Kev Paub Lus Haiv Neeg Ua Ntej Ua Ntej Ua Ntej Txawv Teb Chaws Tone Ua Thiab Qhia Txog Kev Nco Txog Kev Tsim Nyog: Kev Kawm ERP Part 1

Abstract

Kev paub lus, tshwj xeeb los ntawm peb hom lus (L1), ua rau peb xav txog lwm yam lus nyob ib puag ncig peb.

Kev paub lus thiab kev nco yog ob yam tsis sib xws. Lawv txhawb thiab txhawb ib leeg. Cov neeg uas muaj kev paub lus nplua nuj yuav zoo dua ntawm kev nco, thiab cov neeg muaj kev nco muaj zog yuav ntxiv dag zog rau lawv cov kev paub lus.

Ua ntej, kev paub lus yuav txhawb kev txhim kho kev nco. Thaum ib tug neeg kawm ib hom lus tshiab, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov lus tshiab, cov kev cai grammatical, thiab lwm yam, thiab cov no yuav tsum tau rov ua dua thiab nco qab tas li. Cov txheej txheem kev kawm no tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog siv lub cim xeeb xwb tab sis kuj ua rau cov neeg kawm maj mam paub cov lus tshiab, yog li txhawb lawv cov lus paub.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov neeg uas muaj kev paub lus nplua nuj muaj peev xwm nco tau tej yam hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog tias ib tug neeg paub zoo txog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus hauv ib qho chaw, nws yuav siv sij hawm tsawg thiab lub zog kawm thiab nco txog cov kev paub txog. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau cov neeg uas feem ntau raug rau ib yam lus, ntau yam kab lus thiab idiomatic kab lus ntawm cov lus no yuav ua tau zoo dua qub thiab txawj ntse, ua rau kev nco thiab kev nkag siab zoo dua qub thiab yooj yim dua.

Thaum kawg, cov neeg uas muaj kev nco muaj zog kuj tseem txhim kho lawv cov kev paub lus. Vim tias lub cim xeeb muaj zog dua, tus neeg zoo dua tuaj yeem npaj, faib thiab sib txuas cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv hauv kev sib koom ua ke, thiab rov qab tau cov ntaub ntawv sai sai thaum xav tau. Qhov peev xwm no tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kawm ib hom lus vim tias nws tso cai rau cov neeg kawm kom nco qab zoo dua thiab siv cov lus tshiab, kab lus, thiab kev cai sau ntawv, yog li maj mam nce cov lus zoo dua thiab paub ntau dua.

Hauv luv luv, txawm hais tias kev paub lus thiab kev nco yog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv. Kev paub ib hom lus tshiab thiab siv lub cim xeeb tuaj yeem coj tau ntau yam txiaj ntsig thiab txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg, thiab peb yuav tsum nquag cog lus thiab txhim kho lawv hauv peb txoj kev kawm niaj hnub thiab lub neej. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.

Nyem paub 10 txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev nco

Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau tshuaj xyuas seb L1 kev paub ua li cas pib ua haujlwm ntawm txawv teb chaws (L2) tones thaum tau txais. Tshwj xeeb, peb tau tshawb xyuas seb cov neeg kawm puas tuaj yeem tsim cov kab mob neural tshiab sai sai rau cov lus tshiab tonal, uas tau taug qab los ntawm kev sau cov neeg kawm 'ERP cov lus teb thaum lub sij hawm tau txais ob lo lus.
Peb tswj cov qib ntawm L1–L2 kev paub los ntawm kev sib piv cov neeg kawm nrog cov tsis muaj suab npe L1 (German) thiab tonal L1 (Swedish) thiab siv cov suab zoo sib xws (lub caij nplooj zeeg) lossis sib txawv (siab, qis, nce) rau cov uas tshwm sim hauv Swedish. Peb cov txiaj ntsig qhia tau hais tias qhov ceev ceev, ua ntej ua tib zoo nco qab tsim cov suab nrov tshwm sim hauv ERP thaum ntxov ntawm ~ 50 ms tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau theem tshwj xeeb ntawm L1-L2 zoo sib xws.

Tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm thaum ntxov tau ua kom yooj yim rau cov suab nrov L2 uas muaj lub suab zoo (lub caij nplooj zeeg) thiab cov lus ua haujlwm (inflection).Qhov no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom L1 no rau kev ua thaum ntxov ntawm L2tone.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, tom qab anterior negativity hais txog kev ua cov tones'grammatical cov ntsiab lus yog unaffected los ntawm haiv neeg kev paub tab sis tau hloov los ntawm lexicality, suab prominence, entrenchment, thiab kev kawm tiav.

