Kev Qhia Txog Ntawm Bioactive Flavonoids Los Ntawm Citrus Fruits Part 1

Thov hu rauoscar.xiao@wecistanche.comyog xav paub ntxiv

Abstract:Citrus hom yog ib qho ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrov hauv ntiaj teb, cog qoob loo thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab kev noj haus. Citrus, zoo li lwm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov tshuaj antioxidant molecules (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, thiab carotenoids) uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov teebmeem ntawm cov dawb radicals ntawm tib neeg lub cev; Vim lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv, Citrus hom yog suav tias yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig tsis yog hauv kev lag luam agri-khoom noj xwb tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Flavonoids yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm polyphenols pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo (tawv tawv, tev, noob, pulp membrane, thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo). Flavonoids muaj cov khoom siv lom neeg sib txawv (antiviral, antifungal, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob).bioflavonoidsNtau cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm Citrusflavonoids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog antioxidant, anticancer, tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas tam sim no, sim ua kom sib tham txog cov qauv tam sim no ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm flavonoids hauv ntau hom Citrus.

Ntsiab lus:Citrus genus; bioactive molecules; flavonoids; kho cov teebmeem; txoj kev rho tawm

Thov nias ntawm no kom paub ntxiv

1. Taw qhia

Lub citrus genus yog ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo cog qoob loo rau kev ua zaub mov nrog rau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshiab. Lub genus Citrus belongs rau tsev neeg Rutaceae, muaj ntau hom xws li txiv kab ntxwv hom, qab zib thiab qaub txiv kab ntxwv, txiv qaub, tangerines (mandarins), thiab tangors. Txhua hom lossis hybrid hla muaj ib lossis ntau hom. Dhau li ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm cov vitamins A, C, thiab E, cov ntxhia hauv cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov khoom noj muaj fiber ntau, Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog qhov zoo ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab, xws li polyphenols thiab terpenoids [1]. Flavonoids thiab phenolic acids yog cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm phenolic tebchaw pom hauv Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo [2]. Feem ntau, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidant ntau dua li lwm qhov ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo [3]. Citrus flavonoid cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm ib hom mus rau lwm [4].muab cistancheCitrus tev, uas yog nruab nrab ntawm 50 feem pua ​​​​thiab 65 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, yog ib qho chaw nplua nuj ntawm bioactive compounds, nrog rau cov tshuaj antioxidants ntuj xws li flavonoids [5]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tias Citrus flavonoids tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv [6,7].

Cistanche tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev laus

Peb lub hom phiaj ntawm no yog muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv, chav kawm, thiab keeb kwm ntawm ntau hom Citrus flavonoids. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb sim sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no ntawm cov flavonoids hauv qee hom Citrus thiab lawv cov khoom txhawb kev noj qab haus huv.

2. Citrus Taxonomy

Citrus yog cov nroj tsuag hauv av uas nyob hauv tsev neeg ntawm Rutaceae, subfamily ntawm Aurantioideae, pawg neeg ntawm Citrate, thiab pawg ntawm Citrine (Table 1) [8]. Lub genus Citrus muaj ntau hom lossis hom hom sib txawv ntawm lawv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, paj, nplooj, thiab twigs. Lub taxonomy ntawm genus Citrus yog complex thiab controversial, feem ntau yog vim kev sib deev compatibility ntawm hom thiab genera, thiab polyembryony uas kho thiab reproduces leej niam genotypes. Cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv morphological. Muaj ob lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Citrus taxonomy: Swingle thiab Reece's (1967) system [9], thiab Tanaka's (1977) system [10]. Ob tus kws sau ntawv no tau nthuav tawm ob lub ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm kev faib tawm. Swingle muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas tsuas yog 16 hom Citrus, thaum Tanaka txhais 156 hom.cistanchKev faib tawm ntawm Swingle thiab Reece (1967), raws li kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qhov txawv ntawm cov subgenus ntawm Eucitrus, qhov twg tag nrho cov qoob loo tau muab faib ua pawg, thiab cov subgenus ntawm Papeda [9]. Qhov kawg-hais subgenus muaj rau hom: C. migrant Wester (tam sim no lub ntsiab lus ntawm C.hystrix DC.), C. ichangensis Swing (tam sim no lub ntsiab lus ntawm Citrus caoaleriei H.Lev.ex Cavalerie), C. hystrix DC. C. latipes (Swingle)Yu. Tanaka, C.celebica Koord (tam sim no lub ntsiab lus ntawm Citrus hystrix DC.) thiab C. macroptera Montr.(Sankara) (tam sim no ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm Citrus hystrix DC.).

