Kev Paub Lus Haiv Neeg Ua Ntej Ua Ntej Ua Ntej Txawv Teb Chaws Tone Ua Thiab Qhia Txog Kev Nco Txog Kev Tsim Nyog: Kev Kawm ERP Tshooj 3

1.3|Txoj kev kawm tam sim no

Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg saum toj no tau muab cov lus pom tseem ceeb rau kev ua cov suab L2. Qhov tseem ceeb, nws tau pom tias muaj kev cia siab rau kev paub hauv xov tooj rau kev kawm qib siab ntawm cov suab nrov kom tshwm sim, xws li daim duab qhia ntawm lub suab thiab cov ntsiab lus lexical lossis grammatical.

Grammar yog lub hauv paus ntawm hom lus. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb qhia peb tus kheej thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv. Cov qauv sau ntawv zoo tsis tsuas yog pab peb qhia peb cov kev xav kom raug thiab ua tau zoo, tab sis kuj tseem txhim kho peb cov kev sib txuas lus, txhim kho kev ntseeg tus kheej, thiab txhim kho peb cov duab. Yog li ntawd, grammatical cov ntsiab lus thiab kev nco yog zoo sib xws.

Kev kawm cov qauv sau ntawv zoo xav kom peb rov ua dua thiab nco nws tas li, thiab paub txog cov cai thiab kev siv ntawm ntau hom lus. Qhov no ua rau qhov kev xav tau nruj ntawm peb lub cim xeeb thiab xav kom peb tswj hwm tus neeg mob thiab ua siab ntev tus cwj pwm hauv txoj kev kawm mus sij hawm ntev. Yog tias peb tuaj yeem siv cov txuj ci kev nco hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm, xws li nthuav dav kev nco, kev nco txog kev sib koom ua ke, thiab lwm yam, peb tuaj yeem paub cov kev paub grammatical sai dua thiab txhim kho kev nco zoo.

Tib lub sijhawm, kev txawj sau ntawv zoo kuj tuaj yeem pab peb nkag siab zoo dua thiab nco txog lwm yam kev paub. Piv txwv li, cov kev kawm xws li kev tshawb fawb thiab keeb kwm feem ntau nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus nrog cov kab lus nyuaj. Cov kev txawj sau ntawv zoo tuaj yeem pab peb nkag siab cov ntsiab lus no sai dua thiab raug, thiab ua rau peb nco tau tob.

Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum paub tias cov ntsiab lus grammatical thiab kev nco muaj feem cuam tshuam zoo. Ib qib qauv sau ntawv zoo tuaj yeem pab peb txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb, yog li txuas ntxiv txhim kho peb txoj kev kawm thiab kev muaj peev xwm. Peb yuav tsum ua kev cob qhia lus tsis tu ncua thiab nco ntsoov thiab sib sau cov lus kom ua tiav cov kev txawj hais lus zoo dua. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.

Nyem paub cov tshuaj ntxiv los txhawb kev nco

Kev nrhiav tau ntawm cov suab paj nruag zoo li yuav yooj yim dua li cov suab nrov lexical raws li kev ua haujlwm grammatical ismapped ncaj qha mus rau phonological tone pawg es tsis yog cov tones ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv segmental nkaus xwb.

Vim lawv qhov kev hnov ​​​​lus yav dhau los thiab kev paub txog phonological nrog cov suab nrov, cov neeg hais lus lexical tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tau txais cov suab lus yooj yim dua li cov suab lus suab paj nruag ua lexical suab.

Feem ntau, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias L1 paub txog cov suab nrov lossis lwm yam kev ua suab nrov yav dhau los tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev ntxub ntxaug L2 lub suab los yog nrhiav tau cov lus tshiab tonal.Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis paub ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov kev paub los yog qhov zoo sib xws yog xav tau rau kev txhawb nqa tshwm sim, thiab iftransfer pab txhawb kev kawm grammatical tone, ib yam nkaus.

Nws kuj tseem tsis tau paub meej tias L1–L2-raws li kev pab cuam cuam tshuam rau txhua theem ntawm kev ua suab nrov ib yam nkaus.Rau qee qhov teeb meem no, peb tau kawm ob pawg ntawm cov neeg kawm thaum lawv tau txais cov lus tsim kho tshiab nrog cov suab paj nruag.

Txhua tus neeg kawm tau los ntawm cov lus zoo sib xws thiab cov lus zoo sib xws, tab sis pawg neeg hom lus yog tonal (Swedish), thiab lwm tus tsis yog (German). Peb tswj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm L1 thiab L2 lub suab rau cov neeg kawm tonal (contour tones [lub caij nplooj zeeg, nce] vs theem tones [siab, qis]) thiab tshawb xyuas ntau hom kev kawm cov lus teb: cov lus teb ua ntej cov lus teb rau kev hnov ​​​​lus stimuli, cov lus teb lig ntsig txog lexical thiab grammatical ua, thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm rau kev tshawb nrhiav tsis sib haum. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim hais tias peb xaiv ib hom grammatical ntawm lub suab, tones tuaj yeem kawm nyob ntawm cov khoom lexical uas lawv tau txuas nrog.

