Memory Load Alters Perception-Related Neural Oscillations Thaum Muaj Kev Sib Koom Tes

Hu rau: Audrey Hu Whatsapp / hp: 0086 13880143964 Email:audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Georgios Michail, 1 Daniel Senkowski, 1 Michael Niedeggen, 2 thiab Julian Keil 3

1 Department of Psychiatry thiab Psychotherapy, St. Hedwig Hopsital, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10115, Lub teb chaws Yelemees,

2 Department of Education thiab Psychology, Free University Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany, thiab 3Biological Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany

Kev sib koom ua ke cov ntaub ntawv hla kev sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los qhia tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau qhov kev xav tau zoo li lub ntsiab lus-raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev txhawb nqa-tsav hauv qab-up thiab sab saum toj-down endogenous influences. Ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb txhawj xeeb txog qhov twg qhov kev sib tham no yog qhov nkag siab rau cov peev txheej muaj peev xwm paub. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov peev txheej kev txawj ntse ntawm kev sib koom ua ke audiovisual los ntawm kev ntsuas high-density electroencephalography (EEG) hauv cov neeg koom nrog noj qab haus huv ua lub suab nrov flash illusion (SIFI) thiab hais lus n-rov qab ua haujlwm ({{7} }rov qab, qis load, thiab 2-rov qab, siab load) nyob rau hauv ib tug dual-ua hauj lwm tsim. Hauv SIFI, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub teeb nrog ob lub suab nrov nrawm tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tsis pom kev pom ntawm ob lub flashes. Peb pom tau hais tias siab piv nrog tsawg load nce illusion susceptibility thiab modulated neural oscillations nyob rau hauv lub illusion-txog kev sib cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam. Kev xav tsis meej nyob rau hauv siab load yog txuam nrog txo thaum ntxov b zog (18-26Hz, 70ms) nyob rau hauv auditory thiab lub cev muaj zog cheeb tsam, xav tias xav txog ib tug thaum ntxov mismatch teeb liab thiab tom qab sab saum toj-down influences nrog rau nce frontal h zog (7-9Hz, 120 ms) nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) thiab tom qab b fais fab tua (13- 22Hz, 350ms) hauv prefrontal thiab auditory cortex. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam hauv qab SIFI yog qhov nkag siab rau cov peev txheej muaj peev xwm paub thiab qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntau ua rau saum toj-down h thiab b oscillations thaum kev txawj ntse tsis tshua muaj.

Lo lus tseem ceeb: b oscillations; multisensory kev koom ua ke; suab-induced flash illusion; h oscillations; saum toj-down; ua hauj lwm nco

cistanche ntxiv: txhim kho kev nco

Nqe lus tseem ceeb

Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hla ntau qhov kev nkag siab, lub peev xwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev nkag siab, yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam ntsiab lus ntsig txog, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib cav heev. Nws yog, piv txwv li, tsis to taub yuav ua li cas muaj kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau qhov kev xav. Peb tau hais lo lus nug no siv lub suab-induced flash illusion (SIFI), ib qho tshwm sim uas kev koom ua ke ntawm ob lub suab nrov nrawm ua ke nrog lub flash induces lub illusion ntawm ib tug thib ob flash. Rov ua dua peb txoj haujlwm yav dhau los, peb ua kom pom tias kev txo qis ntawm kev txawj ntse los ntawm kev ua haujlwmnco(WM) txoj hauj lwm nce qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov illusion. Nrog rau cov txheej txheem neural hauv qab, peb qhia tau tias thaum muaj peev txheej muaj tsawg, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau qhov sib koom ua ke saum toj-down u thiab b oscillations.

Taw qhia

Lub peev xwm los sib sau cov ntaub ntawv hla ntau qhov kev nkag siab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm peb qhov kev nkag siab. Multisensory kev koom ua ke yog raug rau ob qho tib si hauv qab-up stimulus-driven thiab top-down endogenous influences (Talsma li al., 2010). Ntxiv mus, qhov txheeb ze ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam no yog qhov hloov tau zoo thiab nyob ntawm ntau yam kev txhawb nqa thiab kev ua haujlwm (Welch thiab Warren, 1980; van Atteveldt li al., 2014). Ib qho lus nug qhib yog seb puas ua haujlwmnco(WM) load cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm cov hauv qab-up thiab saum-down influences thaum lub sij hawm multisensory integration (Macaluso li al., 2016; Michail and Keil, 2018). Txhawm rau kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm WM load ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, raws li tau hais hauv ntau qhov kev nkag siab thiab neural oscillations, peb tau siv lub suab-induced flash illusion (SIFI) paradigm (Shams li al., 2002; Keil, 2020). Nyob rau hauv SIFI, ib qho kev xav ntawm lub suab muaj xws li ib lub flash thiab ob lub suab nrov nrawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nkag siab ntawm ib qho (tsis muaj kev xav tsis thoob) lossis ob lub flashes (illusion). Kev sib piv ntawm lub hlwb cov lus teb rau cov suab paj nruag uas ua rau ob lub xeev kev nkag siab no tso cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib tham hauv qab-dag SIFI (Keil li al., 2014; Kaiser li al., 2019).

Kev tshawb fawb qhia tias neural oscillations tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm thiab qhov sib txawv zaus cuam tshuam txog kev koom tes ntawm cov hauv qab-up thiab saum-down influences (Keil thiab Senkowski, 2018). Kev sib koom ua ke hauv qab ntawm qhov yooj yim audiovisual stimuli tau txuas rau g band oscillations (Senkowski li al., 2005, 2007). Ib yam li ntawd, kev nkag siab ntawm SIFI tau cuam tshuam nrog g oscillations nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav thiab kev txiav txim siab dua (Mishra li al., 2007; Balz li al., 2016a, b). Qhov no qhia tau tias SIFI tso siab rau hauv qab-up crossmodal kev sib cuam tshuam. Hauv qhov sib piv, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev hais lus audiovisual stimuli hauv McGurk nyhuv (McGurk thiab MacDonald, 1976), qhov twg ib qho kev hais lus tsis zoo yog pom tau thaum kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib qho kev mloog xov tooj cua ua ke nrog qhov tsis pom kev pom daim di ncauj, tsis yog tsuas yog ntawm g oscillations (Kaiser li al. ., 2005), tab sis kuj nyob rau saum toj-down cross-modal kev sib kho los ntawm frontal u oscillations (Keil li al., 2012; Roa Romero li al., 2016; Fernández li al., 2018) thiab frontocentral b oscillations (Roa Romero. et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2016). Kev cia siab ntawm SIFI ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hauv qab ua rau SIFI qhov kev pom zoo los tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm orthogonal manipulations ntawm sab saum toj-down influences, xws li WM load, ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntau. Cov lus nug tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv yog seb qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo hauv SIFI thiab cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv qab yog qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov depletion ntawm cov peev txheej muaj los ntawm WM load.