Lub subgenus Eucitrus encompasses kaum hom cultivated: C.medica L. (citron), C.au-Aurantium L. (kub txiv kab ntxwv), thiab C.sinensis (L.) Osbeck (qab zib txiv kab ntxwv), C.limon (L.) Osbeck(lemon), Citrus aurantifolia(Christm.) Swingle(key lime), C.maxima(Burm.) Mar. (pomelo), C. par-adisi Macfad.(grapefruit), C.reticulata Blanco (mandarin txiv kab ntxwv), C. Is Nrias teb Yu.Tanaka (Indian qus txiv kab ntxwv), thiab C.tachibana (Tachibana txiv kab ntxwv), uas yog tam sim no ib tug synonym ntawm C.reticulata Blanco.

Tanaka lub taxonomy muaj ntau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshaj qhov uas tau txais los ntawm Swingle thiab Reece.cistanche AustraliaTseeb, Tanaka subdivided lub genus Citrus rau hauv ob hom subgenera: Archicitrus thiab Metacitrus. Yog li, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm Swingle thiab Tanaka kev faib tawm cuam tshuam txog kev lees paub ntawm Citrus hybrids, cultivars, bud spots, thiab variant taxa raws li hom tsiaj botanical tiag. Tanaka (1977) suav tias lawv yog hom kab mob botanical kiag li; Ntawm qhov tod tes, Swingle thiab Reece tsis lees txais lawv ua hom tsiaj txhu muaj tseeb.

3. Citrus Flavonoids: Cov qauv, kev faib tawm, thiab biosynthesis

3.1.Structure thiab Classification ntawm Flavonoids los ntawm Citrus

Flavonoids yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom ntuj; tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv polyphenol tebchaw thiab yog synthesized los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm thawj los yog theem nrab metabolisms uas tiv thaiv lub sij hawm luv luv los yog mus sij hawm ntev kev hem thawj thiab ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob l2J. Flavonoids pom muaj thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws cog thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv [13]. Lawv yog cov chav kawm loj ntawm phytochemicals pom nyob rau hauv citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv peels, pulp, thiab noob. Flavonoids yog cov khoom hnyav molecular polyphenolic uas muaj tib lub cev pob txha ntawm kaum tsib carbons (C6-C3-}}C6), muaj ob lub phenyl rings (A thiab B) txuas los ntawm heterocyclic pyran lossis Pyron nplhaib. (C) nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nyob ntawm seb lawv hloov. Flavonoids tau muab faib ua flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, thiab chalcones [14]. Cov qauv flavonoid generic thiab cov lej siv los paub qhov txawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov molecule muaj nyob rau hauv Table 2. Peb phenolic rings uas tsim cov flavonoid molecule hu ua pyran rings. Citrus flavonoids tau muab faib ua peb hom tseem ceeb, uas yog, flavanones, flavones, thiab flavonols [15]. Hauv Table 2, kev faib tawm ntawm Citrus flavonoids thiab cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov flavonoids loj tau nthuav tawm. Lub ntsiab flavonoids pom hauv Citrus hom yog hesperidin, narirutin, naringin, thiab eriocitrin.

3.2.Biosynthesis ntawm Flavonoids

Txoj kev flavonoid yog ua ntej los ntawm txoj kev dav dav phenylpropanoid, uas peb enzymes koom nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov amino acid phenylalanine rau 4-coumaroyl-CoA. thawj enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL: EC

