Pw Pleev Pleev Tsis Txaus Ntshai Qhov Kos Npe Ntawm Kev Kawm Tau Zoo Part 1

Pw tsaug zog txhawb kev nco ua ke nrog rau kev kawm rau hnub tom ntej. Cov kev cuam tshuam "Active Systems" account ntawm offline consolidations hais tias kev pw tsaug zog-txuas nrog kev nco ua paving txoj kev rau kev kawm tshiab, tab sis cov pov thawj empirical txhawb ntawm lub tswv yim no isscarce.

Pw tsaug zog thiab nco yog inseparable. Kev pw tsaug zog txaus tuaj yeem pab peb txhim kho kev kawm thiab kev nco, yog li txhim kho peb lub peev xwm thiab kev txawj ntse.

Tsis tsuas yog pw tsaug zog pab sib sau cov ntaub ntawv kawm, tab sis nws kuj pab txhim kho peb lub peev xwm kawm. Thaum peb pw tsaug zog, lub hlwb ua cov txheej txheem nyuaj los pab txhawb kev nco. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov ntaub ntawv qub. Yog tias peb pw tsis txaus, cov txheej txheem no tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim, ua rau peb kawm thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj kev pw tsaug zog tuaj yeem ua rau peb lub peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb thiab ua kom pom tseeb, uas cuam tshuam rau peb lub peev xwm kev txawj ntse. Kev pw tsis tsaug zog ntev tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas hlwb, kev nyuaj siab, thiab lwm yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv.

Yog li ntawd, kom muaj kev nco zoo, peb xav tau kev pw tsaug zog tsis tu ncua. Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo tias cov neeg laus xav tau tsawg kawg 7 mus rau 8 teev pw tsaug zog ib hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj kuj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov zoo ntawm kev pw tsaug zog. Tuav tus cwj pwm pw tsaug zog tsis tu ncua thiab zam kev qaug zog ntau dhau, kev txhawb nqa, thiab cov khoom txhawb nqa xws li cawv, caffeine, thiab nicotine kom ntau li ntau tau los pab txhim kho kev pw tsaug zog zoo.

Hauv luv luv, kev pw tsaug zog zoo tsis yog tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev noj qab haus huv xwb tab sis kuj tseem txhim kho peb txoj kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm. Cia peb tswj kev pw tsaug zog zoo thiab tiv thaiv peb lub peev xwm kev txawj ntse thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub neej! Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.

Nyem paub 10 txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev nco

Siv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv (n=30), crossover tsim, peb soj ntsuam tus cwj pwm thiab electrophysiological indices ntawm episodic encoding tom qab ib hmo pw tsaug zog los yog tag nrho cov pw tsaug zog deprivation nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus noj qab nyob zoo (hnub nyoog 18-25 xyoo) thiab tshawb xyuas seb tus cwj pwm kev ua tau zoo puas tau kwv yees. los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ib hmos ntawm cov koom haum episodic los ntawm hnub dhau los. Pw tsaug zog-txhawb kev nco consolidation thiab kev kawm rau hnub tom ntej piv rau kev pw tsaug zog deprivation.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov loj ntawm qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev pw tsaug zog zoo li no tsis tau kwv yees qhov peev xwm los tsim cov kev nco tshiab tom qab pw tsaug zog. Qhov zoo siab, kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo tau ua rau muaj qhov hloov pauv zoo hauv neural kos npe ntawm kev encoding: Whereas 12-20 Hz beta desynchronization-ib qho cim tsim ntawm kev ua tiav encoding-wasobserved tom qab pw tsaug zog, pw tsaug zog deprivation cuam tshuam beta desynchrony thaum kawm tiav. Ua ke, cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau hais tias kev kawm zoo nyob ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tab sis tsis tas rau kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke.

Ntsiab lus:

kev kawm; nco; kev sib sau ua ke; beta desynchronization; pw tsaug zog deprivation.

Taw qhia

Peb yuav ua li cas nco txog tej xwm txheej ntawm hnub dhau mus? Nws yog tam sim no ruaj khov tias kev pw tsaug zog pab txhawb kev nco; cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj zog thiab pib lub cim xeeb ib puag ncig ua kom muaj zog thiab muaj zog sawv cev (Gais li al. 2006; Talamini li al. 2008; Payneet al. 2012; Durrant et al. 2016; Cairney, Lindsay, et al.2018; Gaskell. 2018; Ashton et al. 2020; Ashton thiab Cairney 2021).