Txhawm rau teb cov lus nug no, peb tau sau cov ntaub ntawv electroencephalography (EEG) hauv cov neeg koom ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ob lub ntsiab lus suav nrog SIFI ua ke nrog cov haujlwm orthogonal n-rov qab, uas tau siv los tswj WM load. Peb cia siab tias qhov siab dua WM load yuav ua rau nce SIFI illusion tus nqi (Michail thiab Keil, 2018). Tsis tas li ntawd, peb xav tias neural oscillations hauv qab SIFI yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv siab load. Ib lub tswv yim theoretical tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas sab saum toj-down yog xav tau thaum kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ntau qhov kev xav tau siab (Talsma li al., 2010). Vim li no, peb cia siab tias nce WM load yuav txo tau cov peev txheej muaj, yog li ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm kev mloog thiab pom cov tswv yim hauv SIFI txoj haujlwm thiab ua rau kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj kawg nkaus thaum lub sijhawm SIFI. Raws li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm frontal u oscillations hauv kev paub txog kev tswj hwm (Cavanagh thiab Frank, 2014), thiab kev koom tes ntawm b oscillations hauv kev sib haum xeeb sab saum toj-down influences (Arnal thiab Giraud, 2012; Fries, 2015), peb xav tias WM load yuav yuav txuam nrog modulations nyob rau hauv frontal u thiab b zog thaum lub sij hawm multisensory integration.

cistanche capsules: txhim kho kev nco

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

Cov neeg koom nrog

Plaub caug tus neeg koom (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 6 SD: 26.6 6 7.8 xyoo; 19 tus poj niam) uas muaj qhov hnov ​​​​lus zoo, zoo li qub lossis kho qhov muag tsis pom kev, thiab tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm cov kab mob neurologic raug xaiv rau txoj kev tshawb no. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm tus kheej hauv kev nkag siab ntawm SIFI (Mishra li al., 2007; Keil li al., 2014; Hirst li al., 2020). Cov txheej txheem xaiv tau raug txhais raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Michail thiab Keil, 2018; Kaiser li al., 2019). Yim tus neeg koom tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntxiv vim tias lawv tsis pom qhov SIFI illusion nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov kev sib txawv load [illusory percept in,10 feem pua ​​(n =4)) lossis .90 feem pua ​​(n=4 ) ntawm txhua qhov kev sim A2V1 tseem ceeb]. Yim tus neeg koom ntxiv nrog, 60 feem pua ​​​​yog qhov kev sim hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev tswj hwm (saib hauv qab no, ntu Stimuli thiab SIFI) kuj raug cais tawm. Yog li ntawd, ib pawg ntawm 24 tus neeg koom (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 6 SD: 26.6 6 7.4years; 13 tus poj niam) raug xaiv rau kev txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm. Peb tus neeg koom ntxiv nrog cov khoom siv EEG ntau dhau (slow-wave drifts thiab cov leeg nqaij artifacts) raug cais tawm thaum EEG ua ntej. Yog li ntawd, ib pawg ntawm 21 tus neeg koom (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 6 SD: 25.9 6 7.3years; 13 tus poj niam) tau nkag mus rau hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam EEG ntxiv. Txhua tus neeg koom nrog tau sau ntawv tso cai. Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua raws li 2008 Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki thiab tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin (tus lej pom zoo: EA1/207/15).

Kev txhawb nqa kev nthuav qhia thiab sau cov neeg tuaj koom cov lus teb tau siv los ntawm Psychophysics toolbox (Brainard, 1997; RRID: SCR_002881) rau MATLAB (The MathWorks). Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob rau hauv ib lub teeb ci, hluav taws xob tiv thaiv, suab nrov-attenuating chamber. Kev pom kev pom tau tshwm sim ntawm 21-inch CRT npo ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1.2 m nrog rau tus nqi 75-Hz refresh npaum li cas. Kev hnov ​​​​lus tau tswj hwm los ntawm USB audio interface (UR22mkII, Steinberg) thiab xa los ntawm lub mloog pob ntseg (ER30, Etymotic Research).

n-ua haujlwm

Lub zog rau txoj haujlwm no yog cov ntawv sau loj, uas tau nthuav tawm xim dawb ntawm keeb kwm grey ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov screen. Rau txhua qhov thaiv, pseudorandom kab lus ntawm cov ntawv raug xaiv los ntawm pawg lus Askiv. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob siv cov xov tooj raws li lub tswv yim, cov lus tsis suav nrog. Hauv 0- rov qab mus sib hais lub hom phiaj yeej ib txwm yog tsab ntawv X. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyuaj hauv txhua qhov 2- rov qab ua ntu zus, peb tau qhia meej meej cov kab ke kom tsis suav nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sim siab. Cov kev sim siab muaj peev xwm ua rau tsis meej pem vim tias nyob rau hauv cov kev sim siab no tsab ntawv nthuav tawm yog tib yam li qhov tau hais hauv qhov kev sim dhau los. Peb caug-peb feem pua ​​​​ntawm 0-rov qab thiab 2- rov qab sim yog lub hom phiaj.

WIFI

Rau qhov kev txhawb siab sib xyaw ua ke tau nthuav tawm, suav nrog {{0}}, 1, lossis 2 auditory (A) stimuli ua ke nrog 0, 1, lossis 2 pom (V) stimuli (A{{8 }}V1, A0V2, A1V1, A2V0, A2V1, A2V2). Lub qhov muag pom (flash) stimulus yog ib tug dawb disk subtending lub pom lub kaum sab xis ntawm 1.6 degree thiab tau nthuav tawm ntawm 4.1 degree hauv nruab nrab hauv qab tus ntoo khaub lig fixation, rau 13.33 ms. Lub suab nrov (beep) stimulus yog 78-dB (SPL) 1000-Hz sine wave tone uas tau nthuav tawm rau 7 ms.

Kev sim tsim

Cov neeg koom tau ua ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm (Daim duab 1A), uas ua ke ua haujlwm pom-hais lus n-rov qab thiab SIFI paradigm (Shams li al., 2002; Keil, 2020). Qhov kev sim suav nrog 888 qhov kev sim thiab tau muab faib ua 12 blocks (6 blocks rau txhua qib load: 0-rov qab thiab 2-rov qab). Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov blocks tau randomized thoob plaws cov neeg koom. Txhua qhov thaiv muaj 74 qhov kev sim siab thiab suav nrog 34 qhov tseem ceeb A2V1 kev sim [uas ua rau muaj kev nkag siab ntawm ib qho (tsis muaj kev xav tsis thoob) lossis ob lub teeb ci (illusion)] thiab 40 qhov kev sim tswj, piv txwv li, txoj cai sim rau txhua qhov ntawm tsib lub suab sib txuas. Nrog rau kev so, lub sijhawm ntawm kev sim yog; 80min. Cov neeg koom nrog tau ua 10 qhov kev xyaum sim rau txhua qhov kev thauj khoom ua ntej pib qhov kev sim. Txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog lub hauv paus fixation cross, uas tau nthuav tawm rau 500ms (Fig. 1B). Tom qab ntawd, ib tsab ntawv tau nthuav tawm rau 500ms, ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm kev txhim kho tus ntoo khaub lig rau 1500ms, thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg koom nrog raug nug kom qhia, los ntawm lub pob nyem, yog tias tsab ntawv nthuav tawm sib npaug ntawm tsab ntawv X (0-rov qab, qis load ) lossis tsab ntawv nthuav tawm ob qhov kev sim ua ntej (2-rov qab, siab load). Tsis muaj lus teb yuav tsum tau rau cov tsis yog hom phiaj. Ua raws li 1500 ms cov lus teb lub qhov rais, ib qho kev kho tus ntoo khaub lig tau tshwm sim rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm 500-800ms, ua raws li kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib qho ntawm rau SIFI stimulus ua ke. Hauv kev sib txuas nrog rau ob lub suab lossis ob qhov kev xav pom, qhov stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) yog 53.3ms. Tom qab qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa los ntawm SIFI txoj haujlwm, qhov kev txhim kho tus ntoo khaub lig tau tshwm sim dua thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau qhia tus naj npawb ntawm kev pom flashes los ntawm lub pob nyem (peb lub pob: 0, 1, lossis 2). Ua raws li lub pob nyem lossis tom qab 1500ms (yog tias tsis muaj khawm), a

