cov tib neeg sib sau ua ke nco tshiab thaum pw tsaug zog kwv yees lawv muaj peev xwm mus encode tshiab cov ntaub ntawv rau hnub tom qab thiab hais tias SWA pab txhawb rau qhov kev sib raug zoo no. Txawm hais tias weobserved ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (txog rau kev pw tsaug zog tsis txaus) ntawm peb cov kev ntsuas ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hmo ntuj thiab kev kawm tom ntej, peb pom tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm 2 ntsuas lossis nrog SWA.
Muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev pw tsaug zog rau kev kawm tshiab, peb tau tshawb nrhiav ntxiv kom nkag siab tias kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo cuam tshuam li cas neural correlates ntawm kev ua tiav encoding. Interestingly, whereas kev kawm tom qab nco qab (vs.forgotten) koom haum yog txuam nrog ib tug downregulation ntawm 12-20 Hz beta zog tom qab pw tsaug zog (raws li qhia inprevious ua hauj lwm, Hanslmayr li al. 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014; Griffiths 19.20et. ), tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv betapower tshwm sim tom qab pw tsaug zog deprivation. Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tias qhov tsis muaj kev pw tsaug zog cuam tshuam rau neuraloperations underpinning nco encoding, ua rau kev ua tau zoo.
Kev pw tsaug zog muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev sib sau ua ke hmo ntuj thiab kev kawm tom ntej
Cov hauj lwm yav dhau los tau qhia tias kev pw tsaug zog txhawb kev nco (Gais et al. 2006; Talamini et al. 2008; Payneet al. 2012; Durrant et al. 2016; Cairney, Lindsay, et al. 2018; Gaskell et al. 2018; Gaskell et al. 2018; 2020; Ashtonand Cairney 2021) thiab kev kawm tom ntej (McDermottet al. 2003; Yoo et al. 2007; Kaida et al. 2015; Tempestaet al. 2016; Cousins et al. 2018). Ua raws li cov kev tshawb fawb no, peb pom tias kev nco qab thiab kev kawm tom ntej tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog hmo ntuj rau kev pw tsaug zog.
Txawm hais tias qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ua ntej ntawm kev pw tsaug zog lub luag haujlwm hauv kev kawm thiab kev nco thiab tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua ntej ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus (Gais li al. 2006; Yoo et al.2007), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xav txog qhov twg peb qhov kev tshawb pom tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kev nco. Kev pw tsaug zog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog deprivation. Lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ua rau muaj ntau yam kev puas siab puas ntsws (Krause li al. 2017), txhais tau hais tias kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo (vs.sleep) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tsis yog ncaj qha. tsis muaj kev pw tsaug zog (qhov tseeb, cov neeg koom nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau qeeb dua los teb rau PVT thiab qhia tias tsis tshua muaj kev ceeb toom ntawm SSSafter pw tsaug zog ntau dua li pw tsaug zog). Kev tsom mus rau thawj zaug ntawm peb qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thaum hmo ntuj, kev paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws tshwm sim los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev rov qab los, tsim kom muaj kev xav ntawm kev pw tsaug zog zoo dua qub.
Thaum qhov no yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb uas tsim nyog tau txais kev pw tsaug zog-nco txog kev soj ntsuam ntawm peb ncua sij hawm (uas ua raws li tam sim ntawd tom qab lub sijhawm hmo ntuj), nws tsis tau piav qhia tias vim li cas qhov kev tuav pov hwm hauv kev pw tsaug zog tseem muaj 48 hlater (ib zaug cov neeg pw tsaug zog tau muaj sijhawm txaus. rau rov qab pw tsaug zog). Ntxiv mus, peb tau pom qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (vs.sleep deprivation) ntawm kev nco qab thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv hauv SSS cov qhab nia lossis PVT cov sij hawm teb, qhia tias peb qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tau tsav los ntawm cov kev paub tsis meej uas ua rau muaj kev pw tsaug zog. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab tias peb cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog onmemory consolidation. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas qhov no nco txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam (xws li qhov uas tau ntsib nyob rau hauv pw tsaug zog deprivation mob) los yog ib qho active pw tsaug zog-dependentconsolidation mechanism, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv.
