Kev tiv thaiv zoo dua li kev kho mob: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev nco kev ua tau zoo thaum kawm Spatial hauv kev noj qab haus huv
Mar 29, 2022
Hu rau: Audrey Hu Whatsapp / hp: 0086 13880143964 Email:audrey.hu@wecistanche.com
Abstract
Keeb kwm
Kev laus noj qab nyob zoo yog nrog los ntawm kev poob ntawm kev kawm muaj peev xwm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm. Ib txoj kev kawm dav dav los txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm yog los ntawm kev txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua yuam kev thaum kawm (kev kawm tsis raug; EL). Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj pov thawj tias ua yuam kev thaum kawm (kev sim-thiab-kev kawm yuam kev; TEL) yuav pab tau kev nco. Peb sib cav hais tias qhov kev tshawb pom tsis sib haum no tuaj yeem raug tsav los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev tswj xyuas qhov kev ua yuam kev hauv ib txwm muaj EL thiab TEL paradigms.
Hom phiaj
Txoj kev kawm no tau ua haujlwm rau kev kawm spatial los kawm EL thiab TEL thiab txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev nco qab hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv (OA; N=68) thiab cov neeg laus (YA; N=60) .
Txoj kev
Plaub pawg neeg koom (YA-EL, YA-TEL, OA-EL, OA-TEL) tau qhia thawj qhov chaw thiab nco txog qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub hauv lub hauv siab ntawm cov tub rau khoom tau nthuav tawm ntawm lub khoos phis tawj, thiab lawv lub cim xeeb nco qab ua haujlwm tau zoo. tom qab kuaj. Nyob rau hauv TEL mob, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov yuam kev ua ntej lub tub rau khoom raug 'pom' tau txiav txim siab ua ntej, sib txawv ntawm 0 mus rau 5. Thaum lub sijhawm EL, txhua qhov kev sim thawj zaug tau raug (piv txwv li, tsis muaj qhov yuam kev).
Cov txiaj ntsig
Peb pom zoo tag nrho kev ua tau zoo hauv YA piv rau OA thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm EL hauv ob pawg hnub nyoog. Txawm li cas los xij, tus lej ntawm qhov ua yuam kev thaum kawm tsis cuam tshuam qhov tseeb ntawm kev nco qab. Xaus Peb cov qhabnias qhia tau hais tias kev tshem tawm qhov yuam kev thaum kawm tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig kev nco hauv YA thiab OA piv rau TEL.
Ntsiab lus
Cognitive aging · Nco · Spatial learning · Neuropsychology
Inge Scheper1,2 · Inti A. Brazil2,3 · Ellen RA de Bruijn4,5 · Larissa Mulder-Hanekamp6,7 · Roy PC Kessels1,2,8
1 Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Internal Post 925, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Lub Netherlands
2 Donders lub koom haum rau lub hlwb, kev paub thiab tus cwj pwm, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
3 Division Diagnostics, Research, thiab Education, Forensic Psychiatric Center Pompestichting, Nijmegen, Lub Netherlands
4 Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Lub Netherlands
5 Leiden lub koom haum rau lub hlwb thiab kev paub, Leiden, Netherlands
6 Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Lub Netherlands
7 Stumass, JADOS Foundation, Zwolle, Lub Netherlands
8 Vincent Van Gogh Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv rau Psychiatry, Venray, Lub Netherlands
Taw qhia
Kev laus noj qab nyob zoo yog nrog los ntawm kev paub txog kev hloov pauv, ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev thiab neurobiological [1]. Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem kev txawj ntse xws li kev ua haujlwm ceev, kev ua haujlwm nco, lub cim xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab cov haujlwm ua haujlwm, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev laus ntawm kev poob qis, thaum lwm yam kev txawj ntse xws li kev nco qab thiab kev daws teeb meem tau khaws cia lossis txawm tias txhim kho lub neej ntev [1 —5]. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab kev kawm qib siab thaum ntxov hauv lub neej, kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm lub neej tsis yooj yim, thiab kev koom tes hauv lub neej lig hauv kev sib raug zoo, lub cev, thiab lub hlwb tej zaum yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv kev laus txog kev paub tsis meej [6]. Kev koom tes ua tau zoo hauv cov haujlwm tom qab lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv lub neej niaj hnub hloov pauv sai yog li yuav tsum muaj kev kawm zoo thiab mus txog lub neej.