Daim duab 1. Daim duab piv txwv ntawm ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. A, Hauv thawj feem ntawm txhua qhov kev sim (n-rov qab ua haujlwm) cov neeg koom, yuav tsum tau qhia seb tsab ntawv puas yog lub hom phiaj ('X' hauv 0- rov qab mob thiab tib tsab ntawv raws li ib qho tau nthuav tawm ob qhov kev sim ua ntej hauv 2- rov qab mob). Nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob ntawm txhua qhov kev sim, ib qho kev txhawb nqa ntawm SIFI txoj haujlwm tau nthuav tawm, thiab cov neeg koom tau tshaj tawm cov naj npawb ntawm flashes lawv pom. B, Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm cov qauv thiab lub sijhawm ntawm ib qho kev sim. Hauv qhov piv txwv no, kev nthuav qhia ntawm tsab ntawv n-rov qab tau ua raws li A2V1 SIFI stimuli. Hauv qhov kev sim siab A2V1 tseem ceeb, cov neeg koom nrog feem ntau pom tau ib lub flash (tsis muaj kev xav tsis thoob) lossis ob lub flashes (illusion).

Qhov kev sim tshiab tau pib. Cov neeg koom nrog tau tshaj tawm cov lus teb rau n-rov qab ua haujlwm nrog tus ntiv tes xoo thiab tus naj npawb ntawm flashes nrog tus ntiv tes xoo sab xis siv lub tes tuav gamepad (Logitech Gamepad F310, Logitech).

cistanche siv rau dab tsi: txhim kho kev nco

Cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam

Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv coj tus cwj pwm

Qhov kev ua tau zoo n-rov qab tau raug soj ntsuam raws li qhov rhiab heev d prime index (d9) thiab lub sij hawm tshuaj tiv thaiv (RTs). d9 siv rau hauv tus account ob qho tib si tus nqi ntaus (piv txwv li, raug txheeb xyuas lub hom phiaj) thiab tus nqi ceeb toom tsis tseeb (piv txwv li, cov lus teb tsis raug thaum cov ntawv tsis yog lub hom phiaj tau nthuav tawm) thiab suav nrog cov qauv d9=Zhit tus nqi - Zfalse Tswb tus nqi, qhov twg Z yog qhov rov qab ntawm kev faib tawm Gaussian (Haatveit li al., 2010). Ntau dua d9 qhov tseem ceeb qhia tau zoo dua n-rov qab ua haujlwm. Hais txog kev ua haujlwm SIFI, RTS nrog rau feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kev sim siab uas cov neeg koom tau tshaj tawm 0, 1, lossis 2 pom qhov flashes tau kwv yees rau txhua qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab. Qhov cuam tshuam rau SIFI illusion (lossis "illusion rate") tau suav tias yog feem pua ​​​​ntawm A2V1 kev sim uas cov neeg koom qhia ob flashes. Paired-samples t-tests tau siv los sib piv tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev sim thiab Bayes yam (BFs) tau kwv yees raws li kev ntsuas ntawm cov pov thawj txheeb ze (Router et al., 2009). BF tsawg dua 0.33 qhia tias muaj pov thawj txhawb qhov kev xav tsis zoo (Ho), thaum BF. 3 qhia txog kev txhawb nqa rau qhov hloov pauv-native hypothesis (H1). Tsis tas li ntawd, Spearman qhov kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib raug zoo tau ua los tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev thauj khoom-raws li (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) kev hloov pauv hauv n-rov qab kev ua tau zoo thiab SIFI illusion tus nqi. Holm–Bonferroni kho (Holm, 1979) tau siv thaum xav tau los suav rau ntau qhov kev sim.

EEG kaw thiab preprocessing

EEG tau sau tseg siv 128-channel passive system (EasyCap) ntawm tus lej piv txwv ntawm 2500Hz. Ob lub electrodes, ntawm sab xis sab xis thiab hauv qab ntawm lub qhov muag sab xis, kaw cov kab rov tav thiab ntsug electro-grams. Preprocessing tau ua nrog MNE-Python (Gramfort li al., 2014; RRID: SCR_005972), thiab ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam nrog Fieldtrip (Oostenveld li al., 2011; RRID: SCR_004849) thiab kev cai -ua MATLAB scripts (The MathWorks).

Cov ntaub ntawv raug lim nrog xoom-phase bandpass finite impulse teb (FIR) lim ntawm 1 thiab 100Hz siv lub qhov rais tsim qauv ["Irwin" hauv SciPy (https://docs.scipy.org/doc/); Hanning qhov rais; 1-Hz txo qis kev hloov pauv bandwidth; 25-Hz hloov pauv bandwidth; 3.3-s lim ntev]. Ib qho band-stop notch FIR lim los ntawm 49 txog 51Hz (6.6 s lim ntev) tau siv los tshem tawm cov suab nrov. Hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej, cov ntaub ntawv tau downsampled rau 256Hz thiab epoched los ntawm 1.5 mus rau 1.5 s txheeb ze rau qhov pib ntawm SIFI-ua hauj lwm stimuli. Kev sim nrog cov khoom qub (qhov muag plooj, suab nrov, lossis cov leeg nqaij) raug tshem tawm tom qab kuaj pom. Cov ntaub ntawv tom qab ntawd rov hais dua rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov channel thiab raug rau kev tsom xam ywj pheej (ICA) siv qhov txuas ntxiv-infomax algorithm (Lee li al., 1999). Cheebtsam uas sawv cev qhov muag blinks, plawv thiab cov leeg nqaij ua haujlwm raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tom ntej no, cov suab nrov nrov tau raug tsis lees paub tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muag ntawm qhov kev sim-los ntawm kev sim thiab sib cuam tshuam siv spherical spline interpolation (Perrin li al., 1989). Thaum kawg, kev sim nrog cov teeb liab tshaj 6150 mV raug cais tawm. Qhov nruab nrab, thoob plaws cov neeg tuaj koom, 105.1 (SD 78.3) kev sim thiab 12.7 (SD 4.2) ICA Cheebtsam raug tshem tawm thiab 11.4 (SD 2.8) cov channel tau cuam tshuam.

Lub sij hawm-frequency tsom xam ntawm lub zog

Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub zog oscillatory, cov ntaub ntawv kev sim ib zaug tau hloov pauv thawj zaug rau lub sijhawm zaus sawv cev (TFRs). Hanning taper tau siv rau lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm plaub lub voj voog rau txhua zaus ntawm 2 txog 40Hz, hloov ntawm 1.5 mus rau 1.5 s, hauv cov kauj ruam ntawm 10ms. Lub zog Poststimulus tau kho lub hauv paus siv lub zog nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov rais prestimulus los ntawm 500 mus rau 100ms, txheeb ze rau qhov pib ntawm SIFI-ua haujlwm stimuli.