4.3.1 catalyzes hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov amino acid

phenylalanine rau trans-cinnamic acid, nrog kev tso tawm ntawm ammonia (NH3), tom qab ntawd ob lub enzymes (lub enzyme cinnamate 4-}hydroxylase (C4H: EC1.14.14.91), ua raws li 4-coumarate- CoA ligase(4CL: EC6.2.1.12)), catalyzes cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua rau kom tau txais 4-coumaroyl-CoA, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb precursor nyob rau hauv txoj kev flavonoid [12,13]. Lub biosynthesis ntawm flavonoids yog los ntawm txoj kev phenylpropanoids thiab pib los ntawm ob lub npe hu ua malonyl-CoA thiab p-coumaroyl-CoA (Daim duab 1). Tom qab lub condensation ntawm peb acetate units los ntawm malonyl-CoA nrog ib tug molecule ntawm p-coumaroyl-CoA, naringenin chalcones yog tsim. Naringenin chalcone, cov xim loj ntawm ntau lub paj, nplooj, thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, hloov mus rau naringenin los ntawm chalcone isomerase (CHI) lossis tsis yog enzymatically hauv vitro [14,15].cov txiaj ntsig cistancheCov tshuaj tiv thaiv no catalyzed los ntawm chalcone synthase (CHS: EC 2.3.1.74) yog xav tias yog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov flavonoids. Nws catalyzes lub stereospecific isomerization ntawm chalcones rau lawv coj (2S)-flavanones ntawm ib tug acid-base catalysis mechanism; daim ntawv tsis ruaj tsis khov chalcone feem ntau yog isomerized los ntawm enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI: EC 5.5.1.6) los tsim cov txheej txheem precursors rau ntau yam flavonoids, xws li flavonols, flavanones, anthocyanin glycosides thiab lwm yam derived 1.

Daim duab 1. Nroj tsuag flavonoids biosynthetic txoj kev [15]. Enzymes rau txhua kauj ruam yog qhia raws li nram no: PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3'H, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydro-flavonol 4-reductase; FNS, flavonol synthase; FLS, flavonol synthase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; UFGT, UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase.

neohesperidose ({{0}}OaL-rhamnosyl-D-glucose) txuas hauv txoj haujlwm 7 [28]. Hesperidin ({27}} 002 txog 9.42 mg/g tev qhuav hauv paus) [29,30] yog lub ntsiab flavanone nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txiv qaub cultivars thaum theem ntawm diosmin thiab eriocitrin yog qis tshaj [31]. Mandarin tev yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv hesperidin (3.95 txog 80.90 mg / g tev qhuav hauv paus) [32,33], narirutin (7.66 txog 15.3 mg / g tev qhuav hauv paus) [22,34], thiab naringin (0.54 txog 0.65 mg / g. peel qhuav hauv paus)[32,33]. Naringin yog cov flavonoid ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv txiv kab ntxwv thiab iab txiv kab ntxwv tev, muab cov yam ntxwv iab saj (10.26 txog 14.40 mg / g tev qhuav hauv paus) [29,35].

Citrus peels kuj muaj polymethoxyl flavones, xws li sinensetin ({{0}}}08 txog 0.29 mg/g qhuav hauv paus), nobiletin (0.2 txog 14.05 mg/g. qhuav hauv paus), tangerine (0.16 txog 7.99 mg / g qhuav hauv paus) thiab heptamethoxyflavone [26, 36-38]. Cov glycosylated flavones muaj nyob rau hauv me me hauv Citrus tev, xws li diosmin, roofline, isorhoifoline, thiab luteolin. Lwm cov flavonoids tam sim no muaj tsawg heev hauv citrus tev, xws li flavonols (quercetin, rutin, myricetin, thiab kaempferol) [39].

Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov noob thiab nplooj ntawm Citrus muaj ntau cov phenolic tebchaw, xws li flavonoids [40,41]. Naringin yog cov flavonoid ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov noob txiv kab ntxwv (0.2 mg / g noob) [41]. Cov ntsiab lus flavonoid hauv Citrus tev yog ntau dua li hauv cov noob. Lawv tshwm sim hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab zaub mov feem ntau yog glycosides [42].

