Kev Paub Lus Haiv Neeg Ua Ntej Ua Ntej Ua Ntej Txawv Teb Chaws Tone Ua Thiab Qhia Txog Kev Nco Txog Kev Tsim Nyog: Kev Kawm ERP Tshooj 2

Liu thiab Wiener's (2020) kev tshawb pom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, qhia tias L2 lub suab nkag siab thiab, dhau los, qhov tau txais cov lus tonal yog feem ntau los ntawm kev paub lus yav dhau los.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsim cov lus kev paub thiab kev nco yog sib cais. Tib neeg txoj kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub thiab kev xav xav tau kev txhawb nqa lus, thiab cov lus ua rau tib neeg txoj kev xav thiab tus cwj pwm. Yog li ntawd, kev nplua nuj ntawm kev paub lus ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cim xeeb.

Kev paub lus yog hais txog kev paub lus, kev siv lus, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej uas tus neeg tau paub. Los ntawm kev kawm thiab siv lus, tib neeg maj mam tsim lawv cov lus, thiab tom qab ntawd siv thiab txhim kho nws. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib txuas lus tab sis kuj txhim kho kev nco.

Cov neeg uas muaj kev paub lus nplua nuj muaj peev xwm koom nrog, faib, thiab nthuav tawm thaum kawm thiab xav. Lawv siv lus tau zoo, xav sai, thiab yooj yim txuas cov kev paub tshiab thiab kev paub dhau los nrog kev paub dhau los los tsim kom muaj kev paub txog kev ua tiav. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov neeg uas muaj kev paub lus tsawg dua muaj peev xwm xav thiab nco tau thiab feem ntau nyuaj rau kev qhia lossis nkag siab lwm tus kom raug.

Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum kawm txuas ntxiv thiab siv cov lus los nthuav peb cov kev paub lus. Los ntawm kev nyeem ntawv, saib yeeb yaj kiab, kev sib txuas lus, thiab lwm txoj hauv kev, koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv cov lus tshiab, kab lus, thiab kab lus, txhim kho koj cov kev txawj lus, thiab yog li txhim kho koj lub cim xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem txhim kho koj txoj kev xav thiab kev nco los ntawm kev cob qhia kev nco, kev xav ntau, kev xav txog tus kheej, thiab lwm yam, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau koj cov lus paub.

Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub shaping ntawm kev paub lus yog ze ze rau kev nco, thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm kev paub lus ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cim xeeb. Los ntawm kev kawm thiab siv lus tsis tu ncua, nthuav peb cov kev paub lus, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev cob qhia kev nco thiab kev xav, peb tuaj yeem txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb thiab kev xav thiab daws tau cov teeb meem hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola tseem tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neurotransmitters, xws li nce qib ntawm acetylcholine thiab kev loj hlob. Cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nco thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nqaij kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav khiav thiab txhawb nqa cov pa oxygen, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub hlwb tau txais cov as-ham txaus thiab lub zog, yog li txhim kho lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab kev ua siab ntev.

Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv

Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, nws tau pom tias cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov suab lus sib txawv txawv txawv txawv nrog kev pab ntawm pitchcues txog ob lub suab siab thiab, qhov tseem ceeb, tonemovement kev taw qhia (Gandour, 1983).

Cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus tsis muaj suab npe (thiab tej zaum cov neeg hais lus sau npe tonelanguages), hauv kev sib piv, feem ntau faib cov suab sib txawv ntawm qhov siab (Gandour, 1983; Huang & Johnson, 2010), raws li lub suab lus qhia tsis muaj lo lus- lossis suab lus-qib qhov cuam tshuam hauv lawv L1.

Qhov no tsis muaj kev kawm tsom mus rau lub suab txav feem ntau ua rau txo qis kev nkag siab zoo rau L2 suab nrov contours rau cov neeg kawm tsis muaj suab npe (Burnham li al., 2015; Liu, 2013; Qin & Mok, 2011; Yu et al., 2019). Txawm hais tias kev paub txog kev txav ntawm lub suab thiab lub suab siab yog qhov qhia tau zoo ntawm L2 lub suab ua tiav, qhov tseeb ntawm L1 lossis cov suab uas tau kawm yav dhau los yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws-grained.

Nws tau raug pom tias kev saib xyuas dav dav thiab cov hom phonological tshwj xeeb feem ntau qhia L2 lub suab pom thiab categorization Chenet al., 2020; So & Best, 2014).