Kev tshuaj xyuas lub zog ua ntej SIFI-ua haujlwm stimuli

Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas seb WM load cuam tshuam lub zog ua ntej kev nthuav qhia ntawm SIFI-task stimuli (1.5 rau 0 s), TFRs rau 0-rov qab thiab 2- rov qab cov xwm txheej tau kwv yees siv kev sim los ntawm txhua qhov audiovisual tej yam kev mob ntawm SIFI txoj hauj lwm. Txhawm rau txo qis qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teeb liab-rau-suab nrov sib piv thiab cov lus teb ntawm lub cev muaj zog, tus naj npawb ntawm 0-rov qab thiab 2- rov qab sim tau sib npaug ua ntej qhov kwv yees ntawm TFRs. Rau txhua qhov kev sim hauv qhov kev sim me me, peb thawj zaug xaiv qhov kev sim siab los ntawm qhov kev sim loj dua uas tau ua raws li qhov kev sim no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov lus teb rau n-rov qab stimulus nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais ua ntej SIFI-ua hauj lwm stimulus pib (1.5 rau { {14}} s). Ib qho kev sim los ntawm qhov kev sim no tau xaiv tau raug xaiv thiab muab tshem tawm los ntawm qhov kev sim loj dua ua ntej xaiv qhov kev sim tom ntej. Cov txheej txheem kev xaiv no tau siv los txo qis qhov muaj peev xwm tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov xwm txheej hais txog tus lej ntawm kev sim nrog n-rov qab ua haujlwm hauv lub qhov rais ua ntej SIFI-ua haujlwm stimulus pib.

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm {{0}}rov qab thiab 0-rov qab cov xwm txheej, ib qho kev ntsuas uas tsis yog pawg-raws li permutation test (cluster-forming a=0.05, dependent t- test, iterations=1000; Maris and Oostenveld, 2007). Qhov kev xeem no hais txog ntau qhov teeb meem sib piv los ntawm kev sib piv cov qauv uas nyob ib sab hauv lub sijhawm, zaus, thiab qhov chaw. Qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas raws li pawg tau siv nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm qhov rais los ntawm 1.5 txog 0 s txheeb ze rau SIFI-task stimulus pib, ntawm zaus ntawm 2 mus rau 40Hz. Cov kev soj ntsuam soj ntsuam tau raug soj ntsuam tawm tsam qhov kev faib tawm los kuaj cov Ho tsis txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej (ob-tailed test, a{17}}.025).

Tom ntej no, ib qho kev hloov kho ntawm pawg-raws li permutation test yog siv los soj ntsuam cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hwj chim (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) thiab cov kev hloov pauv nyob rau hauv n-rov qab tsis ua haujlwm, piv txwv li , rhiab heev d9 qhov tseem ceeb thiab RTs (cluster-forming a =0.05, Spearman's rank correlation, iterations=1000). Kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo tau ua nyias nyias rau txhua qhov ntawm ob qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog tseem ceeb tau los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lub zog hauv cov kauj ruam dhau los (Daim duab 3). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov channel, lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm, thiab ntau zaus rau kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo tau coj los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua pawg. Yog li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug tau tsom rau 4–7Hz thiab lub sijhawm los ntawm 1.29 txog 0 s rau thawj pawg (Fig. 3A), thiab ntawm 20–35Hz thiab lub sijhawm ntawm 1.47 txog 0 s rau pawg thib ob ( Fig. 3B). Vim tias qhov dav dav ntawm cov pawg, kev xaiv ntawm cov channel yog kev saib xyuas thiab suav nrog tsuas yog pawg pawg nrog rau tag nrho cov naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm-zaum piv txwv ntawm lossis siab dua 90 feem pua ​​(z qhab nia 1.645). Rau txhua pawg, qhov nruab nrab lub zog thoob plaws cov zaus xaiv thiab cov channel tau kwv yees nyob rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm pawg rau ob qho tib si 0-rov qab thiab 2-rov qab. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg tau siv los ntsuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog sib txawv (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo (D n-rov qab d9, D n-rov qab RT). Lub sij hawm pawg tau muab los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog tias lawv cov txiaj ntsig p tau qis dua qhov pib (ob-tailed test, a=0.025). Rau kev tshawb nrhiav lub hom phiaj, kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog sib txawv (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntawm pawg thiab kev hloov pauv hauv kev xav tsis thoob hauv qhov kev sim A2V1 tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, D illusion rate) kuj raug tshuaj xyuas.

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv: txhim kho kev nco

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub zog poststimulus hauv A2V1 kev sim

Kev tsom xam ntawm lub zog tom qab lub zog tau tsom mus rau qhov tseem ceeb A2V1 kev sim siab los ntawm SIFI txoj haujlwm. Lub hom phiaj yog los tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm WM load ntawm kev ua thiab kev xaav ntawm SIFI. Txog qhov kawg no, ib qho 2 2 rov ntsuas ANOVA (Trujillo-Ortiz li al., 2004; https://github.com/juliankeil/ VirtualTools/blob/master /vt_freq_bwANOVA.m) ntawm lub zog poststimulus hauv A2V1 kev sim tau ua nrog yam Load (qis, siab) thiab Kev Pom Zoo (tsis muaj kev xav tsis thoob, kev tsis pom kev). Cov txheej txheem tau teeb tsa saum toj kawg nkaus, 0.01. Kev tsom xam suav nrog tag nrho cov channel thiab tsom mus rau lub sijhawm lub qhov rais ntawm 0 txog 0.5 s thiab ntawm zaus ntawm 2 txog 40Hz. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias qhov teeb meem txaus ntshai-rau-lub suab sib piv hauv lub sijhawm ntsuas zaus, yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg 30 qhov kev sim rau txhua tus mob (Luck, 2005). Tom qab tsis suav nrog cov kev sim uas tsis muaj lus teb, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 170.9 (SD 27) cov khoom siv tsis pub dawb A2V1 kev sim muaj rau 0- mob nraub qaum thiab 175.7 (SD 15) kev sim rau 2-rov qab mob. Yog li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm 30 qhov kev sim rau txhua ntawm plaub yam yog ua tiav tsuas yog thaum lub illusion tus nqi nyob rau hauv ob qho tag nrho 0-rov qab thiab 2-rov qab yog kwv yees li ntawm 17.5 feem pua ​​thiab 82.5 feem pua. Ntawm 21 tus neeg koom nrog rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub zog ua ntej SIFI-ua haujlwm stimuli, rau tus neeg koom nrog tsis txaus tus naj npawb ntawm kev sim tsis txaus ntseeg (txhais tau tias qhov kev xav tsis zoo 6 SD: 12.1 62.3 feem pua ​​​​hauv 0-rov qab thiab 9. }}rov qab thiab 88.3 6 2.5 feem pua ​​hauv 2- rov qab) raug cais tawm. Yog li ntawd, ib pawg ntawm 12 tus neeg koom tau suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 6 SD: 26.8 6 8.3years; yim tus poj niam). Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau txo qis qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teeb liab-rau-lub suab sib piv tus naj npawb ntawm kev sim hauv plaub qhov xwm txheej tau sib npaug ua ntej TFR suav. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev xaiv los ntawm cov xwm txheej nrog kev sim ntau dua ib qho kev txo qis ntawm cov kev sim sib tw kom ze li qhov ua tau hauv RT qhov kev sim ntawm tus mob nrog qhov kev sim tsawg tshaj plaws.