Kev coj cwj pwm, cov teebmeem kev kawm tau tshwm sim rau txhua tus neeg kawm thiab hom suab nrov, tsis hais txog L1-L2 kev paub lossis suab nrov. Ua ke, qhov kev tshawb pom tau qhia tias thaum L1-raws li kev pab cuam cuam tshuam tshwm sim, lawv feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem thaum ntxov thiab tsis tas yuav ua rau L2 tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua ntawm qib coj cwj pwm.

KEYWORDS

ERPs, L1-L2 zoo sib xws, pre-attentive lexicality effect, ob hom lus tau, toneperception.

1|Taw qhia

Cov suab thiab cov kev cai ntawm peb hom lus muaj feem cuam tshuam li cas peb pom ib hom lus txawv teb chaws thaum peb raug pom thawj zaug. Yog tias ib yam dab tsi ua haujlwm raws li cov lus qhia los yog cov lus sau ua lus hauv peb hom lus (L1), peb yuav zoo siab rau cov ntaub ntawv no ntau dua hauv hom lus thib ob (L2) (Ellis & Sagarra, 2011).

Qhov no kuj yog arguedto yog rooj plaub nrog tone. Piv txwv li, cov neeg mloog tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev txav suab hauv ib hom lus txawv teb chaws yog tias lawv hom lus siv lub suab txav kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus (Gandour, 1983).

Cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tshawb xyuas seb qhov kev paub L1 puas cuam tshuam rau cov neeg kawm cov lus teb tsis zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.

Tsis tas li ntawd, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov lus uas lub suab muaj feem xyuam nrog cov qauv sau ntawv, nws tuaj yeem sib cav kom meej meej thiab muaj peev xwm tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, peb kuj tau hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm L1background hauv L2 nrhiav tau rau cov neeg mloog uas nws hom lus siv lub suab los qhia cov ntaub ntawv grammatical es tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv lexical.

1.1|Tone

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 40 thiab 70% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov lus yog tonal (Maddieson, 2013; Yip, 2002), uas yog, lawv suav nrog pitchgestures uas tau ntxiv rau cov suab lossis cov lus kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus (lexical tone) lossis ntxiv lossis ntxiv dag zog cov ntaub ntawv (grammatical). suab).

Nyob rau hauv ib hom lus zoo li Mandarin, lub suab muaj lub zog lexical functions xws li, piv txwv li, lub suab ma ua nrog lub suab nrov (T1) txhais rau "niam," thaum nws txhais tau tias "nees" thaum tsim nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg-nce suab contour. (T3).

Nyob rau hauv ib hom lus zoo li Somali, ntawm qhov tod tes, tone muaj lub zog grammatical muaj nuj nqi thiab, piv txwv li, kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsis siab mus rau lub suab siab ntawm lub suab lus kawg hauv lub npe txhais mus rau kev hloov ntawm nominative togenitive case (Banti, 1989) .

Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si kev siv lub suab ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev hais lus, nws yuav tau hais tias cov suab lus lexical yog qhov tseem ceeb dua thiab nruj dua li cov suab uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntshiab.

Tsis zoo li cov lus lexical tone, qhov twg lub suab tuaj yeem paub txog yuav luag txhua lub suab, hauv cov suab lus suab suab tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv tso cai morphosyntactically.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus lexical hauv cov lus yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li kev sau ntawv sau ntawv, raws li tau hais los ntawm tsab ntawv tshawb nrhiav qhov twg cov neeg nyeem tau mloog ntau dua rau lo lus lexical stems tshaj li grammatical affixes (Koriat li al., 1991; Koriat & Greenberg, 1991). Carriedover mus rau lub tonal domain, misuse los yog tsis muaj suab nrov yuav hinder kev sib txuas lus ntau zog rau lexical tonethan rau grammatical tone.

Yog li ntawd, cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus uas feem ntau yog grammatical tone yuav cia siab me ntsis Ntawm 40 thiab 70% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov lus yog tonal (Maddieson, 2013; Yip, 2002), uas yog, lawv suav nrog pitchgestures uas tau ntxiv rau cov lus lossis cov lus kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus ( lexical tone) los yog ntxiv los yog ntxiv dag zog cov ntaub ntawv grammatical (grammatical tone).

Nyob rau hauv ib hom lus zoo li Mandarin, lub suab muaj lub zog lexical functions xws li, piv txwv li, lub suab ma ua nrog lub suab nrov (T1) txhais rau "niam," thaum nws txhais tau tias "nees" thaum tsim nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg-nce suab contour. (T3). Nyob rau hauv ib hom lus zoo li Somali, ntawm qhov tod tes, tone muaj lub zog grammatical muaj nuj nqi thiab, piv txwv li, kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsis siab mus rau lub suab siab ntawm lub suab lus kawg hauv lub npe txhais mus rau kev hloov ntawm nominative togenitive case (Banti, 1989) .

Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si kev siv suab nrov pab txhawb ntau yam lus, nws yuav hais tau tias cov suab lus lexical yog qhov tseem ceeb dua thiab nruj dua li cov suab uas muaj cov lus sau ua lus ntshiab. lus tones tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv morphosyntactically licencedpositions.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus lexical hauv cov lus yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li kev sau ntawv sau ntawv, raws li tau hais los ntawm tsab ntawv tshawb nrhiav qhov twg cov neeg nyeem tau mloog ntau dua rau lo lus lexical stems tshaj li grammatical affixes (Koriat li al., 1991; Koriat & Greenberg, 1991).

Carriedover mus rau lub tonal domain, misuse los yog tsis muaj suab nrov yuav hinder kev sib txuas lus ntau zog rau lexical tonethan rau grammatical tone. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus uas feem ntau yog grammatical lub suab yuav vam khom me ntsis ntawm lub suab, txawm hais tias lub suab tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau.

Lwm qhov kev faib tawm tseem ceeb ntawm lub suab yog cuam tshuam nrog thetones 'acoustic nta. Hauv qhov kev hwm no, cov lus suab tau muab faib ua cov lus sau npe thiab contour tone lus.Hauv cov lus sau suab, tones feem ntau txawv ntawm qib suab (xws li Yoruba: siab, nruab nrab, qis), thaum contour tone hom lus txawv tonesaccording rau suab txav ib yam nkaus. raws li qib suab (xws li, Cantonese: siab, nruab nrab, qis, nruab nrab-nce, qis-nce, caij nplooj zeeg).

Toneis tej zaum feem ntau paub zoo nyob rau hauv cov lus East-Asian.Tiam sis, nws tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau hom lus African thiab NativeAmerican thiab ntau yam lus nyob sab Europe. Txawm hais tias qee lub suab lus me me lossis tseem tab tom ntsib kev ploj mus, lwm tus muaj kev vam meej.

The language with the largest number of native speakers in the world is tonal Mandarin Chinese (>920 lab tus neeg hais lus (L1) hais lus, Eberhard li al., 2020).

Ib qho ntawm cov lus European kom muaj suab nrov yog Swedish. Swedish tones yog ib txwm piav raws li pitchaccents. ,

Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus hais lus suab tsis ntev los no tau raug nug (piv txwv li, Hyman, 2009, 2016).Yog li ntawd, peb yuav piav qhia luv luv ntawm lub suab nrov hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no, tsom mus rau lub suab 'kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb nrog cov txheej txheem grammatical. Swedish muaj ob lub lexically teev suab, "accent 1" thiab "accent 2" (cov no feem ntau sau cov ntawv inscientific los ntawm tus lej superscript ua ntej lub suab sib txuas nrog lub suab, piv txwv li, 1munnen, 2Munnar).

Txawm hais tias cov suab nrov tau paub txog ntawm cov lus nyuaj ntawm cov lus, lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yog ua raws li cov lus piav qhia morphemes (Riad, 2014). Yog li, accent 2 in2munn-ar, lub qhov ncauj-pl, "lub qhov ncauj" yog pom tau hais tias ntawm lub stemmun(n), tab sis muaj feem xyuam rau ntau ntau lub ntsiab lus -ar. Hauv kev sib cais, 1mun, "lub qhov ncauj" nqa lub suab 1 (Riad, 2014; Rischel, 1963).

Yog li, ntau lub ntsiab lus ua rau lub suab hloov pauv mus rau lub suab nrov 2, ua rau lub suab 2 tau paub txog ntawm qia. Lwm cov lus xaus yog txuam nrog accent 1 zoo li cov ntsiab lus tseeb -en, "tus" hauv 1Munn-en, thiab "lub qhov ncauj." Txij li thaum Swedishtones yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau grammatical morphemes, lawv lexical muaj nuj nqi yog marginal (Elert, 1972).

Feem ntau ntawm ob peb tus uas twb muaj lawm tonal tsawg kawg nkaus tshwm sim nyob rau hauv inflectedwords vim homonymous suffixes sib txawv ntawm ib leeg hais txog lub suab assignment (piv txwv li, 1gift-er, marry-prs, marry/marries" vs 2gift-er, lom-pl, "poisons "los yog 1håll-et,direction-def, "kev taw qhia" vs 2håll-et, tuav-pst. pp. sg," tuav"; Elert, 1972).