Tonal L1 cov neeg hais lus paub txog kev ua suab nrov tuaj yeem ua rau lawv cov neeg hais lus tsis zoo ntawm cov lus tsis siv neeg ntawm kev tsis siv neeg taug qab ntawm L2 tonal phonotactics (Chan & Leung, 2020).

1.2.2|Electrophysiological indices ntawm L2 tone acquisition

Kev nrhiav tau ntawm L2 suab kuj tuaj yeem kawm nrog kev pab ntawm electrophysiological ntsuas. Ntsuas qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm cov neeg koom nrog cov tawv taub hau thaum lawv mloog L2 lub suab tuaj yeem qhia tau li cas lawv lub hlwb ua cov ntaub ntawv tuaj.

Muaj ntau qhov kev mloog sib txawv thiab cov lus teb electrophysiological sib txawv uas cuam tshuam rau hauv qhov kev hwm no.Cov lus paub ntxov tshaj plaws txog cov lus teb electrophysiological yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub neural kev ua ub no nyob ib ncig ntawm 50 ms tom qab lub stimulus divergence point (DP, piv txwv li, lub point nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. thaum lub stimulusbecomes lub cev txawv ntawm lwm yam stimuli nrog zoo li pib).

Cov tivthaiv ntawm 50 ms post-stimulus tseem tsis tau txais ib daim ntawv lo, tab sis yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nkag siab rau lexicosemantic (MacGregor li al., 2012; Shtyrov & Lenzen, 2017) thiab syntactic (Herrmann, Maess, & Friederici, 2011) cov khoom ntawm kev hais lus Cov lus.Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nws tau sib cav tias muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas tsis siv neeg ntawm cov lus 'linguistic zog, xws li lexicality raws li txoj cai lossis pawg syntactic, tawm tswv yim tias nws muaj kev cuam tshuam cov lus teb ua ntej.

Txawm hais tias tus tshiab tshiab, cov nyhuv yog ruaj khov. Nws tau raug pom ntau yam lus (Lus Askiv: Shtyrov & Lenzen, 2017, Finnish: Kimpa et al., 2015, German: Herrmann et al., 2009, Danish: Partanen et al., 2017, Suav: Yue et al. , 2014), siv ntau yam paradigms (tsis quav ntsej tej yam kev mob: Shtyrov &Lenzen, 2017, mus koom tej yam kev mob: Kimppa li al., 2015, ua hauj lwm: Herrmann, Maess, & Friederici, 2011, oddball paradigms: MacGregor 2015, kev nthuav qhia ib leeg. :Partanen et al., 2017, kab lus nthuav qhia: Herrmann, Maess, Hahne, et al., 2011, lossis cov ntsiab lus tau txais: GosselkeBerthelsen li al., 2020) thiab cov neeg mloog sib txawv (cov neeg laus noj qab nyob zoo: MacGregor 20, et al. : Partanenet al., 2017, aphasics: MacGregor et al., 2015, los yog L2 kawm: Kimppa et al., 2019).

Rau kev kawm lus, cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov lus kawm tshiab los ntawm cov lus tsis yog hauv feeb ntawm cov lus tau txais / raug. Nws muaj peev xwm, yog li ntawd, ua ib qho taw qhia ntawm kev nco kab tsim. Cov tivthaiv kuj zoo li zoo rau kev kawm cov lus ua haujlwm, raws li yav dhau los qhia los ntawm Yueet al. (2014).

Lawv ua si ntau zaus Mandarin wordforms (piv txwv li, tang3, "mus pw," "drip," "yog," thiab peng3,"mus qhuas," "muab," "kom clasp") thiab tsis tshua muaj heev cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis muaj nyob. (piv txwv li, teng3, pseudoword, andpang3, "rau cov nroj tsuag," ib lo lus tsis tshua muaj qhia tsis raug los ntawm Yue li al. raws li cov lus dag) rau cov neeg mloog ib txwm nyob hauv qhov kev mloog tsis zoo. Lawv pom qhov pib txo qis rau qhov tsis tshua nthuav tawm cov lus tsis tshua muaj thiab tsis tshua muaj piv nrog cov lus uas nquag nthuav tawm sai sai (ie, hauv feeb) nce thiab dhau los ua qhov sib piv loj dua negativity.