Txoj kev kho ob-kauj ruam tau siv los daws qhov teeb meem sib piv ntau. Hauv thawj kauj ruam, cov teebmeem tau muab faib ua qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog tias tsawg kawg ob txoj kev nyob sib ze tau pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam (Picton li al., 2000; Maris thiab Oostenveld, 2 {{20}}07). Tom qab ntawd FieldTrip pawg algorithm (Oostenveld li al., 2011; https://github. com/field trip/field trip/blob/master/private/find cluster.m) tau siv rau peb-dimensional binary matrix uas txheeb xyuas qhov cov qauv ua tau raws li cov qauv ntawm p, 0.01 (cim raws li 1; tus so tau cim tias yog 0), los tsim cov pawg raws li lub cev, spectral thiab spatial adjacency. Raws li kev kho thib ob, peb siv 3dClustSim algorithm (AFNI, version 17.3.07; Cox, 1996; RRID: SCR_005927) los simulate 10, 000 matrices ntawm random nqi ntawm 0 thiab 1, nrog tib qhov ntev raws li peb cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv cov simulations no, 3dClustSim kwv yees cov pawg loj ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sib txuas hauv qab 0.01. Thoob plaws hauv kev simulations, qhov tshwm sim yuav tau txais ib pawg peb-dimensional ntawm ib qho loj me hauv cov ntaub ntawv random yog kwv yees. Raws li, peb suav tias pawg tseem ceeb yog tias lawv suav nrog ntau dua 131.7 cov ntsiab lus hauv qab cov qauv (p, 0.01) ntawm 126 39 51 (channels zaus bins time point) matrix. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab kev sib cuam tshuam, kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua tiav los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tom qab hoc paired-samples t-tests siv Holm-Bonferroni kho (Holm, 1979) kom suav nrog ntau qhov sib piv.

cistanche qia

Kev tsom xam

Qhov chaw tsom xam qhov chaw tau ua los tshawb xyuas ntxiv qhov cuam tshuam tau los ntawm kev ntsuas qib sensor. Rau txhua tus neeg koom, tus neeg T{{0}} hnyav MRI (3T Magnetom TIM Trio, Siemens, AG) tau koom ua ke nrog rau tus kheej digitized EEG electrode txoj haujlwm (FastTrak Polhemus) rau ib qho kev sib koom ua ke (Montreal Lub koom haum Neurology; MNI). Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv digitized lub taub hau-zoo li cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov chaw fiducial (nasion, sab laug thiab sab xis pre-auricular cov ntsiab lus). Cov duab sib koom ua ke MRI tau muab faib ua ke siv SPM12 algorithm (FieldTrip) thiab qhov tseeb peb-plhaub (lub hlwb, pob txha taub hau, tawv nqaij) ciam teb cov khoom ntim cov qauv (BEM) tau tsim (Oostendorp thiab van Oosterom, 1989). Tom qab ntawd, tus qauv MNI lub hlwb tsis yog linearly warped mus rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv anatomical kom tau txais cov qauv peb-dimensional (volumetric grid) nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm 10 hli, uas tau siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv. Txhawm rau kwv yees qhov kev faib tawm ceev tam sim no, Loreta algorithm (Pascual-Marqui, 2007) tau siv nrog qhov ntsuas qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm 1 feem pua. Tus ntoo khaub lig-spectral ntom ntom (CSD) matrix tau suav nrog txoj kev nrawm Fourier transform (FFT) rau cov xwm txheej-pooled cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv luv thiab qhov nruab nrab zaus ntawm txhua qhov tshwm sim, raws li tau los ntawm cov tawv taub hau theem tsom xam. Spectral smoothing tau txhais kom haum qhov zaus ntawm kev txaus siab (xws li, rau u prestimulus nyhuv, ib qhov chaw zaus ntawm 66 2Hz smoothings tau siv ua rau ib tug 4-8 Hz ntau; Fig. 3A). Yog tias lub sijhawm luv luv yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo tshaj qhov ntau zaus ntawm kev txaus siab, smoothing tau txhais tias qhov tsawg kawg nkaus xav tau rau qhov kev kwv yees CSD. Qhov kev kwv yees qhov ceev tam sim no rau txhua qhov kev tshwm sim tom qab tau zoo li qub rau qhov kev kwv yees rau lub hauv paus qhov rais (0.5 mus rau 0.1 s), thiab qhov sib thooj ntau zaus siv cav (Poststimulus / Baseline). Lub cav piv tau siv los ua ib daim ntawv ntawm normalization los kho kom muaj suab nrov lossis "center of head" bias, piv txwv li, qhov tseeb tias qhov kev ua si feem ntau yog kwv yees nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hlwb. Yog li, siv lub log-piv qhov nce qhov rhiab heev ntawm kev tsom xam.

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog ua ntej lub zog nruab nrab ntawm 2-rov qab piv rau 0-rov qab cov xwm txheej, ib qho kev ntsuas ib-tailed-raws li permutation test tau siv (cluster-forming a=0.05, dependent t- test, iterations=1000, final a=0.05). Raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no, qhov kev tsom xam tsom mus ntxiv tshawb nrhiav qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qib ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas. Yog li ntawd, cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib-tailed kev ntsuam xyuas yog txiav txim los ntawm lub sensor theem. Rau txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam tom qab kev cuam tshuam, kev tshuaj xyuas pawg zoo sib xws tau ua los ntsuas seb qhov kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev xav tsis zoo (Delusion-tsis muaj qhov tsis pom kev), xav tias xav txog kev sib koom ua ke muaj zog, sib txawv ntawm 0-rov qab thiab 2-rov qab . Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Keil et al., 2014; Balz et al., 2016b), peb xav tias qhov sib txawv ntawm neural kev ua ub no ntawm illusion tiv thaiv tsis-illusion trials qhia correlates ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm crossmodal signals. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Delusion-tsis muaj illusion yog kwv yees siv lub cav (Illusion / Noillusion).

cistanche extract hmoov

Cov txiaj ntsig

Cwj pwm

n- qab

Kev txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm n-rov qab (Daim duab 2A) tau qhia tias qhov rhiab heev d9 qhov tseem ceeb hauv 2- rov qab sim tau qis dua piv nrog 0- rov qab sim (txhais tau tias 6 SD: 3. {8}}.64 vs 4.72 6 0.15; t(23)=10.4, BF=30,419,{{20}}46.9, p, 0.001). Tsis tas li ntawd, RTs hauv 2-kev sim rov qab tau qeeb qeeb dua piv nrog 0- rov qab sim (txhais tau tias 6 SD: 902.3 6 130ms vs 663.8 6 105ms; t(23)=9.9, BF=11,852,368.2, p , 0.001). Li no, siab dua WM load tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tau zoo n-rov qab.