5. Citrus Flavonoid Extraction Techniques

Citrus flavonoids tau pom muaj nyob rau hauv kev xyaum txhua feem ntawm Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm ntau hom 45. Extraction yog ib tug tseem ceeb theem nyob rau hauv lub analytical txheej txheem, thiab nws txoj kev vam meej muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm qhov kawg tshwm sim [46]. Flavonoids tsuas tuaj yeem raug cais tawm, kuaj pom, thiab tus cwj pwm tom qab siv cov txheej txheem rho tawm tsim nyog. Feem ntau, txhawm rau rho tawm cov tshuaj bioactive, ntau cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem siv tau, ntau yam uas tau nyob ruaj khov rau ntau pua xyoo. Tag nrho cov tswv yim no qhia tib lub hom phiaj: (a) rho tawm cov tshuaj bioactive uas tau xaiv los ntawm cov qauv ntoo nyuaj; (b) txhim kho txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kev xaiv thiab zam kom tsis txhob muaj qhov cuam tshuam uas tuaj yeem hloov kho kev tsom xam; thiab (c) txhim kho bioassay rhiab heev los ntawm kev nce cov concentration ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txuas ua ntej kev tshuaj ntsuam [46-48].

5.1. Pas Extraction Techniques

Ntau cov txheej txheem kev rho tawm tuaj yeem siv los rho tawm cov tshuaj bioactive los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Kev rov qab los ntawm cov tshuaj bioactive los ntawm cov nroj tsuag matrices, siv cov kuab tshuaj sib xyaw, raug xa mus rau qhov kev tshem tawm cov pa (nrog lossis tsis muaj kev kho cua sov) [49J. Feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem no vam khom lub zog rho tawm ntawm ntau cov kuab tshuaj hauv kev siv, nrog rau kev siv cua sov thiab / lossis kev sib xyaw. Cov txheej txheem paub txog kev rho tawm cov tshuaj bioactive los ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog (1) maceration, (2) infusion, (3) decoction, (4) kub nruam extraction (Soxhlet extraction), (5) hydrodistillation, thiab (6) percolation.

5.2. Non-Conoentional Extraction Techniques

Degradation ntawm lub hom phiaj tebchaw vim qhov kub thiab txias thiab ntev extraction lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj yog ib qho teeb meem loj nyob rau hauv classic extraction hom kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, nrhiav ntau yam extraction tswv yim los mus kov yeej qhov teeb meem no ua ib tug tseem ceeb kauj ruam rau kev txhim kho extraction efficiency thiab/los yog selectivity. Lossis, siv cov kev pabcuam tshwjxeeb/zog-intrants, xws li microwave-pab extraction 50], pressurized kua extraction [51, supercritical kua extraction [52], ultrasound-pab extraction, txias plasma-pab extraction [53], siab- assisted extraction [54], pulsed electric field assisted extraction [55], thiab enzyme-pab extraction [56], yog zoo sau tseg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv scientific raws li ib tug zoo lwm txoj. Feem ntau, thaum kawm txog cov tshuaj cog qoob loo, cov txheej txheem thiab cov kuab tshuaj siv rau kev rho tawm yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saws [57] .Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, qee yam ntawm cov txheej txheem extraction tsis yog ib qho kev sib tham.

5.2.1. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)

Ultrasound-pab extraction yog ib tug tshiab technology uas yog siv los rho tawm tej yam ntuj tso khoom uas yav tas los siv sij hawm ntau teev los extract siv ib txwm txoj kev. Thaum pib, nws tau ua haujlwm los khaws cov zaub mov, tab sis nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, nws kuj tau siv los rho tawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig (tsuas yog polyphenols). Vim qhov yooj yim ntawm txoj kev, cov txiaj ntsig xws li txo lub sij hawm rho tawm, nce cov txiaj ntsig extract, thiab kev siv dej ua cov kuab tshuaj, uas txo cov kev siv cov kuab tshuaj organic, tau sau tseg. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis xav tau tsim los ntawm UAE thiab ua kom lub chaw rho tawm ntau tshaj plaws, qhov kev rho tawm tsis tau (xws li, lub sijhawm rho tawm, qhov hnyav, thiab, yog tias ua tau, US zaus) yuav tsum tau kho ua ntej tsim cov txheej txheem rho tawm [58]. Londono-Londono et al. 2010, ua cov extraction ntawm Citrus tev flavonoids los ntawm C, Sinensis, C.latifolia, thiab C.reticulata nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ultrasonic tej yam kev mob ntawm 60 kHz, 40 degree, rau 1 h, siv methanol ua ib qho hnyav [59].