Ib txoj hauv kev uas tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv (OA) yog kev kawm tsis raug (EL). Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm EL txoj hauv kev yog tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis raug yog tiv thaiv ntau npaum li qhov ua tau (lossis txawm tias tshem tawm tag nrho), feem ntau ua rau muaj kev kawm zoo dua piv rau kev sim thiab kev kawm yuam kev (TEL) hauv cov neeg laus uas tsis muaj kev paub tsis meej [7, 8] . Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm TEL, uas tsis raug thaum kawm tsis raug tshem tawm, kuj tau tshaj tawm hauv OA [9]. Hauv qhov sib piv, lwm tus tsis pom qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv OA ntawm EL thiab TEL [tab sis pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab EL hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv (YA)] [10]. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom sib xyaw no hauv kev noj qab haus huv YA thiab OA, nws tau sib cav tias lub hnub nyoog yuav tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis qhov tsis zoo los yog txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua yuam kev yog nyob ntawm hom ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau encoded thiab retrieved. Cyr thiab Anderson, piv txwv li, tau qhia tias YA thiab OA yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev ua yuam kev hauv kev kawm tswv yim, qhov EL yog qhov zoo dua hauv kev kawm tsis muaj tswv yim [11, 12]. Txhawm rau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm lossis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua yuam kev thaum kev kawm kuj tseem vam khom lub peev xwm kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus teb raug thiab tsis raug (uas yog, kev soj ntsuam yuam kev, ib feem ntawm kev paub txog kev tswj hwm). Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tias kev soj ntsuam yuam kev poob qis nrog lub hnub nyoog zuj zus, ua rau cov lus teb qeeb thiab ntau dua ntawm qhov tsis pom qhov yuam kev piv rau YA [13–15].
Txog rau tam sim no, tsawg heev paub txog qhov cuam tshuam uas muaj pes tsawg tus yuam kev (piv txwv li, kev ua yuam kev zaus) thaum tau txais kev noj qab haus huv YA thiab OA. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntau zaus tau raug saib xyuas hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, raws li cov lus qhia tsis siv cov txheej txheem tswj xyuas lossis ntsuas qhov ua yuam kev. Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv feem ntau siv EL paradigms cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav lo lus stems los yog lo lus khub uas, nyob rau hauv lub EL mob, cov lus teb raug raug nthuav tawm tam sim ntawd los ntawm tus neeg sim los yog, nyob rau hauv TEL mob, cov lus teb raug yuav tsum tau kwv yees los ntawm cov neeg koom hauv ob mus rau plaub qhov kev sim, tab sis qhov ntawd yog thaum kawg kuj muab los ntawm tus neeg sim. Qhov tsis muaj kev tswj hwm lossis kev tswj hwm qhov teeb meem no cuam tshuam rau kev txhais cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tom qab cov txiaj ntsig tsis sib xws [13].
Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb piv cov kev nco nco txog kev noj qab haus huv YA thiab OA tom qab EL thiab TEL siv txoj haujlwm kev kawm spatial, uas muaj pes tsawg tus yuam kev (txhais tias yog cov lus teb tsis raug) tau ua thaum lub sij hawm tau txais TEL tau ua tib zoo tswj [16] . Ntawd yog, cov neeg koom ua 0, 2, 3, 4, lossis 5 cov lus teb tsis raug (piv txwv li, qhov tsis raug) ua ntej lawv cov lus teb raug suav tias yog qhov tseeb. Ntxiv mus, raws li kev nco qab cov lus khub los yog ua tiav cov lus stems dais me ntsis zoo ib yam li cov kev xav tau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, peb tau siv txoj hauv kev zoo dua qub, uas yog, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kawm visuospatial uas cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav cov khoom ntawm ntau qhov chaw thiab nco ntsoov cov no rau. tom qab siv, cov txheej txheem uas tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua haujlwm txhua hnub (xws li ua kom peb nco qab qhov chaw peb tau khaws peb lub hnab nyiaj, cov yuam sij, lossis iav) [17]. Peb xav tias YA yuav ua tau zoo dua tom qab EL piv rau TEL, tab sis qhov kev ua yuam kev ntawd yuav tsis cuam tshuam qhov kev rov qab los ntawm pab pawg no, yog li rov ua qhov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los hauv YA [16]. Tsis tas li ntawd, Kessels et al. [10] thiab Ariel thiab Mof rog [18] tau qhia tias OA ua tau zoo dua li YA ntawm kev kawm paub txog kev kawm thiab kev nco, piv txwv li, cov dej num uas cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau txais, khaws thiab khaws cov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub hauv ib qho ntawm tsib lub virtual. chav (chav nyob, chav pw, chav kawm, chav dej, thiab chav ua noj), tab sis qhov kev kawm tsis raug cai, metacognition, thiab navigation tau khaws cia ntau thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus dua. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom no thiab cov peev nyiaj uas kev soj ntsuam yuam kev yog qhov ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev laus zuj zus [14, 15], yog li ntxiv rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev laus cuam tshuam txog kev nco qab poob qis [1-4], peb xav tias ntau dua qhov yuam kev yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm hauv OA ntau dua li hauv YA, uas yuav tsum raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txo qis qhov tseeb hauv OA tshwj xeeb.