Qhov no kuj tso cai rau peb tshawb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg kawm paub txog lub suab lus ua haujlwm ncaj qha-hauv qhov no, qhov kev qhia ntawm grammaticalmeaning. Nws yog qhov ua tau, piv txwv li, tias peb pom qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov N400 / AN rau txhua lo lus tshiab nrog cov qauv zoo li lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv cov theem tau txais thaum ntxov asa daim ntawv ntawm kev xa ncaj qha thiab L2 ua los ntawm thelens ntawm L1 (xws li, txo N400. rau kev ua kom yooj yim lexicosemantic piv nrog cov pseudowords lossis nce AN rau kev ua raws li txoj cai tom qab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo).

Hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, peb tuaj yeem kawm txog kev coj tus cwj pwm sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab tau txais kev sib cais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Ib qho kev paub zoo raws li kev pom ntawm lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi ncaj qha rau L1-L2 kev paub.

Raws li grammatical tones uas peb siv tau koom nrog ib-rau-ib daim ntawv qhia nrog lub ntsiab lus, tej zaum, phonetic attunement thiab categorization rau hauv phonologically cov units yuav ncaj qha thiab tam sim ntawd qhib rau qhov tau txais ntawm lub suab grammaticalcontent.

Peb xav tias yog hais tias grammatical muaj nuj nqi thiab phonological zoo sib xws ntawm L1 thiab L2 tones yuav yog tus txiav txim qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv L2 tone acquisition, lub tonalspeakers 'kev kawm mloog mus rau lub suab yuav ua rau kom yooj yim tone-grammar kawm (ntau dua wordtrace tsim thiab kev hloov nyob rau hauv N400 / AN3) rau cov lus nrog tonal txav, tej zaum txawm txwv tsis pub ntog, raws li tib lub suab uas muaj lo lus-qib qhov cuam tshuam hauv lawv L1.

Yog tias, txawm li cas los xij, kev paub dav dav nrog cov suab lus sau tau txaus los pab txhawb L2 lub suab kom tau, peb yuav tsum pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab nrov rau cov neeg hais lus thetonal L1 tab sis tseem pom qhov sib txawv ntawm tonaland nontonal kawm.

Yog tias L1 kev paub yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam qhov kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm lub suab thiab daim duab qhia ntawm lub suab thiab cov qauv sau ntawv hauv nws cov theem pib, yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg kawm los ntawm L1 keeb kwm sib txawv.

Thaum kawg, cov lus teb sib txawv uas peb tshawb xyuas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm L1-L2 paub.

Nws tau dhau los ua pov thawj tias kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau cov theem ua ntej ntau dua li cov lus teb rau tus cwj pwm thiab cov theem ua tiav lig (Anderssonet al., 2019). Yog li ntawd, peb cia siab tias qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub hauv cov lus teb thaum ntxov.

2|Txoj kev

2.1|Cov neeg koom nrog

Plaub caug-yim noj qab nyob zoo, cov neeg laus sab xis (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 23.7,25 cov poj niam) nrog ib txwm lossis kho qhov muag-rau-ib txwm pom thiab hnov ​​​​lus zoo (txhais tias qhov hnov ​​​​lus ntshiab tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 20 dB Hnov Lus (ISO, 2004) tau raug xaiv los kawm.

Txhua qhov kev xeem tau ua tiav ntawm Lund UniversityHumanities Lab, thiab cov neeg koom feem ntau yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Lund University. Ib nrab ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom muaj ib tug tonal L1, Swedish, thiab lwm ib nrab ib tug nontonal L1, German.

Nees nkaum plaub tus neeg koom tau raug xaiv rau ib pab pawg kom tso cai rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov suab lus thiab lub suab ntawm pawg; saib hauv qab no.Cov neeg koom nrog tonal thiab nontonal tau muab faib ua ob pawg neeg kawm: cov neeg kawm siab / caij nplooj zeeg (xws li, cov neeg koom nrog uas tau qhia cov ntsiab lus nrog siab thiab ntog tones, qhov qis thiab nce suab nrov tau txais kev tswj hwm) thiab cov neeg kawm qis / nce siab (piv txwv li, cov neeg koom uas tau kawm cov ntsiab lus nrog cov suab qis thiab nce, qhov siab thiab poob tones tau txais kev tswj hwm).

Kev faib tawm rau siab / caij nplooj zeeg vs qis / nce yog raws li cov khoom xav tau ntawm txhua lub hom phiaj cov lus kom pib muaj suab zoo ib yam thiab tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm txhua qhov ua ntej qhov pib ntawm lub suab, uas kuj yog qhov pib ntawm lub suab txav.