Qhov tseem ceeb, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov lus txuas ntxiv tso cai rau cov neeg mloog ib txwm siv cov lus qhia tonal ntawm lo lus stems los ua ntej ua kom tau cov lus xaus tom ntej (Roll, 2015; Roll et al., 2013; Söderström et al., 2017).

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov suab hauv Swedish tau sib cav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txawv sai ntawm, piv txwv li, cov lus thiab ntau lub npe hauv kev nkag siab zoo lus.

Hais txog lub suab suab ntawm Swedish tones, ob qho tib si accent 1 thiab accent 2 yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev poob siab contour (xws li, Bruce, 1977, 1983, 2005; Riad, 2014).

Interestingly, qhov pib ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg yog ua ntej rau accent 1 thanfor accent 2, txawm hais tias lub sij hawm caij nyoog txawv ntawm cov lus (Daim duab 1). Central Swedish, tus qauv ntau yam (type2A), muaj tag nrho cov suab nrov thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg: nws yog li ntawd thaum ntxov accent 1 yog pom tau hais tias lub suab qis ntawm lo lus qia, thiab lub suab nrov ua ntej yuav txuam nrog lub suab lus pretonic. Lo lus accents cuam tshuam rau qee qhov kev hais lus-theem prosody, xws li tsom lossis ciam teb tones.

Ua kom pom tseeb, piv txwv li, ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv tom qab lo lus accent poob hauv qee hom lus (hom 2 hauv daim duab 1) thaum nws nce ntau ntawm lo lus accent poob hauv lwm yam lus (hom 1 hauv daim duab 1).

1.2|Tone thiab ob hom lus kawm

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv ntau yam lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yuav luag yuav entails ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg uas tau txais lub suab raws li ib feem ntawm ib hom lus thib ob. Qhov tseeb, rau Mandarin ib leeg, muaj kwv yees li 200 labL2 hais lus; thiab rau Hausa, yog hom lus African loj tshaj plaws, 25 lab tus tib neeg tau xav tias yuav hais nws li L2 (Eberhard li al., 2020).

Kev kawm ib hom lus nrog lub suab tsis zoo yog qhov nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg hais lus tsis yog L1. Cov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv L2 lub suab ntau lawm thiab tshwj xeeb hauv cov suab pom. Cov teeb meem hauv cov ntsiab lus no muaj xws li kev sib txawv ntawm cov suab nrov nrov thiab kev paub txog kev muaj peev xwm mus rau phonological, categorical siv lub suab tsim nyog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv lexical thiab grammatical nta.
Cov txheej txheem no yuav yog hierarchicalsuch tias lub peev xwm kev ntxub ntxaug hauv xov tooj yuav tsum tau muab tso ua ntej phonological tone pawg tuaj yeem tsim thiab ua haujlwm tom qab los txheeb xyuas thiab tau txais cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov lus lossis cov qauv sau ntawv (Wong & Perrachione, 2007). Peb yuav piav qhia hauv qab no li cas cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los feem ntau ntawm cov suab nrov lexical hauv Asia, tau ntxiv dag zog rau qhov kev thov no.

1.2.1|Tus cwj pwm ntsuas ntawm L2 toneacquisition

Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm kev nrhiav cov suab nrov tau tshawb xyuas kev coj tus cwj pwm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab nrov tus cim tus cwj pwm kev ntxub ntxaug hauv cov neeg kawm L2 suab.

Lawv feem ntau pom tias cov neeg kawm qib siab tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb tab sis tseem ua tau raws li cov neeg hais lus hauv qab no, yam tsawg kawg rau qee lub suab (Gottfried& Suiter, 1997; Pelzl li al., 2019).

Qhov tseem ceeb, muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov ua tiav tau kwv yees cov neeg kawm muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv cov lus ntawm qib lexical (Ling & Grüter, 2020), tab sis kev paub txog lexical tseem nyuaj txawm tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas tuaj yeem ntseeg qhov txawv thiab txheeb xyuas cov suab (Pelzl li al., 2019).
Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj ntxiv los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv phonological pawg fortones, tshwm sim, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov lus tsis yog monosyllabic (Chang & Bowles, 2015; Pelzlet al., 2019).

Yog li, raws li Wong thiab Perrachione (2007) hais tias, qis-theem phonetic thiab phonological paub zoo li yuav tsum tau siv cov tones rau lexicaldecisions. Qhov zoo siab, nws kuj tau pom tias cov neeg kawm ib zaug tau tsim kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ib chav tsev tshwj xeeb thiab suprasegmental, lawv pom tias nws yooj yim dua nkag mus rau lub koom haum tshwj xeeb no rau kev kawm ntxiv (Liu & Wiener, 2020).

Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis vam khom rau pawg phonological tab sis kuj tau kawm yav dhau los koom nrog.

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