Cov txheej txheem
Cov neeg koom nrog
Peb tau siv qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim qauv thiab nrhiav plaub pawg neeg laus noj qab haus huv: 30 OA (nrog rau hnub nyoog li ntawm 54 txog 75 xyoos) tau muab rau ib pab pawg uas ua haujlwm TEL; 30 OA rau ib pawg EL; 38 YA (nrog hnub nyoog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 17 thiab 38) tau suav nrog TEL pab pawg thiab 30 YA hauv pawg EL.1 Kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim hauv Radboud University, HAN University of Applied Science, thiab ib lub club hiking rau cov neeg laus hauv cheeb tsam Epe ntawm Netherlands. Kev txawj ntse tau kwv yees nrog Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices-Short Form [19] lossis National Adult Reading Test [20]. Qib ntawm kev txawj ntse tau txhais tias qis (IQ<85), average="" (iq="85–115)," and="" high="" (iq="">115). OA tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev xav hauv Mini-Mental State Examination [21], thiab cov neeg tau qhab nia qis dua 24 raug cais tawm ntawm kev koom tes (saib Table 1 rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov pej xeem cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg koom) [22]. Pawg saib xyuas kev coj ncaj ncees hauv zos ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Social Sciences ntawm Radboud University tau pom zoo txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab sau ntawv pom zoo tau muab los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom. Kev koom tes yog kev yeem thiab tsis muaj nyiaj them rov qab rau YA; cov neeg laus cov neeg koom tau txais € 10 khoom plig voucher rau lawv kev koom tes.
Khoom siv
Peb tau siv lub khoos phis tawj uas nyuam qhuav tsim kho qhov chaw kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm nco (piv txwv li, txoj haujlwm Drawer), uas tuaj yeem siv los kawm ob qho tib si EL thiab TEL [16]. Lub luag haujlwm yog los ntawm kev yuav khoom ib puag ncig uas tau ua raws li tam sim ntawd los ntawm kev rov qab rov qab dawb. 5 × 5 lub hauv siab ntawm cov tub rau khoom tau pom nyob rau hauv lub computer screen nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev kawm, nyob rau hauv uas cov duab ntawm ib tug ntau, yooj yim-rau-lub npe khoom yuav tsum tau nrhiav los yog khaws cia (nyob ntawm seb cov hauj lwm mob). Tsis muaj sijhawm txwv.
Fig. 1 Schematic outline of the Drawer task. Thaum lub sijhawm kawm hauv TEL qhov xwm txheej (a), tus neeg koom yuav tsum pom ib qho khoom 'pob' (pom hauv qab ntawm qhov screen) hauv ib qho ntawm 25 tub rau khoom. Lub square liab tshwm thaum tus neeg koom tau xaiv lub tub rau khoom tsis raug, tom qab ntawd tus neeg koom yuav tsum xaiv lwm lub tub rau khoom kom txog thaum pom cov tub rau khoom raug. Ib lub xwmfab xiav tshwm thaum pom qhov tseeb tub rau khoom ua raws li lub xauv, qhia tias tsis muaj lwm yam khoom zais hauv lub tub rau khoom ntawd. Tus neeg koom yuav tsum nco txog qhov chaw ntawm qhov khoom. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom tom ntej yog pom nyob rau hauv qab ntawm qhov screen thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum nrhiav qhov tseeb tub rau khoom. Hauv qhov xwm txheej EL (b), tus neeg koom nrog yuav tsum tso ib qho khoom (pom hauv qab ntawm qhov screen) hauv ib qho ntawm 25 tub rau khoom. Lub xiav square ua raws li lub xauv yog qhia, qhia tias lub tub rau khoom xaiv yog qhov tseeb thiab tsis muaj lwm yam khoom tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub tub rau khoom ntawd. Qhov chaw ntawm lub tub rau khoom xaiv yuav tsum tau cim rau tom qab rov qab thiab cov tub rau khoom tom ntej tau nthuav tawm hauv qab ntawm qhov screen. Nyob rau theem kev kawm (c), cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm yav dhau los tau muab tso rau hauv qab ntawm qhov screen hauv qhov kev txiav txim tsis sib xws thiab tus neeg koom yuav tsum tau qhia lub tub rau khoom uas tau khaws cia yav dhau los (los ntawm qhov muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub tub rau khoom). Tsis muaj kev tawm tswv yim txog qhov tseeb ntawm lawv qhov kev xaiv. Qhov kev ncua deb (piv txwv li, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub hom phiaj qhov chaw thiab qhov chaw rov qab los) yog qhia los ntawm tus dashed xub.