Whereas kev pw tsaug zog thaum xub thawj xav tias tsuas yog kev tiv thaiv kev nco txog kev sib koom ua ke (piv txwv li los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev nco los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev paub txog kev xav), kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no qhia tias cov kev nco tshiab tau ua kom muaj zog thaum pw tsaug zog (Rasch li al. 2007; Schönauer li al. 2017; Cairney , Guttesen, et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2019; Schreiner et al. 2021).

Qhov cuam tshuam "Active Systems" account ntawm kev pw tsaug zog sib koom ua ke posits tias reactivation of hippocampus-dependent memories thaum lub sij hawm qeeb-waveleep (SWS) pab txhawb lawv txoj kev tsiv teb tsaws mus rau neocortex rau lub sij hawm ntev cia (Walker 2009; Yug thiab Wilhelm2012; Born thiab Wilhelm2012; Klinzing et al. 2019).

Txhawb nqa qhov kev pom no, cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm neuroimaging tau pom tias kev sib koom ua ke thaum hmo ntuj txhawb kev hloov pauv hauv lub cim xeeb rov qab los ntawm hippocampus mus rau neocortex (Takashima li al. 2009), nrog rau lub sijhawm siv hauv SWS kwv yees qhov txo qis hauv hippocampal retrievaldependency (Takashima et al. et al. 2015).

Raws li tib txoj kab, lwm txoj haujlwm tau qhia tias kev pw tsaug zog tom qab kawm (xws li piv rau kev pw tsaug zog) txhawb kev ua haujlwm sib txuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex thaum retrieval isassessed 48 h tom qab (Gais et al. 2007).

Ua ke, cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tias kev hloov pauv hippocampal-rau-neocorticalinformation tshwm sim thaum thawj hmo tom qab kawm, txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem sib sau ua ke yuav siv sijhawm ntau lub lis piam lossis ntau lub hlis kom tiav (Dudai2004; Dudai li al. 2015).

Thaum cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pw tsaug zog rau kev sib sau ua ke tau paub zoo, kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias kev pw tsaug zog tseem txhawb nqa kev kawm tom ntej ntawm hippocampus-dependent nco.

Thaum hmo ntuj ntawm kev pw tsaug zog ua ntej lub sijhawm kawm tshiab, kev tshaj tawm nco txog kev nco qab yog qhov tsis zoo, txawm tias tom qab pw tsaug zog zoo li qub (Alberca-Reina li al. 2014; Kaida et al. 2015; Tempesta et al. 2016; Cousins ​​et al. 2018), qhia tias qhov tsis muaj pw tsaug zog cuam tshuam kev nco encoding hauv hippocampus. Tseeb tiag, piv rau ib hmo ib txwm pw tsaug zog, pw tsaug zog tsis muaj zog hippocampal cov lus teb thaum muaj kev kawm tiav (piv txwv li rau kev nco qab uas tsis raug rov qab los ntawm kev sim rov qab los tom qab pw tsaug zog), ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv kev rov qab los (Yoo li al. 2007).

Raws li txoj cai, kev pw tsaug zog nruab hnub tsis yog ua kom yooj yim rau kev kawm (Mander et al. 2011) tab sis kuj tseem muaj peev xwm rov qab hippocampal encoding peev xwm piv rau lub sij hawm sib npaug ntawm kev wakefulness (Ong li al. 2020).

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub hlwb rhythms tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas tswj kev sib txuas lus ntawm hippocampus thiab neocortex thaum pw tsaug zog ua haujlwm nco.

Slow oscillations (<1 Hz electroencephalography [EEG] activity) have been causally linked to overnight memory retention (Marshall et al. 2006; Ngo et al. 2013; Ong et al. 2016; Perl et al. 2016; Leminen et al. 2017; Papalambros et al. 2017) and are thought to play a central role in the reactivation and reorganization of hippocampus-dependent memories (Walker 2009; Born and Wilhelm 2012; Rasch and Born 2013; Klinzing et al. 2019). 

Delta nthwv dej (1–4 Hz), los ntawm qhov sib txawv, tau cuam tshuam hauv kev tsis nco qab los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm synaptic renormalization (Genzel li al. 2014) thiab xav tias yuav cuam tshuam nrog qeeb oscillations los tswj qhov sib npaug ntawm kev nco sib koom ua ke thiab tsis muaj zog (Kim li al. 2019).