WIFI

Rov ua dua qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm peb qhov kev coj cwj pwm tsis ntev los no (Michail thiab Keil, 2018) hauv ib qho qauv ywj pheej (n =24), SIFI illusion tus nqi tau nce ntau hauv 2-rov qab piv nrog 0-kev sim rov qab (txhais tau tias 6 SD: 39.5 6 28.4 feem pua ​​​​vs 35.8 6 23.2 feem pua, raws li; ib-tailed paired-samples t-test, t(23)=2.1, BF=1.3, p =0.025; Fig. 2B). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nruab nrab RTs rau A2V1 kev sim tsis sib txawv ntawm 2-rov qab thiab 0- rov qab sim (txhais tau tias 6 SD: 787 6 90 vs 781 6 93 ms, feem; t(23 ) {{30}}.6, BF=0.2, p =0.65). Kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv ntawm RTs thiab feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev sim nrog cov lus teb raug nyob hauv tsib yam kev tswj hwm (A0V1, A0V2, A1V1, A2V0, A2V2) qhia tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm 2-rov qab thiab {{47 }}cov xwm txheej rov qab (txhua qhov kev sib piv p. 0.05). Yog li, WM load tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam rau SIFI illusion tus nqi, tab sis tsis yog qhov tseeb thiab RTs hauv kev tswj xyuas.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm SIFI illusion npaum li cas thiab n-rov qab ua tau zoo Nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej, Spearman qhov kev txheeb xyuas qib sib txheeb tau ua los tshawb xyuas seb WM load-dependent hloov pauv (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) hauv cov nqi illusion muaj feem xyuam nrog n-rov qab ua haujlwm thoob plaws cov neeg koom. Load-dependent nce nyob rau hauv illusion tus nqi correlated tsis zoo nrog lub n-rov qab d9 txo (r=-0.49,p =0.047, BF=2.99; Fig. 2C) tab sis tsis yog nrog lub n- nraub qaum RT qeeb (r=0.14, p =0.729, BF=0.20; Fig. 2C). Yog li ntawd, cov neeg koom nrog ntau dua load-dependant nce nyob rau hauv SIFI illusion tus nqi yog tsawg dua nyob rau hauv lub n-rov qab ua hauj lwm (2-rov qab vs 0-rov qab mob).

Neural oscillations

WM load tsub kom koj lub zog thiab txo qis b lub zog ua ntej SIFI- ua haujlwm stimuli qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog loj hauv u thiab b zaus bands ntawm 2-rov qab thiab 0- rov qab.

ntau zaus (;20–35Hz; nonparametric permutation test, p =0.002; Fig. 3B, sab laug vaj huam sib luag). Cov pawg no suav nrog cov kab nruab nrab hauv nruab nrab thiab tau pom nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm 1.47 txog 0 s. Kev tsom xam ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no tau nthuav tawm qis dua b lub zog rau 2-rov qab piv nrog rau 0- rov qab mob hauv thaj tsam hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub paj hlwb, suav nrog ob tog lub cev muaj zog thiab medial cingulate cortex (ib-tailed nonparametric per- mutation test, p =0.002; Fig. 3B, txoj cai vaj huam sib luag). b lub zog sib txawv (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) ntawm cov tawv taub hau, nruab nrab ntawm cov zaus thiab cov channel, ces kwv yees rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm pawg. Tom ntej no, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas raws li pawg tau siv los ntsuas seb qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog b (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) cuam tshuam rau txhua lub sijhawm taw tes nrog cov load-dependent (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) hloov hauv n-rov qab ua haujlwm. Interestingly, qhov sib txawv ntawm b lub zog sib cuam tshuam nrog n-rov qab RT qhov sib txawv hauv ob lub sijhawm ua ntej (nonparametric permutation test, p, 0.025), tab sis tsis nrog rhiab heev d9 qhov sib txawv (Fig. 3B, nruab nrab vaj huam sib luag). Load-dependent u lub zog sib txawv tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv n-rov qab RT lossis rhiab heev d9 (Daim duab 3A, nruab nrab vaj huam sib luag). Yog li ntawd, qhov muaj zog load-dependant txo qis ntawm b lub zog ua ntej SIFI-task stimuli muaj feem xyuam rau lub sij hawm ntev n-rov qab (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab). Kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov nruab nrab load-dependent lub zog sib txawv ntawm ob lub sijhawm no thiab kev hloov pauv hauv kev xav tsis thoob hauv qhov kev sim A2V1 tseem ceeb los ntawm SIFI txoj haujlwm tsis tau qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb (tag nrho ps. 0.08). Ua ke, peb cov kev soj ntsuam tau qhia tias nce WM load yog manifested nyob rau hauv nce u zog nyob rau hauv ob sab phlu PFC thiab kev ua tau zoo-kawg hloov kho nyob rau hauv b lub zog nyob rau hauv ob sab lub cev muaj zog cheeb tsam thiab medial cingulate cortex.

Daim duab 2. Kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm n-rov qab thiab qhov kev sim A2V1 tseem ceeb ntawm SIFI txoj haujlwm. Ib tus neeg koom tau pom qhov muaj peev xwm siab dua d9 (sab laug vaj huam sib luag) thiab luv RTs (txoj cai vaj huam sib luag) hauv 0-rov qab piv nrog 2- rov qab sim. B, SIFI illusion tus nqi tau siab dua nyob rau hauv 2-rov qab piv nrog rau 0- rov qab mob (sab laug vaj huam sib luag), whereas RTs tsis sib txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej (txoj cai vaj huam sib luag). Kab rov tav kab qhia qhov nruab nrab thiab ntsug SEM. C, Kev sib raug zoo ntawm load-dependent (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) hloov hauv SIFI illusion tus nqi thiab cov kev hloov pauv hauv n-rov qab d9 qhov tseem ceeb (sab laug vaj huam sib luag) thiab n-rov qab RTs (txoj cai vaj huam sib luag) . Nce SIFI illusion kev xaav sib cuam tshuam nrog txo d9 qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm n-rov qab (piv txwv li, qhov tsis zoo n-rov qab). Cov kab dub sawv cev rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws-fitting linear regression thiab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm 95 feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev ntseeg siab;

Daim duab 3. WM load-dependent modulation ntawm lub hwj chim ua ntej SIFI hauj lwm. Kev tshuaj xyuas pawg tau qhia ob pawg ntawm lub zog sib txawv ntawm 2-rov qab thiab 0- rov qab. Lub zog Frontal u (4–7 Hz) lub zog, nyob hauv PFC thiab ACC, tau muaj zog ntau dua hauv 2-rov qab piv nrog 0- rov qab mob. Cov nyhuv no tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm n-rov qab. B, Fronto-central b (20-35 Hz) lub zog, nyob rau hauv ob tog lub cev muaj zog thiab medial cingulate cortex, qis dua hauv 2-rov qab piv nrog 0- rov qab mob. b lub zog txo qis yog cuam tshuam nrog kev thauj khoom-raws li (2-rov qab rho tawm 0-rov qab) RT qeeb hauv txoj haujlwm n-rov qab. Sab laug vaj huam sib luag, TFRs ntawm load-dependent zog sib txawv (int qhov tseem ceeb), nruab nrab nyob rau hauv cov channel nrog lub siab tshaj plaws pab rau pawg thiab masked raws li nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab spectral raws ntawm pawg. Cov txiaj ntsig siab dua qhia tias muaj zog dua rau 2-rov qab piv nrog {{20}} rov qab mob. Cov xim nplai tsuas yog hais txog qhov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb t. Daim duab qhia chaw saum toj kawg nkaus qhia qhov kev faib tawm ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv pawg lub sijhawm-zaum qhov rais. Cov channel uas muaj kev txhawb nqa siab rau pawg (piv txwv li, nrog rau tag nrho cov lej tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm-zaum kuaj ntawm lossis siab dua qhov nruab nrab) yog qhov tseem ceeb nrog cov dots. Cov vaj huam sib luag nruab nrab, Lub Sijhawm chav kawm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog sib txawv hauv pawg thiab cov kev hloov pauv hauv n-rov qab ua haujlwm tsis zoo, rhiab heev D d9 (liab liab) thiab D RT (ntsuab). Kab rov tav kab hauv qab qhia cov sij hawm sib txuas nrog p, 0.1, thiab cov tsiaj ntawv loj p, 0.025. Txoj cai vaj huam sib luag, Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv (int values) nruab nrab ntawm 2-rov qab thiab 0-rov qab rau pawg tau txais los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov tawv taub hau.