Thaum lub sijhawm TEL tau txais, cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom pom 20 cov khoom sib txawv, tshwm hauv qab ntawm qhov screen, hauv ib qho ntawm 25 tub rau khoom los ntawm txhaj rau ntawm lub tub rau khoom ntawm lawv xaiv. Lub xiav square tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tub rau khoom xaiv thaum nws yog qhov kev xaiv raug, tom qab ntawd lub xauv tau tshwm sim ntawm lub tub rau khoom, qhia tias lub tub rau khoom no tsis muaj rau khaws cov khoom seem. Ib lub xwmfab liab tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tub rau khoom yog tias nws tsis yog qhov chaw raug, thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau mus txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav lub tub rau khoom kom raug (saib daim duab 1a). Cov neeg koom nrog raug qhia kom nco txog qhov tseeb qhov chaw ntawm txhua yam khoom rau rov qab los tom qab. Tsis paub txog tus neeg tuaj koom, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov ua yuam kev (0, 2, 3, 4, lossis 5) ua ntej lub tub rau khoom raug txheeb xyuas thaum lub sij hawm tau txais tau ua ntej.
Qee lub sij hawm thawj qhov kev faib khoom rau hauv lub tub rau khoom yog qhov tseeb (piv txwv li, ib yam khoom tsis raug), hos rau lwm yam khoom 2, 3, 4, lossis 5 yuam kev yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej pom qhov tseeb tub rau khoom (piv txwv li, sim-thiab- cov khoom yuam kev). Muaj plaub qhov kev sim rau ib qho kev ua yuam kev ntau zaus thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov stimuli nrog ib qho kev ua yuam kev ntau zaus yog random los tiv thaiv cov neeg koom los ntawm kev cia siab tias muaj pes tsawg tus sim tsis raug.
Thaum lub sijhawm EL, 20 yam khoom tau nthuav tawm tom qab hauv qab ntawm qhov screen, thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau muab txhua yam khoom tso rau hauv ib lub tub rau khoom thiab cim nws qhov chaw nyob rau tom qab rov qab. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, lub 'txhim kho' tub rau khoom tau txhais tias yog tus neeg koom nrog thawj tus tub rau khoom xaiv rau txhua yam khoom, kom tsis txhob muaj qhov yuam kev thaum lub sijhawm tau txais (saib daim duab 1b). Ib zaug ntxiv, cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom nco txog qhov chaw ntawm txhua yam khoom rau rov qab los tom qab.
Nyob rau theem rov qab (saib daim duab 1c), uas zoo ib yam rau ob qho kev ua haujlwm, cov neeg koom tau pom tib lub tub rau khoom (nrog rau cov xauv tshem tawm), thiab cov khoom raug nthuav tawm serially hauv qab chav tub rau khoom. Cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom muab txhua yam khoom tso rau hauv lub tub rau khoom kom raug uas tau 'nrhiav' nyob rau theem kev yuav khoom yam tsis muaj sijhawm txwv. Lawv tsuas muaj ib qho kev sim tso ib qho khoom rau hauv lub tub rau khoom kom raug thiab tsis muaj lus tawm tswv yim txog qhov tseeb ntawm lawv qhov kev xaiv. Cov khoom tau nthuav tawm hauv kev txiav txim siab thoob plaws cov neeg koom.
Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg koom nrog Drawer Task tau ntsuas los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm qhov chaw rov qab tsis raug hauv qhov kev xeem rov qab rov qab dawb thoob plaws cov neeg koom (nrog rau qhov siab tshaj ntawm 20 qhov yuam kev; hu ua ' yuam kev'). Ib qho kev ntsuas thib ob yog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub hom phiaj qhov chaw thiab qhov chaw rov qab qhov nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho 20 yam khoom (nrog rau qhov siab tshaj ntawm 5.66 hauv cov chav nyob, hu ua 'cov qhab nias deb', kom paub meej ntxiv saib [16]).
cistanche tshuaj xyuas: txhim kho kev nco
Cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam
Ua ntej, txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas seb YA thiab OA puas tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm EL piv rau TEL, ob qho kev ntsuam xyuas General Linear Model (GLM) tau ua nrog ib pab pawg (YA vs. OA) thiab kev kawm (EL vs. TEL condition) raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab , feem, tus qhab nia yuam kev thiab cov qhab nia nrug raws li qhov sib txawv.
Rau cov xwm txheej TEL nkaus xwb, rov ntsuas GLM tau ua nrog ib pab pawg (YA vs. OA) raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus, kev ua yuam kev zaus (kev ua haujlwm ntawm 0, 2, 3, 4, thiab {{5 }}kev sim ua yuam kev) raws li qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov qhab nia qhov ua yuam kev thiab cov qhab nia nrug raws li qhov sib txawv los tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntau zaus thaum lub sij hawm tau txais los ntawm kev rov qab los tom ntej.
Cov txiaj ntsig
Ob pawg ua tau zoo dua tom qab EL (YA: M {{{0}}}.97, SD =4.51; OA: M =13.0, SD =4. 48) tshaj tom qab TEL (YA: M =7.74, SD =4.04; OA: M =17.5, SD =2.11) thiab YA tag nrho ua Cov kev ua yuam kev tsawg dua li OA (Kev kawm mob: F(1, 124)=27.7, p<0.001, ηp2="0.183;" group:="" f(1,="" 124)="163,"><0.001, ηp2="0.568)." however,="" there="" was="" no="" interaction="" efect="" when="" examining="" the="" number="" of="" errors="" made="" (f(1,="" 124)="1.66," p="0.200," ηp2="0.013," see="" also="" fig.="">
Qhov thib ob GLM tsom xam kuj pom qhov zoo ntawm EL hauv ob pawg (YA: M=0.486, SD=0.602; OA: M=1.18, SD=0 .551) piv rau TEL (YA: M=0.740, SD=0.414; OA: M=2.12, SD=0.437), thiab YA zuag qhia tag nrho cov tub rau khoom xaiv uas tau ze dua nyob rau hauv qhov kev ncua deb mus rau qhov tseeb tub rau khoom piv rau OA (Kev kawm mob: F(1, 124)=44.3, p<0.001, ηp2="0.263;" group:="" f(1,="" 125)="135,"><0.001, ηp2="0.522)." moreover,="" we="" found="" a="" significant="" interaction="" effect="" (f(1,="" 125)="14.4,"><0.001, ηp2="0.104),2" indicating="" that="" the="" performance="" of="" oa="" suffered="" slightly="" more="" from="" errors="" made="" during="" tel-based="" acquisition="" relative="" to="" el="" (mtel-el="0.940)" compared="" to="" ya="" (mtel-el="0.254;" see="" also="" fig.="">
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov rov ua dua- ntsuas GLM seb puas muaj qhov yuam kev thaum lub sijhawm tau txais ntawm TEL tus mob cuam tshuam rau kev rov qab los ntawm ob pawg tom qab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau cov lej yuam kev (Yam zaus: F(3.84, 253)=1 .49, p=0.208, ηp2=0.022; Error frequency × Group: F(3.84, 253)=0.190, p=0.938, ηp 2=0. .015; yuam kev fre quency × Pab pawg: F(3.88, 256)=0.642, p=0.628, ηp2=0.010, See also Fig. 2c).4
cistanche hmoov
Kev sib tham
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog los tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm qhov tshwm sim nco hauv YA thiab OA. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias, feem ntau, YA muaj kev nco zoo dua li OA. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov zoo dua EL tshaj TEL tau pom muaj nyob hauv ob pawg hnub nyoog. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov yuam kev tau ua thaum lub sijhawm tau txais ntawm TEL tus mob cuam tshuam me ntsis ntxiv nrog kev rov qab los ntawm OA tom ntej piv rau YA, uas yog, YA xaiv cov tub rau khoom uas nyob hauv qhov deb ze ze rau qhov tseeb tub rau khoom piv rau OA. Txawm li cas los xij, tus lej ntawm qhov ua yuam kev thaum kawm tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev nco qab tom qab.
Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm EL thiab kev tshawb pom tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis raug thaum kawm cuam tshuam ntau dua nrog kev nco txog OA dua li YA raws li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Lubinsky, Rich, thiab Anderson [8] thiab Guild thiab Ander tus tub [7]. Lubinsky, Rich, thiab Anderson [8] tau tshaj tawm EL qhov kom zoo dua hauv txoj haujlwm uas cov lus hais tau nthuav tawm thiab OA tau raug qhia kom tsim cov lus teb lossis tsis tas yuav tsim cov lus teb raws li cov lus teb tau muab los ntawm tus neeg sim. Hauv lawv txoj kev kawm, tsis muaj qhov ua yuam kev hauv theem kev kawm ntawm EL, vim tias cov neeg koom tam sim ntawd tau teb qhov tseeb lossis cov lus teb raug raug muab los ntawm tus neeg sim, thaum nyob hauv lawv cov neeg koom nrog TEL tau ua peb qhov kev kwv yees lossis tus neeg sim muab peb cov lus teb tsis raug ua ntej. cov lus teb yog muab rau cov neeg koom yuav tsum nco ntsoov. Guild thiab Anderson [7] tau siv txoj haujlwm thiab cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws, tab sis hauv lawv txoj kev kawm, OA yuav tsum tau kawm cov npe uas muaj feem cuam tshuam lossis tsis cuam tshuam. Lawv tau qhia tias, hauv OA, qhov rov qab dawb tau zoo dua tom qab EL rau ob qho tib si cov npe uas muaj feem cuam tshuam thiab tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov npe thiab rau ob qho tib si tus kheej tsim thiab cov lus teb tau muab piv rau TEL. Lub manipulations nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los no zoo ib yam li cov nyob rau hauv peb paradigm (xws li, nws tus kheej-tsim yuam kev los yog tam sim no cov lus teb raug tseeb), txawm hais tias peb paradigm tshem tawm cov kev koom tes ntawm tus neeg sim thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm, yog visuospatial nyob rau hauv cov xwm, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug zoo ecological. validity (raws li nyiaj txiag thiab nco ntsoov qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom muaj feem xyuam rau lub neej txhua hnub).
Nrog rau cov txheej txheem neurocognitive hauv qab ntawm EL cov txiaj ntsig, cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev laus hauv kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv tsis cuam tshuam nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseem ceeb yog feem ntau yuav raug encoded los ntawm OA dua li YA, ua rau rov qab ua haujlwm tsis zoo [23–26]. Kev ua yuam kev thaum tau txais TEL, piv txwv li, cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cuam tshuam yuav cuam tshuam thiab txo cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm rau cov khoom tom ntej (tseem ceeb lossis tsis cuam tshuam) hauv OA kom ntau dua li hauv YA, thiab tom qab raug txiav txim nrog cov lus teb raug thaum muab cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim. nyob rau hauv qhov phem tag nrho rov qab ua tau zoo thiab, thaum ua qhov yuam kev, ntau dua cov qhab nia nyob ze rau YA. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li peb qhov kev xav tias tus lej ntawm qhov ua yuam kev yuav cuam tshuam qhov kev kawm tau nce ntxiv (tshwj xeeb hauv OA), peb pom tias kev kawm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntau zaus hauv ob pawg hnub nyoog. Ib qho kev piav qhia tuaj yeem yog tias thaum qhov kev ua yuam kev yuav tshwm sim yog qhov siab, tus nqi ntawm txhua qhov kev ua yuam kev raug txo qis, vim tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov yuam kev no xav tau [27, 28]. Tsis tas li ntawd, Ferdinand [29] tau ua pov thawj tias OA kawm tsis zoo thaum tus nqi ntawm cov lus tawm tswv yim tsis zoo raug txo qis thiab tso siab rau qhov zoo tshaj qhov kev tawm tswv yim tsis zoo, txheeb ze rau YA. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom no, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias OA siv lub tswv yim sib txawv dua li YA los ntawm kev vam khom ntau dua rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo, cov lus pom zoo tom qab cov lus teb raug tsis hais txog qhov yuam kev, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm YA feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm tus nqi ntawm thawj qhov yuam kev. [29]. Txoj kev tshawb no txuas ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig yav dhau los tau txais los ntawm kev siv Drawer txoj haujlwm hauv kev paub tsis meej OA los ntawm kev qhia tias tib cov qauv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig (piv txwv li, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm EL piv rau TEL, tab sis tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov yuam kev ntawm kev nco tau) kuj tuaj yeem pom. hauv YA [16].