5.2.2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Supercritical extraction yog cov txheej txheem niaj hnub uas siv cov pa roj uas tau tshaj lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau cov kua dej muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov roj thiab cov kua dej [60]. Supercritical CO2 extraction (siv CO2 raws li cov kuab tshuaj, feem ntau yog vim nws yoog raws, muaj, thiab tus nqi qis), yog ib txoj hauv kev nyiam rau kev rho tawm ntau cov khoom sib txuas. Txawm hais tias muaj cov pa roj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua cov kua dej supercritical [61]vim flavonoids yog cov polar molecules, SFE yuav tsum muaj cov khoom sib xyaw, xws li ethanol lossis methanol]62]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua kom rho tawm nobiletin thiab tangeritin los ntawm C.depressa var Hayata. Cov kws sau ntawv tau sim ob qho tib si methanol thiab ethanol ua cov kuab tshuaj. Raws li cov xwm txheej qhia hauv lawv daim ntawv, Lee et al. [36] pom tias SFE muab ntau dua ntawm flavonoids (ntxiv rau 7 feem pua) dua UAE.

6. Citrus Flavonoids thiab kab mob ntev

Ob peb xyoos dhau los, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev kis mob tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj phenolic, xws li flavonoids, ntawm cov kab mob tuag taus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv thiab mob qog noj ntshav. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txiav txim koom nrog kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm flavonoids feem ntau yog ua los ntawm inhibition ntawm lipid thiab DNA oxidation (antioxidant kev ua haujlwm) thiab gene qhia tswj [63,64]. Cov teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv ntawm flavonoids suav nrog cov hauv qab no.

6.1.Antioxidant Action

Flavonoids muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov pa dawb radicals los ntawm kev hloov ntawm electron lossis hydrogen. Lub unpaired electron yuav delocalized nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov aromatic voj voog. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus ntxiv raws li ntau yam txheej txheem, los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov radicals lossis lwm yam antioxidants lossis nrog biomolecules. Cov kev ua haujlwm antiradical ntawm phenols tau cuam tshuam nrog lub peev xwm rau oxidation ntawm flavonoids [65]. Kev ua haujlwm antioxidant ntawm flavonoids tuaj yeem ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv. Qhov tseeb, cov no ua rau kom muaj cov pa oxygen reactive. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ntawm flavonoids los ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv cov peev xwm antioxidant los ntawm kev txo qis lawv cov peev xwm oxidation [65,66]. Flavonoids paub txog lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam ntau yam enzymes, suav nrog, tshwj xeeb, oxidoreductases, uas koom nrog, thaum lawv lub voj voog catalytic, hom radical (xws li lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, monooxygenase, xanthine oxidase, phospholipase A2, thiab protein kinase) [65 ]. Vim lawv lub peev xwm antioxidant, flavonoids tau siv ntau lub teb. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog kev hloov cov tshuaj tua kab mob hluavtaws, xws li butyl hydroxy tshem tawm thiab butylhydroxytoluene, nrog rau cov tshuaj antioxidants ntuj vim lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg koom nrog txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer [67].

6.2.Anti-Carcinogenic Activity

Citrus flavonoids (flavanones thiab poly ethoxy lig flavones) tau pom tias muaj cov khoom nthuav dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Cov tshuaj no, vim lawv cov khoom, pab tiv thaiv qee yam kab mob, xws li qog nqaij hlav [68]. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev noj cov flavonoid thiab lawv cov kev siv tshuaj kho mob cancer. Jagetia et al. [69] pom tias flavonoids muaj kev tiv thaiv mutagenic los ntawm kev tiv thaiv DNA los ntawm oxidative puas thiab neutralizing dawb radicals, uas ua rau kev hloov. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias flavonoids yuav cuam tshuam rau hauv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob [42]. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov nas tau pom tias kev noj tshuaj hesperetin txhawb nqa qhov inhibition ntawm proliferating cell nuclear antigen thiab kev loj hlob inhibition ntawm aromatase-expressing MCF-7 qog nyob rau hauv ovariectomized athymic nas [70,71]. Hesperidin, raws li glycoside ntawm hesperetin, coj mus rau cell apoptosis los ntawm kev ua qhov qhia ntawm p53 thiab peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma [72]. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, naringenin tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv hloov pauv los ntawm kev ua kom DNA kho, tom qab oxidative puas tsuaj hauv tib neeg cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav [73]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia tau hais tias Didymin, ib qho kev noj haus glycoside flavonoid tseem hu ua neoponcirin, tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav [74]. Ntxiv mus, tangeretin thiab nobiletin tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv angiogenesis los ntawm inhibition ntawm angiogenic sib txawv thiab exertion ntawm cell voj voog ntes nyob rau hauv lub mis thiab tib neeg txoj hnyuv kab mob qog noj ntshav [75,76]. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias flavonoids tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev thaiv cov kab mob metastasis, inhibition ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav hauv cov hlab ntsha, proapoptosis, thaiv cov kab mob ntawm tes, thiab antiangiogenesis [19].