Poststimulus u thiab b zog qhia txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawmncoload thiab illusion perception

Lub zog Poststimulus tau soj ntsuam nrog kev tsom mus rau qhov kev xav tsis zoo li cas, nrog rau cov qib sib txawv ntawm cov load, tau cuam tshuam los ntawm lub zog oscillatory tom qab kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov tseem ceeb A2V1 stimuli. Txog rau qhov kawg no, ib qho 2 2 rov ntsuas ANOVA nrog cov yam ntxwv Load (qis, siab) thiab Kev Pom Zoo (tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, kev tsis pom kev) tau ua rau lub zog oscillatory ntawm A2V1 kev sim, hauv lub qhov rais ntawm 0 mus rau 0.5 s txheeb ze rau qhov pib tshwm sim. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab kev sib cuam tshuam yog sawv cev hauv pawg tau txais los ntawm peb-dimensional (time-frequency-channel) ANOVA cov txiaj ntsig (kom paub meej, saib Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Txheej Txheem). Rau txhua qhov kev tshaj tawm tom qab hoc t-tests, tus txheeb ze hloov hluav taws xob rau txhua yam yog muab raws li qhov txhais tau tias 6 SD.

4 C-E). Kuj tseem muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Pom Zoo nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov occipital lub zog band (7– 13Hz, 0–60ms; Fig. 4F). Post hoc tsom xam pom tau hais tias poststimulus lub zog nce yog loj dua nyob rau hauv illusion dua tsis-illusion sim.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, ANOVA qhia peb pawg ntawm Load Perception kev sib cuam tshuam (Fig. 5). Qhov chaw reconstruction

cistanche tubolosa cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv

Kev sib tham

Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm WM load ntawm kev nkag siab txog neural oscillations hauv SIFI illusion. Peb pom tias siab piv nrog qis WM load yog txuam nrog ntau dua susceptibility rau qhov illusion. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau pom qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog poststimulus hauv qab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau qhov kev sib tham hauv SIFI, raws li qhia los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab kev xav tsis zoo ntawm ntau theem ua haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb, illusion perception nyob rau hauv siab piv nrog qisncoload tau txuam nrog kev koom tes ntawm sab saum toj-down u thiab b zog. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib tshuam hauv SIFI yog qhov cuam tshuam rau kev thauj khoom-dependent manipulation ntawm cov peev txheej kev txawj ntse.

Rov ua dua peb txoj haujlwm tsis ntev los no (Michail thiab Keil, 2018), peb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau SIFI nyob rau hauv siab WM load. Tsis tas li ntawd, thoob plaws cov neeg koom, cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev tsis pom kev tsis txaus ntseeg tau cuam tshuam zoo nrog cov naj npawb ntawm cov kev txawj ntse siv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm n-rov qab. Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau hais tias kev sib koom ua ke audiovisual hauv SIFI yog qhov nkag siab rau cov peev txheej muaj peev xwm paub.

Tom ntej no, peb tau txheeb xyuas lub zog ntawm neural oscillations ua ntej SIFI txoj haujlwm los tsim kom muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm orthogonal n-rov qab ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob hloov pauv yav dhau los cuam tshuam nrog WM txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog lub luag hauj lwm zoo ntawm frontal u kev ua si nyob rau hauv WM (Gevins li al., 1997; Jensen thiab Tesche, 2002) peb pom ib tug load-dependent nce nyob rau hauv frontal u hwj chim. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau pom ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm b lub zog nyob rau hauv ob tog lub cev muaj zog, uas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog yav dhau los cov lus ceeb toom ntawm frontal b suppression nyob rau hauv WM cov dej num (Brookes li al., 2011; Heinrichs-Graham and Wilson, 2015; Kornblith li al. ., 2016) thiab tejzaum nws qhia txog cov ntsiab lus endogenous rehearsal thaum WM tu (Spitzer thiab Haegens, 2017). Kev faib tawm ob sab ntawm cov nyhuv, uas muaj zog dua ntawm txoj cai lub cev muaj zog cortex, ipsilateral rau cov lus teb tes, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov nyhuv mus txog rau qhov pib SIFI, thiab lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev ua haujlwm rov qab thiab qhov pib ntawm SIFI stimulus. (tsawg kawg 1600ms) sib cav tawm tsam qhov cuam tshuam rau cov lus teb cuam tshuam txog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev muaj zog. Interestingly, b kev tawm tsam cuam tshuam nrog RT qeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm n-rov qab, tawm tswv yim tias b lub zog hloov kho yuav cuam tshuam txog tus nqi ntawm tus kheej kev txawj ntse (Tallon-Baudry li al., 2004).

Peb mam li tshuaj xyuas seb WM load cuam tshuam li cas oscillatory kos npe ntawm illusion perception hauv SIFI. Peb qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub zog tom qab kev txhawb zog hauv A2V1 kev sim tau qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm WM load thiab kev xav tsis zoo, suav nrog peb qhov cuam tshuam. Thawj qhov tshwm sim tau pom nyob rau sab laug frontal b lub zog ntawm; 70ms, nrog rau sab laug lub cev muaj zog (PMC thiab SMA) thiab sab laug auditory cortex. Illusion perception nyob rau hauv qis load yog txuam nrog nce thaum ntxov b zog, whereas illusion perception nyob rau hauv siab load yog txuam nrog txo b zog. Thaum ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev yeem txav mus los, b oscillations hauv lub cev lub cev muaj zog kuj tau cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm tsis sib haum xeeb (Huang li al., 2014), ua raws li cov pov thawj ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm b oscillations hauv kev twv ua yuam kev.