Piv txwv li, peb pom tias kev tshem tawm qhov yuam kev thaum kawm tau txais txiaj ntsig tom qab rov qab los ntawm cov khoom siv piv rau TEL hauv YA thiab OA. Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov ua yuam kev tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm hauv kev paub tsis meej YA thiab OA. Tej zaum, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm qhov kev kawm tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nco ua haujlwm hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kev paub tsis meej, raws li tau hais los ntawm Baddeley thiab Wilson [30]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tshawb txog qhov kev xav no hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab / lossis qhov tsis txaus ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam yuam kev, xws li cov neeg laus uas muaj kev tsis txaus siab txog kev xav ntawm kev pheej hmoo rau kev poob qis ntxiv los pab lawv txhim kho lawv lub cim xeeb [31], lossis cov neeg mob uas muaj Kev paub tsis meej me ntsis lossis dementia, uas cov txheej txheem hauv qab ntawm EL tsis tau kawm [32, 33]. Peb qhov kev sim ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov yuam kev raug tswj xyuas, tuaj yeem pab kom nkag siab zoo dua ntawm cov txheej txheem kev paub txog kev paub txog kev muaj peev xwm kawm hauv cov neeg muaj kev paub tsis meej nrog qhov tshwm sim rau kev paub txog kev rov zoo.
cistanche phelypaes
Cov ntaub ntawv
1. Glisky EL (2007) Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv tib neeg kev laus. Nyob rau hauv: Riddle DR (ed) Brain aging: qauv, txoj kev, thiab mechanisms. CRC Xovxwm/Taylor thiab Francis, Boca Raton, pp 3–20
2. Folstein M, Folstein S (2010) Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb laus. Phau Ntawv Nkauj 68:S70–S73
3. Hedden T, Gabrieli JD (2004) Kev nkag siab rau hauv lub siab laus: kev pom los ntawm kev paub txog neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:87–96
4. Park DC, Lautenschlager G, Hedden T et al (2002) Cov qauv ntawm kev nco txog kev nco thiab kev hais lus thoob plaws lub neej ntawm cov neeg laus. Psychol Aging 17:299–320
5. Reuter-Lorenz PA, Festini SB, Jantz TK (2016) Executive functions and neurocognitive aging. Hauv: Schaie KW, Willes SL (eds) Phau ntawv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm kev laus. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 245–262
6. Cabeza R, Albert M, Belleville S et al (2018) Kev tu, tseg, thiab them nyiaj: kev txawj ntse neuroscience ntawm kev noj qab haus huv laus. Nat Rev Neurosci 19:701–710
7. Guild EB, Anderson ND (2012) Self-generation amplifize the errorless learning effect in healthy laus laus thaum hloov cov txheej txheem tsim nyog. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 19:592–607
8. Lubinsky T, Rich JB, Anderson ND (2009) Errorless learning and elaborative self-generation in healthy laus laus thiab cov neeg uas muaj amnestic me ntsis kev txawj ntse impairment: mnemonic cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov tswv yim. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 15:704–716
9. Cyr AA, Anderson ND (2012) Kev sim-thiab-kev ua yuam kev kev kawm txhim kho kev nco ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov laus. Psychol Aging 27:429–439
10. Kessels RPC, te Boekhorst S, Postma A (2005) Kev koom tes ntawm kev nco tsis meej thiab meej meej rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kawm tsis raug: kev sib piv ntawm cov hluas thiab cov laus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11:144–151
11. Cyr AA, Anderson ND (2015) Kev ua yuam kev raws li lub pob zeb kauj ruam: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov laus. J Exp Psychol Kawm Mem Cogn 41:841–850
12. Cyr AA, Anderson ND (2018) Kawm los ntawm peb qhov yuam kev: Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm yuam kev ntawm kev nco hauv cov neeg laus thiab cov laus noj qab haus huv. Hauv: Haslam C, Kessels RPC (eds) Kev kawm yuam kev hauv neuropsychological rehabilitation: mechanisms, kev ua tau zoo, thiab daim ntawv thov. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 151–163