Cov qauv kev ua haujlwm tib yam tau raug pom rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas tsis yog lus (Kimppa li al., 2015). Nws ntseeg tau tias lub teeb liab txhim kho kev ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam txog cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim kab cim xeeb. Qhov no lexicality gating teb tsis tau, txawm li cas los xij, tau kawm ntau ntxiv rau kev kawm L2.

Txawm li cas los xij, Gosselke Berthelsen et al. (2020) pom muaj kev ua kom muaj zog ntxiv rau cov lus pseudowords-lossis txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus tshiab-hauv cov neeg kawm nrog cov lus ib txwm muaj, qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub lus hauv qhov no thaum ntxov. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau cov nyhuv yog xav tau rau ob qho tib si L1 thiab L2 tone processing.Qhov thib ob electrophysiological teb tsim nyog hais txog yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb tsis zoo (MMN; Näätänenet al., 1978).

MMN yog qhov tsis siv neeg, cov lus teb ua ntej ua ntej uas tshwm sim ua ntej cov neeg mloog tau hnov ​​​​txog qhov kev xav thiab txawm tias thaum lawv them tsis mloog rau cov lus tawm tswv yim (Näätänen & Alho, 1995).

Cov lus teb indexes seb cov neeg mloog lub hlwb puas tuaj yeem pom qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tswv yim stimuli. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nyob rau hauv anoddball paradigm, cov neeg koom mloog ntau repetitions ntawm tus qauv stimulus intertermixed nrog tsawg tshwm sim ntawm deviant stimuli.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tom qab ntawd kawm cov lus teb neural kom pom tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev sib txawv tau raug kuaj pom. Yog hais tias qhov no yog qhov teeb meem, ib qho lus teb muaj zog MMN yog elicited rau tus deviant. Raws li hais txog kev ua suab nrov, Shen thiab Froud (2019) pom qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tsis zoo rau kev hu xov tooj tab sis tsis yog lub suab nrov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg hais lus. Rau cov neeg kawm tsis muaj suab npe thiab cov kawm tsis tau kawm, hauv kev sib piv, tsuas yog lub suab sib txawv tab sis tsis yog phonological pawg cuam tshuam rau MMN (Chandrasekaranet al., 2007; Yu et al., 2019).

Tsis tas li ntawd, MMNs tau txo qis ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa loj (Yu li al., 2017). Interestingly, cov neeg kawm nrog lub tonal L1 pom cov lus teb sib xyaw. Ntawd yog, lawv cov MMN sib txawv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob qho tib si phonemicdifferences thiab pitch intervals. Qhov no txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kawm 'L1 ob qho tib si ntawm cov lus teb rau tus cwj pwm thiab ntawm cov txheej txheem ua kom muaj suab nrov.

Interestingly, Shen andFroud (2019) tau qhia tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm L1- zoo li kev xav tau khaws cia, txawm tias qis dua, txawm tias cov neeg kawm qib siab heev. Thaum kawg, kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua suab nrov yog ib qho kev lig ERP deflection. qhia raws li N400 orAN (anterior negativity). Ntawm cov lus teb latency ntawm ib ncig ntawm 400 ms tom qab kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa, N400 tsis zoo rau cov lus hais thaum AN (tseem LAN, sab laug sab laug tsis zoo, vim nws feem ntau sab laug-lateralized) yog qhov qhia txog kev sau ntawv (decomposition).

N400 feem ntau yog attenuated sab nraum lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mloog (McCarthy& Nobre, 1993; Okita & Jibu, 1998), uas qhia tias cov lus teb ntawm qhov latency no yog nyob ntawm kev saib xyuas rau kev hais lus tawm tswv yim tsis zoo li feem ntau thaum ntxov ~ 50 ms lossis tag nrho ua ntej saib xyuas. MMN ntawm ~ 150 ms. TheN400 thiab AN cov khoom yog elicited ib txwm muaj rau cov lus hais tawm, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tshawb xyuas seb lawv cuam tshuam li cas los ntawm cov lus sib txawv (Blomberg li al., 2020; Krott & Lebib, 2013).

Feem ntau, txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si ntawm cov lus teb no tau tshawb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua txhaum cai, vim lawv tau nthuav dav rau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb lossis tsis raug. Qhov nce hauv N400 lossis AN vim hais lus tsis sib haum / tsis raug yog qhov peb yuav nyob hauv qab no xa mus rau "N400 effect" thiab "ANeffect," ntsig txog (Kutas & Federmeier, 2011; Kutas & Hillyard, 1980; Osterhout & Mobley, 1995; RodriguezFornells et al., 2001; Schramm et al., 2019).