(Arnal et al., 2011; Arnal thiab Giraud, 2012). Kev sib txuas lus ntawm lub cev-auditory cortex yog ua raws li kev sib txuas ntawm lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm bidirectional ntawm cov cheeb tsam no (Zatorre li al., 2007; Rauschecker thiab Scott, 2009; Nelson et al., 2013; Cheung et al., 2016; Zhang et al. ., 2016). Yog li ntawd, peb sib cav hais tias qhov pom b lub zog hloov pauv hauv lub mloog pob ntseg thiab lub cev muaj zog cortex tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub suab tsis sib haum xeeb tom qab kev sib cuam tshuam thaum ntxov. Yog li ntawd, kev tawm tsam ntawm b lub zog nyob rau hauv siab load tejzaum nws muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum ntxov mismatch teeb liab. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv siab load yuav tiv thaiv kev daws teeb meem thaum ntxov ntawm kev pom kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov kev xav no zoo ib yam nrog cov pov thawj ntawm b lub zog thaum ntxov ntawm sab laug frontocentral channels thaum ntxov kev ntsuam xyuas tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev hais lus tsis sib haum xeeb hauv McGurk nyhuv (Roa Romero li al., 2015). Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev txhim kho ntawm b lub zog nyob rau hauv qis load yuav cuam tshuam lub teeb liab ntawm kev pom kev pom kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib tw teeb liab, vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam thaum ntxov uas muaj zog los ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm kev txawj ntse. Yog li ntawd, peb cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev txhawb nqa kev sib koom ua ke ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thaum ntxov, tej zaum los ntawm lawv qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam thaum ntxov. Qhov kev xav no zoo ib yam nrog cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam, piv txwv li, kev txhim kho lossis kev nyuaj siab, yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov peev txheej (Talsma li al., 2007) thiab kev sib koom ua ke (Calvert li al., 2000). Li no, cov nyhuv load-dependent ntawm thaum ntxov b lub zog txawm hais tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis sib haum thaum ntxov hauv SIFI. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yog xav tau los tsim kom pom seb qhov kev xav tau hloov pauv ntawm ob qho "mismatch" thiab "match" los ntawm b lub zog hloov pauv hauv lub suab-lub cev muaj zog yog qhov tshwm sim tshiab (Theves et al., 2020).

Ua raws li kev cuam tshuam thaum ntxov hauv b oscillations, peb pom tias qhov kev xav tsis zoo nyob rau hauv siab load yog txuam nrog frontal u zog nce nyob ib ncig ntawm 120ms poststimulus, localized nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-ACC. Interestingly, tsis muaj qhov nce no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej qis. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm frontal midline u kev ua haujlwm thaum tshawb pom kev tsis sib haum xeeb (Hanslmayr li al., 2008; Nigbur et al., 2012; Töllner li al., 2017), kev tshawb nrhiav tsis meej (Cavanagh li al., 2012), thiab kev twv ua ntej kev ua yuam kev. (Cavanagh li al., 2010), frontal midline u kev ua haujlwm tau raug npaj los ua ib lub hauv paus ntawm kev tswj xyuas kev txawj ntse (Cavanagh thiab Frank, 2014). Lub luag haujlwm zoo sib xws ntawm frontal u kev ua hauv ntau qhov chaw muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog frontal u power modulations hauv multisensory faib kev mloog (Keller li al., 2017), tom qab spatial incongruent audiovisual stimulation (Cohen thiab Donner, 2013) thiab thaum lub sij hawm kev koom ua ke ntawm incongruent audiovisual hais lus stimuli hauv McGurk nyhuv (Keil li al., 2012; Roa Romero li al., 2016; Fernández li al., 2018). Yog li ntawd, qhov nruab nrab frontal u nce thaum lub sij hawm kev koom ua ke ntawm audiovisual SIFI stimuli nyob rau hauv siab load yuav sib haum mus rau lub teeb liab rau txhim khu kev xav tau rau saum-down tswj nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm muaj zog perceptual teeb meem los yog tsis paub tseeb.

Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj-down u nce, illusion kev xaav nyob rau hauv siab load yog txuam nrog ib tug tom ntej frontal b zog txo ntawm ib ncig ntawm 350ms. Ib zaug ntxiv, tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim zoo li no tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qis qis. Lub zos ntawm no b lub hwj chim nyhuv nyob rau hauv txoj cai PFC thiab ACC thiab ob sab lub cev cortices yog qhia ntawm sab saum toj-down frontal modulation ntawm lig integrative sensory ua nyob rau hauv multisensory ua tej thaj chaw.

Muaj kev pom zoo loj hlob ntxiv txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm b oscillations hauv kev xa cov kev cuam tshuam saum toj kawg nkaus los ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg (Buschman thiab Miller, 2007; Arnal thiab Giraud, 2012; Bastos li al., 2015; Fries, 2015; Richter et al., 2017). Ntxiv mus, STG yog lub hlwb tseem ceeb rau kev sib koom ua ke ntau (Calvert li al., 2000; Beauchamp li al., 2004; Balz li al., 2016a). Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb no, kev pom b lub zog txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev thauj khoom siab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm sab saum toj-down hauv lub koom haum multisensory cortex. Cov lus pom zoo no yog ua raws li cov pov thawj ntawm thaj chaw frontal modulating sensory processing nyob rau hauv lub superior temporal cortex (Sohoglu li al., 2012; Wild li al., 2012). Raws li cov lus pom zoo no, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev hais lus ntawm kev mloog suab paj nruag hauv McGurk cov txiaj ntsig tau cuam tshuam nrog lub zog frontal b lub zog txo qis (Roa Romero li al., 2015). Ua ke, lub zog b lig txo qis hauv kev thauj khoom siab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev sib tshuam hauv SIFI.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm audiovisual nyob rau hauv siab load yog txuam nrog thaum ntxov b lub hwj chim tsub kom, tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam txog audiovisual mismatch nrhiav tau. Qhov no yog ua raws li qhov nce saum toj-down frontal u lub zog taw qhia qhov xav tau rau kev tswj kom muaj zog ntxiv, thiab tom qab lub frontal b txo qis, txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sab saum toj-down modulation ntawm lig kev ua haujlwm. Qhov tseem ceeb, qhov cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam txog oscillations feem ntau hauv cov cheeb tsam koom nrog hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv, tab sis tsis nyob hauv qhov pom cortex. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev txo qis ntawm cov peev txheej kev txawj ntse cuam tshuam feem ntau cov txheej txheem ntau dua kev txiav txim siab tab sis tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm hauv thawj qhov pom. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau ua raws li cov lus pom zoo uas yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm kev ua haujlwm saum toj kawg nkaus yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua thaum tsis sib haum xeeb lossis kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ntau qhov kev txhawb nqa rau cov peev txheej siab (Talsma li al., 2010). Cov kev tshawb pom tam sim no qhia tau hais tias neural oscillations nyob rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke crossmodal kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau theem ua haujlwm dynamically hloov mus rau kev hloov pauv kev xav tau thiab cov peev txheej muaj. Interestingly, audiovisual kev koom ua ke ntawm incongruent hais lus stimuli nyob rau hauv lub McGurk nyhuv yog txuam nrog analogous neural teb, uas yog ib tug thaum ntxov thiab lig b zog txo (Roa Romero li al., 2015) thiab frontal u zog nce (Roa Romero li al., 2016; Fernández et al., 2018). Cov kev zoo sib xws ntawm SIFI-ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv siab load thiab McGurk cov nyhuv qhia tias u thiab b lub hwj chim yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem kev sib koom ua ke uas raug xaiv thaum kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub suab xav xav tau ntau dua cov peev txheej, xws li vim muaj kev cuam tshuam nyuaj (hais lus vs tsis yog. -speech) los yog vim yog ib qho orthogonal WM load manipulation. Muab cov pov thawj ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm McGurk (Alsius li al., 2005, 2007), cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tshawb xyuas seb koj thiab b lub zog raug xaiv li cas hauv McGurk cov nyhuv nyob rau hauv siab kev txawj ntse load.