6.3. Cov teebmeem ntawm CardioasScular

Kab mob plawv yog ib lo lus dav dav rau cov mob uas cuam tshuam rau lub plawv thiab cov ntshav ncig, nrog rau cov kab mob hauv cov hlab ntsha, xws li angina thiab myocardial infarction Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib, rog rog, ntshav siab ... thiab lwm yam. Mob ntshav qab zib ua rau muaj qhov mob ntxiv, thiab oxidative kev nyuaj siab kuj ua rau cov kab mob endothelial tsis ua haujlwm. Flavonoid-nplua nuj cov khoom noj xws li citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov teebmeem cardioprotector feem ntau tau los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm [77]. Hesperidin ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kev rog rog thiab kev ua haujlwm hypoglycemic los ntawm kev tswj cov piam thaj metabolism [78]. Didymium inhibits qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ntau yam inflammatory cytokines thiab chemokines los ntawm cov kua qab zib-kho tib neeg umbilical leeg endothelial hlwb [79]. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm nas pom muaj peev xwm vasorelaxant cuam tshuam ntawm hesperetin, hesperidin, naringenin, thiab naringin los ntawm inhibition ntawm txawv phosphodiesterase isoenzymes [8081]. Lwm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm flavonoids ntawm vascular system yog inhibition ntawm platelet aggregation thiab txo cov ntshav txhaws [63]. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov nas noj nrog cov khoom noj uas muaj roj cholesterol, naringenin tau pom tias txo qis hauv cov roj cholesterol thiab hepatic triacylglycerols concentrations [82].

6.4.Anti-Microbial teebmeem

Kev tshawb fawb dav tau ua los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm flavonoids ntawm kev txhim kho microbial. Raws li Kaul et al. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm Vikram et al. (2011) [84], nws tau pom tias naringenin muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm Salmonella typhimurium los ntawm attenuation ntawm virulence thiab cell motility [84]. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin, thiab apigenin tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov antagonists ntawm cell-cell signaling thiab inhibit E.coli biofilm tsim. Ntxiv mus, naringenin tuaj yeem txo qhov kev qhia ntawm cov noob encoding hom secretion system hauv Vibrio muaj [85]. Shetty et al. qhia tias flavonoids muab rho tawm los ntawm C.sinensis thiab C.limon tev muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob kab mob Streptococcus mutans thiab Lactobacillus acidophilus [86].

6.5. Lwm yam teebmeem lom

Ntxiv nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tau hais los saum toj no, ob peb bioactivities ntawm Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshiab kuj tau tshuaj xyuas. Citrus flavonoids muaj ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kev laus. Hauv vitro txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias flavonoids muab rho tawm los ntawm C.reticulata muaj zog tiv thaiv collagenase thiab tiv thaiv elastase muaj peev xwm [87]. Hauv Morocco, raws li Bencheikh li al, Citrus hom (txiv qaub. txiv qaub, hnub nyoog-leaved pob zeb-rose, thiab qab zib txiv kab ntxwv) yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm lub raum teeb meem, nrog rau lub raum pob zeb, colic, thiab insufficiency [88]. Murata et al. qhia tau hais tias ob qho tib si hesperetin thiab naringenin muab rho tawm los ntawm Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj anti-allergic teebmeem rau nas basophil leukemia RBL-2H3 hlwb. Cov txiaj ntsig hauv vivo thiab hauv vitro qhia tau hais tias cov molecules no tuaj yeem txo cov tsos mob ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj los ntawm inhibiting phosphorylation ntawm protein kinase B (Akt) thiab inhibition ntawm degranulation los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm txoj kev teeb liab [89]. Kuj tseem muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv tsiaj piav txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm flavonoids ntawm lub paj hlwb.A kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Kawahata li al.[90] qhia tias nobiletin muab rho tawm los ntawm C.depressa tuaj yeem txhim kho kev kawm thiab kev nco. Ntxiv mus, ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm hesperetin thiab naringenin kom tsawg thiab txo qis ntawm cov kab mob cerebrovascular thiab hawb pob [91].