13. Bertens D, Brazil IA (2018) Kev txawj ntse thiab neural correlates ntawm kev kawm tsis raug. Hauv: Haslam C, Kessels RPC (eds) Kev kawm yuam kev hauv neuropsychological rehabilitation: mechanisms, kev ua tau zoo, thiab daim ntawv thov. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 26–40
14. Lucci G, Berchicci M, Spinelli D et al (2013) Cov teebmeem ntawm kev laus ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tsis sib haum xeeb. PLoS Ib 8:e56566
15. Niessen E, Fink GR, Hofmann HM, et al (2017) Kev tshawb nrhiav yuam kev thoob plaws cov neeg laus lub neej: cov pov thawj electrophysiological rau cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog kev tsis txaus. Phau Ntawv Nkauj 152:517–529
16. Scheper I, de Bruijn ERA, Bertens D, et al (2019) Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntau zaus ntawm kev kawm tsis raug thiab yuam kev ntawm cov khoom siv qhov chaw uas siv cov qauv tshiab. Nco 27:1371–1380
17. Postma A, Kessels RPC, Van Asselen M (2008) Yuav ua li cas lub hlwb nco thiab tsis nco qab txog qhov twg: lub neurocognition ntawm cov khoom-qhov chaw nco. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:1339–1345
18. Ariel R, Mofat SD (2018) Hnub nyoog muaj feem cuam tshuam txog qhov sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev soj ntsuam spatial cognition. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 25:351–377
19. Raven JC (1962) Advanced progressive matrices. Lewis, London
20. Schmand B, Lindeboom J, van Harskamp F (1992) Nederlandse Leeestest voor Volwassenen: handleiding [Dutch Adult Reading Test: manual]. Swets thiab Zeitlinger, Lisse
21. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) "Mini-mental state". Ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev muab qhab nia lub xeev kev paub ntawm cov neeg mob rau tus kws kho mob. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198
22. Mitchell AJ (2009) Ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas meta ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub xeev me me hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm dementia thiab kev puas hlwb me me. J Psychiatr Res 43:411–431
23. Biss RK, Rowe G, Weeks JC, et al (2018) Siv cov neeg laus laus uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam los txhim kho kev nco rau lub ntsej muag lub npe koom haum. Psychol Aging 33:158–164
24. Campbell KL, Grady CL, Ng C et al (2012) Hnub nyoog sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub frontoparietal kev txawj ntse tswj network: cuam tshuam rau distractibility. Neuropsychologia 50: 2212–2223
25. Eppinger B, Kray J, Mock B et al (2008) Zoo lossis phem tshaj qhov xav tau? Kev laus, kev kawm, thiab ERN. Neuropsychologia 46:521–539
26. Healey MK, Hasher L, Campbell KL (2013) Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv kev daws teeb meem cuam tshuam: pov thawj rau kev muaj hnub nyoog cuam tshuam. Psychol Aging 28:721–728
27. Brown JW, Braver TS (2005) Kawm paub kwv yees ntawm qhov yuam kev yuav ua rau lub hood nyob rau hauv lub anterior cingulated cortex. Science 307:1118–1121
28. Castellar E, Kühn S, Fias W et al (2010) Cov txiaj ntsig kev cia siab thiab tsis raug txiav txim siab tom qab qeeb: ERP kev txhawb nqa. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 10:270–278
29. Ferdinand NK (2019) Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tawm tswv yim hauv cov neeg laus thiab cov laus: tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thaum tawm tswv yim kev kawm hauv cov neeg laus. Phau Ntawv Nkauj 1717:74–85
30. Baddeley AD, Wilson BA (1994) Thaum kev kawm tsis raug: amnesia thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tshem tawm yuam kev. Neuropsychology 32:53–68
31. Frankenmolen NL, Overdorp EJ, Fasotti L et al (2017) Lub tswv yim nco siv rau cov neeg laus nrog cov lus tsis txaus siab nco. Aging Clin Exp Res 29:1061–1065
32. Roberts JL, Anderson ND, Guild E, et al (2018) Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm tsis raug rau cov neeg uas muaj amnestic me ntsis kev txawj ntse. Neuropsychol Rehabil 28: 984–996
33. Ruis C, Kessels RPC (2005) Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yuam kev tsis raug thiab yuam kev ntawm lub ntsej muag-npe npe koom nrog kev kawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab mus rau qhov mob loj heev dementia. Aging Clin Exp Res 17:514–517