Tig rau peb qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev kawm hnub tom ntej, txawm hais tias theem kev ntsuam xyuas kuj tau tshwm sim 48 teev tom qab encoding, theem pib kawm tau tshwm sim tam sim tom qab pw tsaug zog lossis pw tsaug zog. Yog li ntawd, peb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm pom tau tias qhov kev txhim kho pom tseeb hauv kev ua lej tom qab pw tsaug zog tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws tom qab pw tsaug zog tsis txaus.Qhov tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, peb xav tias peb cov ntaub ntawv EEG muab cov pov thawj tsim nyog uas tsis muaj kev pw tsaug zog tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev kawm tshiab. Tshwj xeeb, yog tias peb cov teebmeem raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kev paub tsis meej tshwj xeeb tom qab pw tsaug zog, ib tus yuav cia siab tias yuav tau pom tsuas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm EEG kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog deprivation (xws li tsuas yog ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov kev sim encoding). Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tau pom tias beta desynchronization tau nthuav dav hauv kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog deprivation) qhov xwm txheej, tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sim rau cov lus piav qhia-duab duab tom qab nco qab. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntawm beta desynchronization thaum kawm tiav tsis tau kwv yees los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm SSS cov qhab nia lossis PVT lub sij hawm teb, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm beta lub hwj chim tshwm sim rau cov khub uas tsis nco qab lawm (saib daim duab 4b thiab c).Vim beta desynchronization yog ib qho kev tsim neuralmarker ntawm kev ua semantic thaum kawm tiav (Hanslmayr li al. 2011, 2014; Griffiths li al. 2016), cov kev tshawb pom no yuav qhia tau tias cov neural mechanisms of encoding yeej cuam tshuam los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntxiv. muaj nyob rau hauv qab no, qhov uas peb piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas lub hlwb yuav koom nrog cov tswv yim kev kawm thaum lub sij hawm ua semantic tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (saib "Pw tsaug zog tsis cuam tshuam kev kawm zoo").
Vim tias peb cov RI tau ua raws li cov kev sim rau tib yam khoom ntawm qhov tam sim ntawd, qeeb, thiab kev sib tham tom qab, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias peb cov ntaub ntawv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev rov ua haujlwm rov qab los (piv txwv li nco qab uas tau txais kev xyaum rov qab yog feem ntau nco qab zoo dua li cov uas donot, Roediger thiab Karpicke 2006; Carpenter et al. 2008).Qhov ntawd yog, qhov zoo ntawm kev tuav pov hwm tau pom tom qab pw tsaug zog (vs.sleep deprivation) ntawm qhov kev ntsuas ncua sij hawm yuav tau khaws cia ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev rov ua dua. Txawm li cas los xij, muab qhov kev nco tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev rov qab tau txais txiaj ntsig me ntsis los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke (Bäuml li al. 2014; Antony et al. 2017; Antony thiab Paller 2018), tom qab ntawd, raws li kev coj ua rov qab ua dua, qhov kev sim tam sim no yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo. ntawm tuav. Txawm hais tias nws tseem tuaj yeem hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv kev khaws cia ntawm qhov kev sim qeeb tau tsav los ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg tom qab pw tsaug zog, qhov no yuav tsis piav qhia vim li cas qhov kev nco zoo hauv kev pw tsaug zog tseem tshwm sim 48 teev tom qab (ib zaug rov qab pw tsaug zog tau tshwm sim). Yog li ntawd, peb xav tias qhov kev coj ua rov qab tsis tuaj yeem muab qhov kev piav qhia tsim nyog ntawm peb qhov kev tshawb pom.
Muab hais tias rov qab pw tsaug zog tom qab pw tsaug zog deprivation ischaracterized los ntawm ib tug homeostatic nce nyob rau hauv SWS (Borbély 1982; Borbély li al. 2016), ib tug tej zaum yuav tau cia siab rau ib hmo consolidation ntawm tshiab kawm adjective-duab pairings yuav tsum tau amplified nyob rau hauv pw tsaug zog deprivation (vs. pw) mob, muaj peev xwm tempering qhov pib cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntawm encoding. Txawm hais tias peb tsis tau sau tseg EEG pw tsaug zog thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg koom nrog nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw kuaj mob (thiab yog li tsis muaj kev nkag siab txog kev nce hauv homeostatic hauv SWS tom qab pw tsaug zog), peb tau saib xyuas tus cwj pwm pw tsaug zog nrog lub dab teg actigraphy. Cov neeg koom nrog pw ntev dua thaum thawj hmo tom qab kawm txog kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog), tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ntev tsis cuam tshuam nrog qhov loj ntawm kev pw tsaug zog qhov txiaj ntsig rau kev kawm. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev pw tsaug zog ntev dua nyob rau hauv kev pw tsaug zog deprivation tsis muaj txiaj ntsig cuam tshuam rau kev pw tsaug zog ntawm kev kawm tshiab.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia, txawm li cas los xij, kev txhim kho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev kawm tshiab-cov duab ua khub hauv kev pw tsaug zog (vs. pw tsaug zog) mob (vim kev pw tsaug zog ntev dua) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog nrog kev nco qab thiab kev kawm tom ntej. nyob rau hauv peb ntau regression tsom xam.Txawm li cas los xij, tib yam tsis zoo tshwm sim tau pom thaum peb qhov kev txheeb xyuas tau txwv rau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ib leeg es tsis yog qhov kev rho tawm ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab pw tsaug zog deprivation tej yam kev mob (raws li tau ua tiav hauv peb qhov kev tsom xam). Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thaum hmo ntuj thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej tau raug pom thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog (thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke thaum rov qab pw tsaug zog) raug tshem tawm ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv.
Tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej
Yog tias lub cim xeeb sib koom ua ke thaum SWS txhawb kev hloov pauv hauv lub cim xeeb retrieval network los ntawm hippocampusto lub neocortex, ces pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke ntawm hippocampus-dependent nco yuav tsum kwv yees hnub tom ntej ntawm kev kawm tshiab, hippocampally-mediated koom haum, thiab SWA yuav tsum pab txhawb txoj kev sib raug zoo no. Txawm li cas los xij, peb pom tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo li no hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, qhia tias kev kawm tshiab hauv hippocampus yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm hippocampal nco thaum hmo ntuj ua ntej ntawm kev pw tsaug zog.
Lwm qhov kev txhais lus ntawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo no yog tias peb qhov kev sim ua piv txwv tsis tuaj yeem muab qhov ntsuas tsis txaus ntawm peb qhov kev xav. Txawm hais tias peb xav tias kev siv 2 lub tswv yim sib txawv ntawm hippocampus-dependent cov haujlwm yuav tiv thaiv peb qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los yog kev cuam tshuam, qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm no yuav tsis ua rau peb muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog nrog kev nco thiab kev kawm tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog ib qho kev xav uas tuaj yeem hais txog hauv kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej (xws li los ntawm kev siv aaired-associates ua hauj lwm los ntsuam xyuas ob hmo nco nco thiab tom ntej encoding).
Txawm hais tias peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kev xav ntawm Active Systems moj khaum (Walker 2009; Yug thiab Wilhelm 2012; Rasch thiab Yug 2013; Klinzinget al. 2019), nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau xav txog peb qhov kev tshawb pom hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm homeostatic synaptic downscaling, uas yog suav tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog txhawb kev kawm thiab kev nco (Tononi thiab Cirelli 2014, 2016). Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, pw tsaug zog yog tus nqi uas lub paj hlwb them rau waking plasticity kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib txuam ntawm synaptic upscaling.Vim hais tias synaptic renormalization yuav tsum tau tshwm sim thaum pw tsaug zog (thaum neural circuits tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov dav dav ntawm cov synaptic downscaling), hmo ntuj ntawm kev pw tsaug zog yuav tiv thaiv kev rov qab los. ntawm cellularhomeostasis thiab cuam tshuam kev kawm tom ntej. Ntau qhov theoretical accounting ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ua haujlwm nco tau ua tiav hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm Active Systems thiab Synaptic Homeostasis moj khaum, qhia tias cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj los txhawb lub ntiaj teb plasticity thiab hauv zos downscaling, feem, thiab ua li ntawd, npaj lub hippocampus forfuture. encoding (Lewis thiab Durrant 2011; Genzel li al.2014; Klinzing li al. 2019). Interestingly, whereas globalmemory replay thiab consolidation tau txuas mus rau qis (<1 Hz) oscillations, downscaling and forgetting
are associated with delta waves (1–4 Hz) in local networks (Genzel et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2019). How interactions between global slow oscillations and local delta
waves regulate overnight memory processing is therefore pertinent to further understanding the relationship between sleep-associated consolidation and next-day learning.
Pw tsaug zog cuam tshuam kev kawm zoo
Kev kawm tiav yog txuam nrog rau sab laug-lateralizedbeta desynchronization ∼0.5–1.5 s tom qab stimulus pib (Hanslmayr et al. 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014; Griffithset al. 2016, 2016). Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej no, peb tau pom qhov txo qis hauv beta zog ∼0.3-2 s tom qab qhov pib tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm encoding ntawm cov koom haum tom qab remembered (vs. tsis nco qab) thiab qhov no tau tshaj tawm nyob rau sab laug hemisphere. Beta desynchronization yog xav kom muaj kev cuam tshuam semantic ua thaum lub sij hawm ua tiav kev nco (Hanslmayr li al. 2011; Fellner li al. 2013); Raws li beta zog txo qis, qhov tob ntawm kev ua semantic nce (Hanslmayr li al. 2009).Ntau qhov dav, neocortical alpha/beta oscillations tau txuas mus rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tuaj thaum lub sij hawm encoding episodic (Griffiths li al. 2021). Rau peb txoj haujlwm kev kawm, cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom tsim cov duab zoo nkauj lossis cov dab neeg uas txuas cov npe thiab cov duab ntawm txhua qhov kev ua khub. Kev pom zoo txo qis ntawm beta lub zog thaum kawm tiav yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev koom tes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm, tej zaum yuav muaj cov sawv cev semantic, tso cai rau cov koom haum tshiab no ua ke ua ke rau hauv 1 coherent rov thiab cog lus rau kev nco.