N400 thiab ANeffects kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua suab nrov. Hauv cov lus uas lub suab muaj lub luag haujlwm lexical, hloov lub suab ntawm lub hom phiaj lo lus hloov nws cov ntsiab lus lexicosemantic thiab yog li hloov nws mus rau qhov tsis zoo rau cov ntsiab lus.

Xws li lub suab tsis sib haum xeeb ua rau N400 teebmeem hauv cov neeg hais lus ib txwm muaj (Brown-Schmidt & Canseco-Gonzalez, 2004; Hoet al., 2019; Malins & Joanisse, 2012; Pelzl et al., 2019; Zhaoet al., 2011). Nyob rau hauv ib hom lus uas lub suab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ua raws li cov lus sau ua lus Askiv, zoo li Swedish, ib qho kev tsis zoo sab nrauv tau pom rau cov suab-suffixmismatches thaum muaj kev tsom mus rau kev ua raws li txoj cai thiab cov ntsiab lus grammatical (Söderströmet al., 2017). tau pom tsuas yog txwv lateN400 lossis AN cuam tshuam rau L2 lub suab tsis raug, tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg kawm L1.

Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev kawm lus nrog cov suab lus sib txuas lus, cov neeg pib thiab cov neeg kawm nruab nrab los ntawm ib qho L1 tsis pom zoo tsis muaj N400 lossis AN cuam tshuam ua ntej kev cob qhia hnyav (GosselkeBerthelsen et al., 2018; Hed et al., 2019).

Ib yam li ntawd, hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov neeg kawm qib siab uas tsis muaj suab npe L1 ntawm cov lus hais lus lexical, tsis muaj pab pawg qib N400 cuam tshuam tom qab tonemismatches, txawm hais tias lub peev xwm ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug muaj siab; Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus neeg kawm tau pom qhov cuam tshuam N400 (Pelzl li al., 2021). Ib qho txiaj ntsig N400 kuj tau pom muaj rau cov neeg kawm nrog kev cob qhia hnyav nrog cov lus luv luv (Dittinger li al., 2016).

Kev sib piv cov tonal thiab nontonal beginner kawm tau txais cov lus nrog grammatical L2 lub suab, nws tau pom tias cov suab-daim duab tsis sib haum xeeb ua rau N400 effect2 tsuas yog hauv cov neeg kawm nrog lub tonal L1 (Gosselke Berthelsenet al., 2021).

Txawm hais tias tseem tsis tshua muaj me me, cov lus piav qhia saum toj no tau piav qhia txog neurophysiological kev tshawb pom rau kev ua suab nrov txhawb kev xav tias kev tsim cov suab nrov ua kom nce ntxiv ntawm kev paub xov tooj thiab phonological.

Basic phonetic tonediscrimination txuj ci ua ntej phonological tone categorization, raws li tau hais los ntawm MMN cov txiaj ntsig. Pitch-raws li kev ntxub ntxaug muaj peev xwm ua tau rau qee qhov kev kawm, txawm rau cov tsis tau kawm. Tsuas yog cov neeg kawm qib siab uas muaj tonalL1, ntawm qhov tod tes, qhia MMNs uas cuam tshuam los ntawm L2 pawg tonal. Thaum kawg, kev sib koom tes ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab kev kawm lexical thiab grammatical, pom hauv N400 thiab AN cov teebmeem, tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau theem siab heev ntawm kev kawm lossis tom qab kev nkag siab thiab kev sib koom ua ke.

Cov txiaj ntsig electrophysiological tau nthuav tawm kuj tseem ceeb rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev muaj lub suab L1 hauv kev ua haujlwm L2 suab. Nws tau raug suav hais tias, hauv cov ntsiab lus no, cov ntaub ntawv tonal khaws cia thiab ua tiav yog txhawb nqa los ntawm sab laug planum temporale rau L1 hais lus ntawm ib hom lus (Schramm li al., 2018).

Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev ceev, ntau haiv neeg zoo li ua cov suab nrov txawv teb chaws. Nrog rau kev cob qhia hnyav hnyav los yog qhov ua tau zoo L2, txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg kawm uas tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg L1 tuaj yeem kov yeej cov lus tsis sib haum xeeb thiab tsim cov suab tsis sib haum nrog ERP cov lus teb rau L2 tone (Dittinger et al., 2016; Hed et al., 2019; Pelzl et al., 2021).

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