Ua li no, peb tau txais qhov sib txawv meej meej rau cov ntaub ntawv ERP. Tag nrho plaub pawg (piv txwv li, tonal L1 siab / caij nplooj zeeg, tonalL1 qis / nce, nontonal L1 siab / caij nplooj zeeg, nontonal L1 qis / nce) tau sib tw rau hnub nyoog (23-24 xyoo), poj niam txiv neej (6 poj niam ib pab), kev lag luam hauv zej zog raws li txoj cai (Hollingshead, 1975), ua hauj lwm nco ncua sij hawm (Unsworth li al., 2005), lawv kev xaav ntawm nontonal phonological contrasts (ie, lub sij hawm vowel: qhov tseeb qhov tseeb 97.1%) thiab lawv kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm extralinguistic suab (ie, piano tones: txhais tau tias raug 92. %).Txhua yam kev kawm raug them rov qab rau lawv txoj kev koom tes.

Onetonal L1 cov neeg koom siab / lub caij nplooj zeeg tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los exposureto ib hom lus txawv teb chaws thiab ib tus neeg koom los ntawm pawg L1 qis / nce siab tau xaiv txiav tawm qhov kev sim. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ob tus neeg koom tsis suav nrog.Qhov kev sim tau ua raws li cov lus qhia hauv Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki thiab pom zoo los ntawm pawg saib xyuas kev coj ncaj ncees hauv cheeb tsam hauv Lund.

2.2|Ntshai

Txhawm rau kuaj cov suab nrov thiab cov suab lus tau, peb tsim 24 tonal pseudowords. Peb tau xaiv hom lus dag siv lub suab lus zoo nkauj los tswj qhov kev sim.Artificial language kawm tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm lus ntuj thiab yog li ntawd, pom tau tias tsim nyog rau qhov kev sim no (cf. Ettlingeret al., 2016).

Tag nrho cov lus xeem tau yooj yim CVC qauv (consonant-vowel-consonant), piv txwv li, / siːs/, ib tug nquag qauv rau monosyllables nyob rau hauv German thiab lus Askiv.Monosyllables tau pom zoo rau kev kawm hloov los ntawm Swedish raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv Swedish yog lub ntau dua li cov suab lus (piv txwv li, Mandarin) thiab vim hais tias monosyllabic stems nquag thiab feem ntau tsis tu ncua hloov suab.

Tag nrho cov lus thiab cov lus tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv ib chav anechoic los ntawm amale hais lus Lavxias teb sab (kom tiv thaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees uas yuav tshwm sim yog tus hais lus los ntawm ib qho ntawm ob qhov kev simL1s).

Thaum lub sij hawm kaw, consonants tau preceded orfollowed los ntawm ob tug dummy vowels (/ o/, / ø/) rau lawv naturalistic pronunciation unconfounded los ntawm coarticulation nrog ib co ntawm cov tiag tiag stimuli lub vowels.

Cov vowels dummy no raug txiav tawm ua ntej splicing cov consonants nrog cov realvowels siv rau cov ntsiab lus xeem (/a/, /ε/, /i/, /u/). Theinitial consonants, vowels, thiab zaum kawg consonants yog ces sib npaug rau qhov ntev thiab nrov thiab spliced ​​ua ke nyob rau hauvPraat (Boersma, 2001) nrog 10 ms hloov theem. Tag nrho cov lus pseudowords yog 1000 ms ntev (C=328 ms, V=464 ms, C=218} ms) nrog luv luv kaw ua ntej pib thiab tom qab qhov kawg plosive.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm Russianphonemes, thaum zoo ib yam li German thiab Swedishones, raug xaiv kom tsis txhob muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nqa khoom uas German lossis Swedish phonemes tuaj yeem ua tau.Tag nrho cov lus xeem tau pom zoo sib npaug thiab raug cais raws li cov lus dag los ntawm yim tus neeg hais lus German thiab peb tus neeg hais lus Swedish uas tsis yog. cov neeg koom hauv txoj kev kawm tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam kawg, peb siv pitch manipulationsto ntxiv ob theem tones (siab: 138 Hz thiab qis: 98 Hz) thiab ob contour tones, nce (98 Hz rau 138 Hz) thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg (138Hz rau 98 Hz). Lub suab tau xaiv los ntawm tus neeg hais lus lub suab thaj ntau yam.

Lub suab txav txav ntawm lub suab zoo ib yam (40 Hz, 6 semitones) piv nrog lub suab txav ntawm Swedish lo lus tonesand tau yooj yim txawv los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm German thiab Swedish uas tau sim ua qhov kev sim.

Theonset ntawm lub suab txav tau ua raws li qhov pib ntawm lub suab (cf. Daim duab 2) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas ib qho ntawm qhov ua tau ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm qhov stimuli tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas. Cov ntsiab lus no tau siv los ua lub sijhawm ntsuas lub sijhawm rau ERP cov ntaub ntawv.

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws yog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm qhov stimuli diverge, nws yuav siv sijhawm li ob peb milliseconds rau cov neeg mloog kom paub qhov txawv thiab raug txheeb xyuas qhov stimuli. Qhov no suav hais tias txawv me ntsis, ob qho tib si intra- thiab interpersonally.

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