Qhov tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm beta lub zog uas nrog kev kawm tiav zoo sib txawv raws li cov neeg koom tau pw tsaug zog lossis tseem nyob hauv lub sijhawm pw tsaug zog. Whereas encoding ntawm tom qab nco qab (vs. tsis nco qab) adjective-imagepairings yog txuam nrog beta desynchronizationafter pw tsaug zog, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm beta poweremerged los ntawm tib qhov sib piv tom qab pw tsaug zog deprivation.Li no, ib tug protracted tsis pw tsaug zog tshwm los cuam tshuam cov kev ua hauj lwm thaum cov neeg koom ua tau zoo. nco tshiab. Qhov kev txhais lus no yog ua raws li qhov kev coj cwj pwm yav dhau los uas cov tib neeg pw tsaug zog tau muaj teeb meem hauv kev sib txuas lus tsis sib haum xeeb (Alberca-Reinaet al. 2014). Lub hlwb tsis pw tsaug zog yuav yog li cia siab rau lwm txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm thaum ua cov ntaub ntawv tshiab rau kev nco. Tseeb tiag, cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej tau qhia tias kev pw tsaug zog ua rau cov lus teb tsis txaus ntseeg thaum kawm (Chee thiab Choo 2004; Drummond li al. 2004) thiab kev lees paub (Sterpenich et al.2007).
Dab tsi yuav yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm txoj kev kawm lwm txoj kev kawm tom qab pw tsaug zog? Nws yog qhov nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias peb tau pom qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm beta kev ua si thaum ua tiav (vs. tsis ua tiav) kev kawm hauv kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo (txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv no tsis muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm Bonferroni kho rau ntau qhov sib piv). Kev nce hauv beta lub zog tau txuas rau kev ua haujlwm nco thiab nquag. rehearsal (Tallon-Baudry et al. 2001; Hwang et al. 2005; Onton et al. 2005; Deiber et al. 2007), qhia tias cov neeg pw tsaug zog tuaj yeem koom nrog ntau qhov kev sib tham ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm vim muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib txuas lus. pw tsis tsaug zog.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los ntawm beta desynchronization tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb uas tsis tau sau npe ua ntej thiab yuav tsum tau kho nrog ceev faj kom txog rau thaum lub sij hawm uas lawv tau rov ua dua hauv kev tshawb fawb pom tseeb.
Xaus
Peb tau tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev nco txog kev pw tsaug zog yav tom ntej kev kawm thiab seb SWA puas txhawb kev sib raug zoo no. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau tshawb xyuas seb qhov neural correlates ntawm kev kawm tau zoo yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog. Txawm hais tias pw tsaug zog tau zoo dua ob qho kev khaws cia thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej, peb tsis pom muaj pov thawj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsuas no SWA. Whereas beta desynchronization-anestablished marker ntawm semantic ua thaum kawm tiav-yog tam sim no thaum lub sij hawm encoding ntawm tom qab nco qab (vs. tsis nco qab) koom nrog tom qab pw tsaug zog, tsis muaj xws li qhov sib txawv ntawm beta zog twb pom tom qab pw tsaug zog deprivation. Kev pw tsaug zog ntev ntev tuaj yeem cuam tshuam peb lub peev xwm los kos cov kev paub txog kev paub thaum encoding cov koom haum tshiab, xav tau kev siv ntau qhov chaw raws li qhov kawg thiab qhov kawg txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm.
Kev lees paub
Peb ua tsaug rau Marcus O. Harrington rau kev pab nrog kev sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab Jennifer E. Ashton rau kev pab nrog cov ntaub ntawv sim. Peb kuj ua tsaug rau cov tswv cuab ntawm Cov Pleev, Lus, thiab Pab Pawg Memory ntawm University of York rau kev sib tham muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Cov khoom siv ntxiv
Cov ntaub ntawv
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