Intriguingly, neural oscillations implicated nyob rau hauv overnightmemory processing kuj tau txuas rau kev kawm tshiab hauv hippocampus, qhia tias cov txheej txheem no vam khom cov txheej txheem sib tshooj.

Piv txwv li, xaiv kev ua haujlwm qeeb-yoj (SWA;0.5–4 Hz) los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam acoustic impairsdeclarative nco encoding thiab txo cov encoding-txog kev ua si hauv hippocampus (Van Der Werf li al.2009). Reciprocally, txhim kho SWA los ntawm hluav taws xob stimulation txhim kho cov encoding ntawm hippocampus-dependent nco tab sis tsis yog nonhippocampal cov txheej txheem kev txawj ntse (Antonenko li al. 2013).

Augmenting slowoscillations ntawm auditory stimulation ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo sib xws, nrog qhov loj ntawm qhov qeeb oscillationenhancement kwv yees ob qho tib si hippocampal activation thiab kev coj cwj pwm kev ua tau zoo ntawm encoding (Ong li al.2018). Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas cov txheej txheem nco tau kho los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog lub hlwb ua rau muaj peev xwm kawm tau nyob rau hnub tom ntej tseem tsis tau raug tshuaj xyuas ncaj qha hauv kev tshawb fawb empirical.

Hauv qhov kev kawm preregistered no (osf.io/78dja), peb tau sim qhov kev xav tias qhov twg cov tib neeg sib sau ua ke cov kev nco tshiab thaum pw tsaug zog kwv yees lawv lub peev xwm los encode cov ntaub ntawv tshiab hnub tom ntej thiab SWA (0.5–4 Hz) pab txhawb rau kev sib raug zoo no.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev kawm, crossover tsim, cov tub ntxhais hluas noj qab haus huv tau raug cob qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco txog visuospatial ua ntej hmo ntuj ntawm EEG-saib pw tsaug zog lossis pw tsaug zog tag nrho thiab tau sim tag kis sawv ntxov.

Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg koom tau raug cob qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tshiab ua ke nrog cov neeg koom tes tab sis tsis tau sim txog 48 teev tom qab (tso cai kom rov qab pw tsaug zog hauv kev pw tsaug zog). Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov visuospatialmemory thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog li muab kev ntsuas kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sib sau ua ke hmo ntuj thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej, raws li.

Peb tau xaiv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb no vim tias lawv ob leeg tso siab rau hippocampus (Eichenbaum2004; Konkel thiab Cohen 2009) thiab Active Systemsframework feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib koom ua ke thaum hmo ntuj ntawm hippocampus-dependent nco (Walker 2009; Born 2009; Born 2009; Born thiab Wilson 2009; Born 2009; Born 2009; Born 2009; Born 2009; Born 2010; et al. 2019).

Ntxiv mus, kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los tau qhia tsis tu ncua tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob qho tib sivisuospatial thiab kev sib koom ua ke nco tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog hmo ntuj (Cairney, Lindsay, li al. 2018; Ashtonet al. 2020; Ashton thiab Cairney 2021).

Peb xav tias kev ua haujlwm 2 lub tswv yim sib txawv yog qhov ua tau zoo, vim qhov no yuav ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thaum hmo ntuj thiab kev kawm hnub tom ntej yuav tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los yog kev cuam tshuam.

By comparing overnight sleep and sleep deprivation, we could also investigate how protracted wakefulness affects the neural correlates of learning. Specifically, EEG recordings were acquired during paired-associates learning to test the hypothesis that sleep deprivation disrupts theta (4–8 Hz) and gamma (>40 Hz) synchronization, uas txhawb cov khoom khi hauv lub cim xeeb episodic (Summerfield thiab Mangels 2005; Osipova li al. 2006; Köster li al. 2018; Henin et al. 2019).

Tsis tas li ntawd, inan exploratory tsom xam, peb tau soj ntsuam cov nyhuv ntawm pw tsaug zog deprivation ntawm 12–20 Hz beta desynchronization, ib tug tsim marker ntawm kev kawm tiav (Hanslmayret al. 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014; Griffiths li al. 2016).

Kev nkag siab txog kev pw tsaug zog cuam tshuam kev kawm thiab kev nco yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub no, qhov twg ntau tus neeg tsis tau txais kev pw tsaug zog txaus (Bonnet and Arand 1995; Stranges et al.2012; Becker et al. 2018).

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