7. Muaj Daim Ntawv Thov Citrus Flavonoids

Flavonoids muab rho tawm los ntawm Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo twb tau siv los ua ntuj antioxidants hauv qab no:

Pharmaceutical thiab nutraceutical supplements: Flavanones thiab poly ethoxy lig flavones muab rho tawm los ntawm Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog tsuas yog siv raws li ntuj antioxidants nyob rau hauv formulation ntawm kws tshuaj. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau vitamin complexes thiab raws li cov active ingredient ntawm tej yam tshuaj (cov kab mob circulatory system) [6,90,91]. Citrus byproduct processing tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm flavonoids vim qhov ntim loj ntawm cov tev tsim, ntxiv rau yog ib qho ntawm D-limonene-nplua nuj cov roj tseem ceeb. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo residues los ntawm C.aurantium, uas feem ntau yog muab pov tseg raws li pov tseg, tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo [92].

Kev lag luam Agri-khoom noj khoom haus: Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, naringin yog siv los ua cov dej qab zib, khoom qab zib, thiab cov khoom ci, vim nws cov iab saj [35]. Ntxiv mus, vim lawv cov kev ua haujlwm antioxidant, hesperidin thiab narirutin muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm peroxidation ntawm lipids nyob rau hauv cov roj sunflower khaws cia rau 24 hnub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los yog hauv biscuits [33]. Citrus tev kuj tau siv los tsim hesperidin thiab neohesperidin rau synthesis ntawm dihydrochalcones. Cov tebchaw no yog siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus ua cov khoom qab zib thiab qab ntxiag ntxiv [93]. Tsis tas li ntawd, anthocyanins muab tau los ntawm flavonols yog siv los ua cov tshuaj pleev xim (E163) hauv cov khoom qab zib, cov khoom noj siv mis, thiab khoom qab zib los yog los them rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo discoloration vim los ntawm qee cov kauj ruam ua [94].

Lwm daim ntawv thov kev lag luam ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion:

Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm flavonoids ntawm carbon steel thiab tooj liab [94,95]. Mhiri et al.2017 [95] tshawb xyuas qhov inhibition ntawm carbon steel corrosion los ntawm neohesperidin thiab naringin nyob rau hauv muaj hydrochloric acid. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Al-Qudah, ib co flavonoid tebchaw, xws li apigenin, luteolin, thiab quercetin, tau siv los kawm txog tus cwj pwm corrosion ntawm tooj liab hauv nitric acid [96]. Cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias qhov inhibition ntawm tooj liab corrosion nce raws li qhov concentration ntawm flavonoids nce.

8. Cov lus xaus

Txawm hais tias peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau tsom mus rau flavonoids hauv Citrus hom, lawv cov biosynthesis, kev faib tawm, thiab kev ua haujlwm kho mob, cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke thiab tsis yog cov qauv kuj tau tham thoob plaws hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Citrus hom yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv roj ntsha vim tias lawv muaj ntau hom phytonutrients thiab phytochemicals nrog kev cog lus kho mob. Txog tam sim no, tiam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj flavonoids muab los ntawm Citrus hom tseem nyuaj, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev txheeb xyuas, rho tawm, thiab ua kom huv ntawm cov tebchaw no. Tsis tas li ntawd, kom nkag siab tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Citrus flavonoids, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv (feem ntau randomized tswj kev sim tshuaj) yog xav tau.

Kab lus no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010029 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci