Essential Oils As A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy For Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases Part 2

Thov hu rauoscar.xiao@wecistanche.comyog xav paub ntxiv

4. Kev sib tham

EOs muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw txawv thiab cov khoom ntawm lawv cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm. Cov roj tsis hloov pauv no qhia txog ntau yam kev ua haujlwm lom neeg [154]. Lawv tsuas yog siv rau hauv dej haus, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab tshuaj tsw qab kev lag luam [155]. EOs muab tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem chav distillation yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv pharmacological kev ua ub no thiab khoom noj khoom haus, thaum extracts los ntawm lipophilic kuab tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab kev lag luam [156]. Ob peb EOs tau paub zoo rau lawv txoj kev siv tshuaj tsw qab thiab tsw qab rau ntau pua xyoo. kev siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj tsw qab yog vim lawv cov ntxhiab tsw txaus nyiam.Cistanche Extract Anti RadiationCov txiaj ntsig dav dav muab los ntawm EOs qhia qhov kev thov txuas ntxiv uas tau pom tias yuav nce ntxiv mus.

4.1.The Source of EOs

Raws li tau hais ua ntej, EOs tuaj yeem muab rho tawm thiab tau los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Clove's EO yog muab los ntawm Syzygium aromaticum tsob ntoo aromatic paj buds nrog keeb kwm los ntawm Maluku, Indonesia muaj cov ntxhiab tsw muaj zog siv hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus [154,155]. Eucalyptus globulus roj yog mint-zoo li, nrog rau cov khoom xws li decongestant, mob reliever, antimicrobial neeg sawv cev, immunostimulant, mob khaub thuas, thiab mob khaub thuas / hnoos, raws li zoo raws li rau lub hlwb clarity nyob rau hauv aromatherapy [157,158]. Ib qho ntawm feem cuam tshuam EOis los ntawm Lavandula Augusti-folia, uas tseem hu ua lus Askiv lavender. Lavender roj muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant, tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tuaj yeem siv los kho ntau yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij (xws li, eczema, ringworm, pob txuv), txhim kho lub plab zom mov, txo cov leeg mob o, thiab ntxiv, txo qhov mob. [157, 158]. Citrus limon EOs yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj tua kab mob pab kom poob phaus, thiab txo qis xeev siab, thiab rau kev siv tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, rooj tog polishes, thiab fresheners [157,158]. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) EOs feem ntau siv rau kev tu tawv nqaij, teeb meem kev coj khaub ncaws, teeb meem plab, thiab tswj kev mob khaub thuas thiab mob khaub thuas [157,158]. Rosemary's EO originates los ntawm Rosmarinus officinalis evergreen shrub nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug crisp woody, tshuaj ntsuab thiab balsamic tsw, zoo ib yam li camphor. Kev siv cov roj rosemary txawv los ntawm ntau yam kev kho mob rau cov tawv nqaij, dandruff, thiab tawv taub hau kev noj qab haus huv, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv khaub thuas thiab boost lub cev tsis muaj zog [157,158]. EO los ntawm Mentha piperita yog hu ua peppermint roj, uas feem ntau yog siv los tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas thiab mob khaub thuas, txo cov tsos mob ntawm mob taub hau, thiab tseem nyob rau hauv relieving mob leeg thiab pob qij txha [157,158].

KSL25

Thov nias ntawm no kom paub ntxiv

Sib nrug los ntawm kev siv EOs dav dav, lawv cov txiaj ntsig dav kuj tau pom thiab qhia txog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative. Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb muaj, EOs tau raug npaj los ua kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab kev kho mob rau kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative. Yog li ntawd, peb tau sim piav qhia thiab qhia txog ntau yam EOs, thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov khoom raws li plaub yam kab mob neurodegenerative (AD, PD, HD, thiab ALS), raws li tau hais los saum no. Cov kev sib txawv uas feem ntau siv rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm txhua tus kab mob tau piav qhia, raws li.

Raws li daim duab 1, tag nrho ntawm rau caum cuaj hom EOs los ntawm ntau hom nroj tsuag tau raug tshuaj xyuas rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv kab mob neurodegenerative hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm 2010 thiab 2020. Nyob rau hauv kev siv rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv sau, peb pom tias ICs0 cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntau hom, tshwj xeeb rau cov ntsuas ntsuas.cistanche tshuaj ntsuabNtawm cov units uas tau tshaj tawm suav nrog mg gallic acid sib npaug / g[64,76], feem pua [65,74], mg/mL lossis mg/L[26,67,68,73,75], um [69], thiab ug/mL [18,{11}}]. Qhov kev sib txawv no, txawm li cas los xij, tau suav hais tias muaj teeb meem vim tias kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nrog cov ntsuas sib txawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv.

4.2. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm EOs

Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb feem ntau pom hauv EOs uas tau tshaj tawm tias muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv neurodegenerative tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab 3. Raws li peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, 18-cineole tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau hom EOs. Lub compound 1,8-cineole yog ib qho saturated monoterpene uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau hom nroj tsuag (xws li Eucalyptus, Rosmarinus, thiab Salvia), nrog Eucalyptus nplooj lees paub tias yog qhov tseem ceeb [159]. Qee lub sij hawm hu ua eucalyptol vim nws lub hauv paus ntuj, 18-cineole yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog eucalyptus roj, ua ke ntawm ntau lwm yam khoom [160]. Vim nws cov aroma thiab saj zoo heev, 18-cineole feem ntau yog siv rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj tsw qab, thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntshiab monoterpene 1,8-cineole yog siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev kho sinusitis rau cov kab mob ua pa, xws li mob khaub thuas lossis mob ntsws ntsws [161]. Nws tau raug qhia tias yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws dawb radical scavengers uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm anticholinesterase raws li kev tshawb fawb qhia los ntawm El Euch thiab cov npoj yaig [88] Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant tau ntsuas siv cov dawb radical 1,1-diphenyl{{15. }}Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) kuaj. Qhov tseem ceeb roj concentration muab 50 feem pua inhibition (ICs0) ntawm qhov pib DPPH concentration tau suav nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov compound concentration thiab feem pua ntawm DPPH inhibition. Ascorbic acid tau siv los ua tus qauv. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Abuhamdah et al.[66], EO muab rho tawm los ntawm nplooj ntawm Aloysia citrodora Palau tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob neuroprotective thiab muaj ntau dua ntawm 1,8-cineole tau tshaj tawm (23.66 feem pua).

Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm Cutillas thiab nws pab neeg [97] ntawm EO los ntawm Thymus mas-china L., nws tau lees tias ntawm tag nrho plaub lub tebchaw (x-pinene, -pinene, limonene, thiab 18-cineole),{ {5}}cineole yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws AChE inhibitor nrog IC5o ntawm 35.2 ± 1.5 ug / mL Lawv tau sim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant siv tsib txoj hauv kev xws li oxygen radical absorbance peev (ORAC) assay, 2,2'-and-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) antioxidant txoj kev, 2,2-diphenyl{19}}picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) txoj kev, thiobarbituric acid reactive tshuaj (TBARS) txoj kev , thiab chelating zog (CHP) txoj kev. Txhua txoj hauv kev tau sau tseg tias 18-cineole yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidant siab tshaj plaws. Qhov kev tshawb pom no zoo ib yam li ntau lwm hom kev tshawb fawb, uas qhia txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm 18-cineole raws li tus neeg sawv cev anticholinesterase tseem ceeb los ntawm EOs ntawm ntau qhov chaw [8,21,25,152].

4.3.Cholinesterase Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv EOs

Cov txheej txheem feem ntau siv hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm AD muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cholinesterase. Cholinesterases (ChEs) yog tshwj xeeb carboxylic ester hydrolases uas catalyze hydrolysis ntawm choline esters. Ob hom kev ua CHE tau raug txheeb xyuas hauv cov ntshav thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, uas txawv raws li lawv cov substrate tshwj xeeb thiab rhiab heev rau kev xaiv inhibitors. Thawj yog acetylcholinesterase (AChE), uas yog lub npe hu ua acetylcholine acetylhydrolase [172].cistanche noov loj hlobQhov thib ob yog butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), uas yog hu ua acetylcholine acyl hydrolase [173-176]. Qhov nyiam substrate rau AChE yog acetylcholine (ACh), thaum butyrylcholine (BCh) thiab zoo-onylcholine (PCh) yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau BChE [175-177]. Raws li qhov loj inhibitors [178]. Kev ua AChE yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov teebmeem kev kho mob, tshwj xeeb hauv AD [177].

KSL26

Cistanche tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev laus

Ob leeg AChE thiab BChE muaj qhov chaw nquag nyob hauv qab ntawm 20 A-dav gorges nrog 50 feem pua zoo tib yam amino acid ib ntus, thaum lub qhov nkag nkag mus nrhiav qhov chaw peripheral [179]. Lub chaw ua haujlwm rau ob lub enzymes muaj xws li catalytic triad, acyl-binding hnab tshos, thiab choline-binding site [180]. Tag nrho ntawm 14 aromatic amino acids pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nquag ntawm AChE, thaum rau ntawm cov no tau hloov los ntawm aliphatic amino acids rau BChE [181]. Kev khi thiab cov txheej txheem hydrolysis ntawm cov ligands loj yog txwv nyob rau hauv AChE vim muaj cov phenylalanine residues nyob rau hauv acyl binding hnab tshos. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov residues no tau hloov nrog ob qhov hloov tau yooj yim amino acids uas yog xaiv rau BChE thiab tso cai rau kev khi ntawm bulkier ligands [182]. Cov txheej txheem sib txawv uas cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm gorge tshwj xeeb rau txhua qhov enzyme tau raug tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev ua qauv molecular, qauv-raws li kev tshuaj ntsuam virtual, lossis txawm tias kev tshawb fawb crystallographic [181-184].

Feem ntau, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas Ellman ib txwm siv nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho, thov rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cholinesterase [185,186]. Cov txheej txheem no yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim, raug, thiab ceev ntawm kev ntsuas ChE kev ua, uas yog raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm thiocholine nrog sulfhydryl pawg ntawm chromogen xws li 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) ( DTNB lossis Ellman's reagent).cistanche salsa cov txiaj ntsigKev hloov ntawm electrons rau sulfur atoms yields ib yam khoom daj hu ua 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB), uas yog ntsuas los ntawm kev soj ntsuam absorbance ntawm 410 nm [187-190]. DTNB yog cov dej-soluble compound thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai nrog thiocholine thiab cov kev mob me me ntawm nruab nrab pH [185,187-191]. Cov txheej txheem no, txawm li cas los xij, kuj muaj qee qhov kev txwv; Nws raug txwv los ntawm kev sim tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv organophosphorus AChE inhibitors lossis ntsuas AChE kev ua haujlwm hauv cov qauv ntawm cov neeg kho mob [190]. Ntxiv rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas Ellman, lwm txoj hauv kev uas tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas ChE cov dej num yog txoj kev electrometric ntawm Michel [192]. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv raws li kev hloov pauv pH uas tshwm sim los ntawm H ntxiv rau kev sib txuas ntawm cholinesterase hydrolysis [175,176,193].

4.4. Extracellular Plaque Deposits

Extracellular plaque deposits ntawm A -peptide thiab nplaim-zoo li tus neurofibrillary tangles ntawm microtubule-binding protein tau yog ob qho kev qhia pathologies xav tau rau cov neeg mob AD. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxov ntxov ntawm AD muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv cov protein ua ntej rau A (APP) lossis hauv presenilin-1 (PS1) lossis presenilin-2 (PS2). Peptide tiam pathways synthesize -secretase nrog PS1 lossis PS2 raws li catalytic subunit. APP yog sequentially cleaved, qhov twg -secretase thawj cleaves APP tso tawm ib tug loj, secreted derivative, sAPP, ua raws li los ntawm -secretase uas cleaves ib feem ntawm 99 amino acids (CTF) los tsim A . Cov txheej txheem ntawm y-secretase cleaving tuaj yeem ua tsis raug, ua rau C-terminal heterogeneity ntawm cov neeg peptide uas ua rau muaj ntau hom A, nrog rau A 1-40 ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ua raws li A 42. Cov ntawv ntev me ntsis ntawm A, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog A 1-42, yog cov hom tseem ceeb tso rau hauv lub hlwb uas ntau dua hydrophobic thiab fibrillogenic [193]. Raws li kev pom ntawm lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv A synthesis, ob qho tib si - thiab Y-secretase yog suav tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv AD [193,194]. Kev kuaj kab mob ib txwm hais txog qhov ntom ntom hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub hlwb cuam tshuam ntawm neurtic amyloid plaques thiab neurofibrillary tangles ntawm tau protein.cistanche tubulosa noj redditKev kuaj mob AD suav nrog qhov muaj cov kab mob neuric plaque loj, suav nrog A tsis txaus ntseeg hauv lub hlwb parenchyma. Tseem muaj cov deposits ntawm tau protein ntau, txawm hais tias lawv tshwm sim ntawm cov tsis tshua muaj neurodegenerative mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj neuritic plaques. Muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb morphological nta ntawm cov neurofibrillary tangles nyob rau hauv ntau yam kab mob thiab tej zaum yuav pom ib tug txawv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tau isoforms uas txawv ntawm AD [195].

KSL27

Nws tsis yog tib neeg nkaus xwb uas muaj amyloid-beta; Tsis yog tib neeg primates (NHPs) muaj tib qhov A sequences li tib neeg, yuav luag zoo tib yam APP ib ntus, thiab lawv sib tshooj nrog tib neeg txoj hauv kev biochemical hauv ntau yam, txawm li cas los xij, xav tsis thoob nrog kev laus lawv tsim muaj tsawg AD-zoo li neuropathologies. Cov hnub nyoog canines kuj tsim loj amyloid deposition; canines zoo li ua kom pom ntau amyloid deposition los ntawm txog kaum xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog, tsis zoo li nyob rau hauv cov laus NHPs, qhov twg nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau xyoo lawm [196]. Amyloid deposition nyob rau hauv canines kuj muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub hnub nyoog txog kev txawj ntse tsis ua haujlwm [197] txawm tias kuaj pom me ntsis neuronal poob. Vim qhov kev nkag siab tsis zoo ntawm AD thiab tib neeg lub hlwb tsis yooj yim, nws tau raug txiav tawm tias tsis muaj tus qauv tsiaj ntawm tus kabmob [198]. Tau 25 xyoo dhau los, cov qauv tshuaj tshuaj thiab caj ces AD, nrog rau ntau hom tsiaj (primates, dev, nas, thiab lwm yam), tau siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb AD[199,200]. Kev rov tshwm sim ntawm kev txaus siab rau nas raws li tus qauv tsiaj tsim nyog rau AD coj mus rau kev siv ntau hom nas qauv. Raws li kev xyaum tam sim no, cov nas transgenic tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm AD. Hauv txhua tus qauv xaiv, txhua tus xav tau kev qhia txog qee qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tsev neeg AD hloov mus rau APP lossis PS1, lossis txawm nyob hauv ob qho tib si [200].

4.5.Tam sim no EOs ntawm AD

Salvia yog lub genus loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv tsev neeg ntawm Lamiaceae, nrog rau cov tsiaj uas kwv yees li ntawm 700 mus txog ze li 1000. Kaum tsib hom Salvia (xws li, Officinalis L. Chionanthus, chrysophylla Staph, urmiensis, nemorosa L., syriaca, Ballina, cyanescens, divaricate, hydrangea, Kronenberg, macrochlamys, Nydegger, pachystachys, pseudeupayscens, inhibition of hydrangeas, , thiab tshwm sim los ua qhov kev kawm dav tshaj plaws ntawm EOs. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias Salvia spp. tsis muaj zog AChE thiab BChE inhibitors, tshwj tsis yog EO los ntawm S. pseudeuplratica, uas tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam siab tshaj plaws tiv thaiv AChE, ntawm IC50=26.00±2.00 ug/mL piv rau S. cyanescens thiab S. pachystachys. Hauv qhov sib piv, BChE kev ua tsis tau pom 50 feem pua inhibition txawm tias qhov siab tshaj plaws, qhov twg kuj tau tshaj tawm tias siab dua 80 ug / mL rau S. pseudeuphratica thiab S.hydrangea [96]. Salvia officinalis tau kawm ob zaug, hauv 2017 thiab 2019. Raws li GC-MS thiab GC-FID tsom xam, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm S. Officinalis yog a-thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, thiab -thujone. Salvia kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv ex vivo-raws li kev tshawb fawb, siv txoj kev sib cais guinea npua ileum qhov twg cov molecule loj, rosmarinic acid, pom cov lus teb tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cais ntawm guinea npua ileum. Docking cov txiaj ntsig ntawm rosmarinic acid kuj tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo siab rau lub hom phiaj xaiv, AChE[136]. Tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm rosmarinic acid los ua tus neeg sib tw kho tshiab rau kev kho mob ntawm AD.

KSL28

Lwm yam tshaj li Salvia spp., EOs los ntawm Lavandula spp. kuj tau kawm txog kev kho mob ntawm AD.L. Luisieri tau pom muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov pa oxygen-muaj monoterpenes, feem ntau yog necrodane derivatives, uas tsis tuaj ntawm lwm cov roj. Cov roj no tau sim ntawm endogenous beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) hauv cov kab lis kev cai, ua lub luag haujlwm rau txo qis hauv A ntau lawm, tsis muaj tshuaj lom tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv vitro, qhov qis molecular hnyav thiab siab hydrophobicity ntawm terpenoids yog cov khoom uas muab txoj hauv kev zoo rau lawv hla cov cellular daim nyias nyias thiab cov hlab ntsha hauv cov hlab ntsha, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm BACE -1 inhibition hauv vivo. [78]. Txawm li cas los xij, EO los ntawm L. Angustifolia tsis tau muab qhov yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav vim tias nws txhim kho A aggregation raws li txoj kev thioflavin T; Cov nyhuv no tau lees paub ntxiv los ntawm atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging. EO ntawm L. Angustifolia kuj tau pom tias tiv thaiv qhov nce hauv intracellular reactive oxygen hom tsim thiab ua kom cov pro-apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 induced los ntawm A {{10}} oligomers [23, 24] ib. Lub caij no, EO los ntawm L.pubescens pom muaj zog tiv thaiv-AchE thiab anti-BChE cov teebmeem ntawm ICso ntawm 0.9 uL / mL thiab 6.82μL / mL, feem. Carvacrol (CAR,{19}}methyl-5-isopropyl phenol) kuj pom tias muaj siab dua hauv L pubescent. Carvacrol tau pom tias muaj ntau ntawm EOs ntawm tsev neeg Lamiaceae thiab paub txog ntau yam txiaj ntsig suav nrog tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv apoptosis, thiab kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kab mob [201]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm EOs tau tshaj tawm tias carvacrol ua haujlwm qee yam ntawm cov kab mob neuronal,

suav nrog AChE inhibition [104,202], anxiolytic [203], thiab antidepressant [204] cov khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, carvacrol muaj peev xwm hloov kho cov hauv nruab nrab neurotransmitter txoj hauv kev, xws li dopaminergic, serotonergic, thiab y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic systems [201].

Tsuas yog ob hom kab ntawm tes, SH-SY5Y, thiab PC-12 tau tshaj tawm tias tau siv hauv kev tshawb fawb. Cov teebmeem tshuaj lom hauv vitro ntawm amyloid peptides feem ntau yog tshuaj xyuas siv tib neeg neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cell kab vim hais tias txawv neuron-zoo li SH-SY5Y hlwb yog ntxiv-rhiab heev rau amyloid peptides piv rau cov uas tsis yog-differentiated hlwb vim hais tias tom kawg tsis muaj ntev neurites. [205]. Z-ibutilide (Z-LIG)EOs zoo tiv thaiv fibrillar aggregates ntawm A 25-35- thiab A 1-42-induced toxicity nyob rau hauv SH-SY5Y thiab txawv PC12 hlwb, tejzaum nws los ntawm concurrent activation ntawm PI{{19 }}K/Akt txoj kev thiab inhibition ntawm txoj kev p38[105]. A 25-35 sawv cev rau cov kab mob neurotoxic ntawm A 1-40 lossis A 1-42 thiab khaws cov tshuaj toxicity ntawm tag nrho cov peptide [206]. A 25-35 feem ntau raug xaiv los ua tus qauv rau tag nrho-ntev peptides vim nws khaws nws ob qho tib si lub cev thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha [207]. Feem ntau, kev poob qis ntawm PI3K subunits thiab blunted Akt kinase phosphorylation tau pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb AD, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm A thiab tau pathologies [208].

Kuj tseem muaj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov muaj peev xwm kho tau ntawm hybrid EO los ntawm Kushui roses. Kushi sawv (R.setate ×R.rugosa) hais txog lub ntuj hybrid ntawm cog rose thiab tsoos suav sawv uas tau cog rau ntau tshaj 200 xyoo [209]. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, transgenic worm hom yuav los ntawm Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) tau siv los hloov cov nas los yog nas. Lawv pom tias sawv EO (REO) cuam tshuam AD-zoo li cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob tuag tes tuag taw thiab ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo rau exogenous serotonin (5-HT) nyob rau hauv koob tshuaj. Txawm hais tias GC-MS tsom xam pom tias muaj 40 cov khoom, cov khoom tseem ceeb, -citronellol, thiab geraniol, tau pom tias ua tau zoo dua cov roj nws tus kheej. Intriguingly, REO txo qis A deposits thiab txo cov A oligomers kom txo tau cov toxicity induced los ntawm A overexpression [209].

Su He Xiang Wan (SHXW) kuj tau kawm txog nws txoj kev kho mob neurodegenerative. SHOW yog ib qho txawv EO thiab yog cov tshuaj patent suav nrog borneol, styrax resin, musk, aquaria, frankincense, piper, benzoin, Saussurea, cyperus, sandalwood, clove, terminally, Aristolochia txiv hmab txiv ntoo, rhino horn, thiab cinnabar. Cov tshuaj no thaum ub tau sau tseg hauv He Ji Ju Fang ntawm Song Dynasty [210]. Rau cov nroj tsuag no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov kho SHXW (KSOP1009 formulation) noj ntawm AD-zoo li phenotypes ntawm Drosophila AD qauv, uas qhia tib neeg A 1-42 hauv lawv qhov muag lossis cov paj hlwb. Lawv pom tias A 1-42-induced eve degeneration, apoptosis, thiab locomotive dysfunctions tau muaj zog suppressed. Txawm li cas los xij, A 1-42 fibril deposits hauv A 1-42 overexpressing qauv tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kho mob nrog KSOP1009 extract. Hloov pauv, KSOP1009 extract tau txais txiaj ntsig cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm hemipterous, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activator, thaum nws ntxias qhov muag degeneration thiab JNKactivation. Hauv Drosophila, yoov nrog kev hloov pauv uas txhawb nqa JNK cov cim qhia ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj oxidative tsawg thiab ua neej nyob ntev dua li cov yoov tsiaj qus [211,212].

Cinnamomum zeylanicum muaj xws li (E)-cinnamaldehyde (CAL) (81.39 feem pua) thiab (E)-cinnamyl acetate (CAS) (4.20 feem pua) raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau pom ntau dua 78.0 feem pua inhibitory kev ua hauv cholinesterase. Hauv MAO-A thiab MAO-B inhibition kev soj ntsuam, EOs los ntawm C.zeulanicum (96.44 feem pua ,95.96 feem pua ) thiab CAL (96.32 feem pua ,96.29 feem pua) tau pom tias muaj kev sib piv rau rasagiline (97.42 feem pua ,97.38 feem pua). Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Murata thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke [69] pom tias Kaur-16-ene, Mizuko, thiab ferruginol cais tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kev tiv thaiv-AChE (IC50) kev ua haujlwm ntawm 640, 300, thiab 95 um, feem. Txawm hais tias kev ua ferruginol twb tau hais tseg ua ntej, los ntawm Gulati li al.[213], qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau sau cov haujlwm ntawm kaur-16-ene thiab nezukol thawj zaug.

Lub caij no, Citrus limon tau pom tias txo qis AChE lub hlwb kev nyuaj siab hauv APP / PS1 thiab cov nas qus C57BL / 6L (WT). PSD95/synaptophysin, lub synaptic density Performance index, tau txhim kho ntau yam hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm histopathological [109]. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas yav dhau los los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, nobiletin 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxy flavone tau pom tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm polymethoxylated flavones hauv citrus peels, xws li C. depressa, C. .reticulata, C.sinensis, and C. Limon [214,215]. Yog li, nobiletin tej zaum yuav yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas hloov pauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob no. Tsis tas li ntawd, Acorigraminei, uas tau pom tias muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv -asarone, txhim kho kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm A PP / PS1 nas thiab txo qis neuronal apoptosis hauv A PP / PS1 nas cortex. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nce ntxiv hauv kev qhia ntawm CaMKII/CREB/Bcl{17}} tau pom nyob rau hauv cortex ntawm A PP/PS1 nas kho nrog -asarone.

Hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Ayuob et al. [113], Ocimum basilicum nce- tswj cov ntshav corticosterone qib, hippocampal protein glucocorticoid receptor, thiab lub hlwb-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); Txawm li cas los xij, nws txo qis- tswj cov kev hloov pauv neurodegenerative thiab atrophic induced nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus, uas txo qis tom qab kis mus rau mob ntev unpredictable kev nyuaj siab (CUMS). Raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Avetisyan thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke [216], cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm O. basil suav nrog methyl chavicol thiab linalool. Interestingly, ntau linalool-tsim nroj tsuag feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov tshuaj thiab aromatherapy los txo cov tsos mob thiab kho ntau yam kab mob thiab mob ntev [217,218]. Linalool nquag siv hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tsw qab rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau, xab npum, tshuaj ntxuav tes, thiab hauv cov tshuaj formulations [219,220]. Kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm Sabogal-Gudqueta li al. [221] pom tias kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm monoterpene linalool rau cov nas laus (21-24 hli hnub nyoog) nrog triple transgenic daim ntawv ntawm AD (3x Tg-AD) ntawm 25mg / kg rau peb lub hlis ntawm ib ntus ntawm 48 h ua rau txhim kho kev kawm thiab spatial nco thiab nce kev pheej hmoo kev soj ntsuam kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub elevated plus-maze. Hippocampi thiab amygdalae los ntawm 3x Tg-AD linalool-kho nas kuj tau pom qhov txo qis hauv extracellular -amyloidosis, tauopathy, astrogliosis, thiab microgliosis, nrog rau cov qib pro-inflammatory marker qib ntawm p38 MAPK, NOS2, COX2, thiab IL{{27 }}. Yog li, linalool yog qhov tsim nyog ua tus neeg sib tw tiv thaiv rau kev tshawb fawb ua ntej. Raws li cov khoom uas peb tau xaiv, linalool yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov EOs nyob rau hauv ntau hom nroj tsuag muaj ntxhiab, xws li L. Angustifolia Mill, M.officinalis L., R.officinalis L., thiab C.citrate DC. Lub xub ntiag ntawm linalool kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab txo qis cov deposits ntawm A, raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Gradinariu li al. [114] qhov twg A 1-42-cov nas kho tau nthuav tawm cov hauv qab no: txo qis hauv kev tshawb nrhiav (tus lej hla); tsawg feem pua ntawm cov sij hawm siv thiab tsawg dua nkag rau hauv lub caj npab qhib hauv qhov kev ntsuas siab ntxiv-xov xwm; nce lub sij hawm ua luam dej thiab txo lub sij hawm immobility nyob rau hauv qhov yuam kev ua luam dej.

4.6. Tam sim no EOs ntawm PD

Hais txog PD, txoj kev kho tam sim no hauv kev xyaum yog siv los ua kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kub-txheej txheem dopaminergic reposition nrog 3-(3,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-L-alanine (L-dopa), nrog rau Lwm cov tshuaj xws li MAO-B, catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, thiab cholinergic blockers [222]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev kho mob muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev muaj zog thiab tsis yog lub cev muaj zog, uas ua rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo nyob rau theem siab ntawm PD [144]. Cov tshwm sim tshwm sim no yog cov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas qhia thiab hais txog qhov tsim nyog rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv PD uas tuaj yeem ncua kev loj hlob ntawm neurodegeneration [144]. Raws li tau hais hauv cov txiaj ntsig, PD cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no suav nrog hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo, nrog rau kev sib xyaw hauv vitro nrog hauv vivo lossis ex vivo tshawb fawb. Cinnamomum sp., Eryngium sp., Myrtus sp., Acorus sp., Eplingiella sp., Foeniculum sp., Pulicaria sp., Rosa sp., Zingiber sp., thiab Lavandula sp. tau nyob ntawm EOs uas tau txheeb xyuas raws li cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog PD.

Plaub ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog PD tau ua raws li hauv vitro txoj hauv kev, nrog ntau EOs. Thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm EOs muab rho tawm los ntawm Cinnamomum sp.(C.verum thiab C. cassia) thiab cinnamaldehyde, piv rau hydroalcoholic extracts siv 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cytotoxicity ua tus sawv cev. Qauv PD[138]. Cinnamomum sp., feem ntau hu ua cinnamon, belongs rau tsev neeg Lauraceae uas muaj li ntawm 250 hom thiab tau lees paub txog kev noj qab haus huv ntau [223,224]. Ntawm ntau hom, C.verum thiab C.cassia yog ob hom tseem ceeb uas tau siv dav rau lawv cov kev siv tshuaj thiab zaub mov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau Iran [225-227]. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cinnamaldehyde sawv cev rau ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ob hom, thiab EOs tau tshaj tawm tias muaj zog antioxidant zog [223]. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia tias 6-OHDA ua rau kev tuag ntawm tes, cell apoptosis, thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm txoj kev p44/42. Ntawm qhov tod tes, txoj kev tshawb fawb xaus lus tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cinnamaldehyde thiab EOs nrog rau lwm cov khoom siv extract tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cinnamon lub luag haujlwm ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv neuroprotective, tshwj xeeb rau kev kho PD [138].

Eryngium sp. belongs rau tsev neeg Apiaceae thiab tau lees paub rau nws cov EOs 'muaj peev xwm hauv MAO inhibition [139]. MAOIs muaj nyob rau hauv ob daim ntawv (A, thiab B) qhov twg MAO-A inhibition yog txuas rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab, thaum MAO-B cuam tshuam nrog kev kho PD [228,229]. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro ua los ntawm Klein-Junior li al. Ua kom pom qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Eryngium sp.(E. floribundum: EP, E.horridum: EH, E.pandanifolium: EP, E. Eriophorum: EE, thiab E. nudicaule: EN)EOs rau lawv cov MAOinhibitory nyhuv. Intriguingly, qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau hais tias MAO-A kev ua haujlwm tsis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm EOs, thaum EPEO thiab EHEOresulted hauv MAO-B inhibition. Kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tseem tau hais txog tias cov neeg mob PD feem ntau sawv cev rau qib siab ntawm MAO-B uas tshwm sim vim gliosis thiab yog li ua rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm dopaminergic [229]. Yog li, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tso tawm qhov kev thov tias Eryngium sp. tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm siv tau raws li CNS bioactive secondary metabolites, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob neurodegenerative, uas cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm EHEO [139].

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb uas feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb fawb ntawm PD yog ntawm -Syn fibrillation. Nws raug suav hais tias kev hloov kho cov txheej txheem protein ua rau amyloid fibril tsim kev nce qib mus rau cov kab mob neurodegenerative [140]. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb ntawm -Syn kev ua ntawm misfolding thiab aggregation nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tseem tsawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv a-Syn fibrillation tseem tsis tau muaj; Yog li ntawd, qhov nrawm ntawm cov txheej txheem fibrillation ntawm qee yam yuav tsum raug zam. Ntawm qee qhov laj thawj yog cov hlau ions, me me molecules, nanoparticles, thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov co toxins uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem sib sau ua ke [140,230-233]. Ob qhov kev tshawb fawb tom ntej hauv vitro tau ua los ntawm tib pab pawg tshawb fawb, qhov uas lawv tau hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm 15 ntau yam Iranian EOs tawm tsam -Syn fibrillation [140,141].

Ntawm tag nrho 15 cov roj uas tau sim, nws tau pom tias M.communis pom tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim tias nws ua kom cov fibrillation nce siab hauv qhov concentration-dependent. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj no tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm rau cov kev hloov pauv, qhia txog qhov nyuaj ntawm ob qho tib si extract thiab synergistic los ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, tsis hais lawv cov nyiaj [140]. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb thib ob, kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm C. cyminum EO qhia tau hais tias muaj cov cumin aldehyde raws li lub ntsiab active compound uas plays nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub inhibition ntawm -Syn fibrillation. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam cytotoxicity ntawm PC12 hlwb qhia tias tsis muaj tshuaj lom nrog cumin aldehyde kev kho mob thoob plaws o-Syn fibrillation [141].

Sib nrug los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro, PD cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tseem ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv vivo. EOs ntawm Acorus sp. npog ob qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv vivo hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Ob qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua los ntawm tib pab pawg tshawb fawb thiab tsom mus rau kev tswj hwm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm -asarone uas tau cais tawm ntawm A. tatarinowii Schott ntawm 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonian nas ntawm ob qhov sib txawv endoplasmic reticula (ER) txoj kev nyuaj siab [ 142, 143] ib. ER paub txog nws lub luag haujlwm hauv protein folding, qhov chaw tsim ntawm cov protein nthuav tawm / misfolding tuaj yeem pib qhov tshwm sim hu ua ER kev ntxhov siab uas ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem cellular ntawm unfolded protein teb (UPR) [234]. ER kev ntxhov siab tau pom nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm PD kev sim qauv thiab kuj yog provoked los ntawm kev nce hauv cov tsiaj qus-Syn [235-237]. Peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas tau muab faib ua UPR yog inositol xav tau enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA (PKR)-zoo li ER kinase (PERK), thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig transcription 6 (ATF6) [238]. Feem ntau, GRP78 ua haujlwm hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm ER kev ntxhov siab, qhov twg nws khi peb cov proteins ntawm UPR txoj hauv kev thiab tswj lawv tsis ua haujlwm thaum lub hlwb tsis raug rau cov kev ntxhov siab. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov protein ntau nthuav tawm lossis ua tsis zoo, GRP78 yuav khi rau cov proteins thiab tso tawm [239-241].Hais ntawm autophagy, qhov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau lees tias nws tuaj yeem raug ntxias vim ER kev nyuaj siab [242,243] . Beclin-1 paub txog nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim autophagosomes thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem autophagy thawj zaug. Lub luag haujlwm pro-autophagic ntawm Beclin-1 tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog Bcl-2, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev cuam tshuam no kuj raug cuam tshuam los ntawm Bcl-2 phosphorylation uas ua rau Beclin{{ 26}} tso tawm thiab nrawm autophagy [24]. Raws li txoj kev tshawb fawb thib ob, nws tau raug pov thawj tias -asarone ua rau Beclin{29}} downregulation, uas qhia tias Bcl -2 tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm autophagy thiab ER kev ntxhov siab. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm ob txoj kev tshawb fawb ua rau peb txiav txim siab tias kev txo qis ER kev ntxhov siab ntawm -asarone kev tswj hwm tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm PD pathological kev loj hlob [142,143].

Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tseem siv tau rau kev siv 6-OHDA-induced PD nas qauv tsom rau kev tshawb nrhiav qhov cuam tshuam ntawm zingerone thiab eugenol ntawm dopamine concentration, kev hloov pauv tus cwj pwm, thiab kev ua haujlwm antioxidant raws li 6-OHDA kev tswj hwm thiab kev kho mob L-dopa [28]. Zingerone yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Ginger hauv paus, thaum eugenol originates los ntawm cloves thiab tau tshaj tawm tias yuav tiv thaiv 6-OHDA-induced depletion ntawm striatal dopamine los ntawm kev nce hauv SOD kev ua thiab nce ntawm txo glutathione (GSH) thiab L-Ascorbate( Asc) concentration, feem [245,246]. Txawm hais tias cov pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm cov kev tshawb pom zoo uas kev kho mob ua ntej nrog zingerone lossis eugenol inhibited 6-OHDA-induced dopamine kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev tiv thaiv lipid peroxidation, txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, uas koom nrog kev kho mob tom qab nrog cov tshuaj sib xws, ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg. , qhov twg dopamine txo qis tau tshaj tawm [28,246]. Txawm hais tias muaj lwm yam kev tshawb pom uas qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj sib xyaw no, Kabuto thiab Yamanashi [28] tau qhia tias kev noj cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb no thaum pib ntawm PD cov tsos mob yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom tsis txhob raug mob ntxiv. Ntxiv rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's nas qauv, muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm EOs thaum complex nrog -cyclodextrin (CD) tau soj ntsuam los ntawm Filho thiab cov npoj yaig siv cov qauv reserpine-induced zuj zus rau PD hauv cov nas [ 144] ib. Cyclodextrins yog cyclic oligosaccharides uas tuaj yeem tsim cov qhua tuaj noj mov nrog hydrophobic molecules thiab kuj tau tshaj tawm los tiv thaiv EOs los ntawm tshav kub, evaporation, noo noo, oxidation, thiab teeb pom kev zoo nrog rau kev yooj yim solubility [249]. Kev nyuaj siab ntawm cyclodextrins nrog EOs tau pom tias yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev kho mob ntev, raws li luam tawm los ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb [250,251]. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, tib txoj hauv kev tau siv cov nplooj EO rho tawm los ntawm Eplingiellafruticosa (EPL), qhov twg ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb yog 1,8-cineole. Eplingiella sp. belongs rau tsev neeg Lamiaceae thiab tau tshaj tawm rau nws cov txiaj ntsig raws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab antioxidant [252,253]. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau pom thiab ua pov thawj qhov kev xav uas ob leeg kho cov pab pawg ntawm EPL thiab EPL-CD ncua kev cuam tshuam reserpine rau lub sijhawm catalepsy. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txiaj ntsig no tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua nrog EPL-CD kho cov nas.

Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj tau siv induction nrog reserpine, nrog rau ib qho txawv PD qauv ntawm ovariectomized thiab non-ovariectomized nas[145]. Reserpine yog lub npe hu ua irreversible inhibitor ntawm vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2). Txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj reserpine rau nas raws li tus qauv ntawm PD qauv tau npaj los teb rau nws qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm monoamine thiab locomotor depletion [254]. Ovariectomized nas yog raug rau cov tshuaj estrogen tsis txaus, zoo ib yam li cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws muaj peev xwm ua tau [255]. Cov tshuaj estrogen qis dua muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam kev mob tshwm sim, xws li kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev nco tsis zoo, teeb meem kev xav, thiab lwm yam kev paub tsis meej [256] Cov xwm txheej no tau ua rau muaj kev nyiam ntau ntawm phytoestrogens rau lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv qee yam kab mob. Fennel cog (Foeniculum Vulgare) yog cais nyob rau hauv tsev neeg Apiaceae, thiab paub txog nws cov phytoestrogen tebchaw; Nws pom tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho mob ntawm kev paub tsis meej, xws li dementia thiab AD [145,259] Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj estrogen tiv thaiv cov kab mob neurodegenerative tau txo qis ntawm cov nas reserpine-induced ovariectomized nas. Kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm reserpine ua rau muaj kev pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev txav ntawm ceg ceg ntawm cov nas ovariectomized. Fennel kev kho mob ntawm ntau koob tshuaj rau ob pawg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog, uas tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm estrogens thiab phytoestrogens raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm dopaminergic neurons thiab txhim kho PD cov tsos mob [145].

Rotenone kev tswj hwm rau nas, raws li induction ntawm PD qauv, yog lwm txoj hauv kev uas nws induces nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron degeneration uas cuam tshuam nrog o-Syn Lewy lub cev [260]. Rotenone yog cov tshuaj tua kab uas muaj lipophilic siab thiab paub tias inhibit mitochondrial complex-1 nrog rau ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab[261,262] Cov qauv rotenone-induced no tau tshaj tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Issa thiab cov npoj yaig, raws li cov teebmeem neuroprotective ntawm Pulicaria undulata EO hauv txiv neej Wistar nas[146]. P undulata belongs rau tsev neeg Asteraceae, uas feem ntau faib rau hauv Asia, Europe, thiab North Africa [263]. Los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, nws tau pom tias EO ntawm P. undulata tuaj yeem siv nws cov teebmeem neuroprotective los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab antioxidant zog. Cov txheej txheem koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam neuroinflammation suav nrog kev txo qis ntawm induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) qhia, tom qab los ntawm qis cov noob qhia ntawm o-Syn [146]. Piv nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kheej, kuj tseem muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig sib xyaw ua ke uas tuaj yeem koom ua ke hauv vitro, hauv vivo, thiab kuj ex vivo daim ntawv thov. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb zoo li no yog ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv vitro / hauv vivo kev ntsuas ntawm SHXW EO nrog 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2.3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD nas thiab SH-SY kab ntawm tes [147]. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, SHXW yog ib tug suav tshuaj ntsuab formulation uas muaj 15 crude tshuaj hu ua KSOP1009, muaj xws li yim tshuaj nroj tsuag ntawm txawv tsev neeg (Hamamelidaceae, Myristicaceae, Umbelliferae, Santalaceae, Piperaceae, Myrtaceae, Ty--phaceae, thiab Lamiaceae. ). MPTP paub tias yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv sai ntawm dopaminergic neurons, thiab yog li ntawd, nws tau ntseeg tias kev siv cov qauv tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem pab piav qhia qee yam ntawm cov kab mob PD[147,264]. Kev tshawb pom zoo ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias kev noj tshuaj ntawm KSOP1009 tau ua tiav hauv kev tiv thaiv MPTP toxicity, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis dopamine uas kuj txo ROS thiab rov ua haujlwm mitochondrial [147].

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm vivo thiab ex vivo combinatorial le caag, ob kab lus tau hais txog nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, nrog rau ntau tus kws sau ntawv los ntawm tib pab neeg [148,149]. Ob qho kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog L-dopa induction ntawm oxidative toxicity. L-dopa tau raug lees paub tias yog kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws ntawm PD rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo; Txawm li cas los xij, cov teeb meem toxicity uas tau tsa los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro zoo li yog qhov kev sib tw tsis tau daws [148]. Nws kuj tau hais tias ntev L-dopa kev kho mob feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov kev mob tshwm sim uas feem ntau ua rau qeeb hauv nws txoj kev tswj hwm [148]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau thov tias L-dopa txoj kev kho nrog cov tshuaj antioxidants tuaj yeem txo cov kev mob tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, kev siv zog los ntsuam xyuas cov teebmeem; Pab neeg tshawb fawb no tau tshawb xyuas qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm EOs los ntawm Lavandula angustifolia, Rosa damascena, vitamin C thiab Trolox hauv kev tshawb fawb thawj zaug [148], tom qab los ntawm lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv 2019 ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev kho mob ua ntej nrog Rosa damascena thiab vitamin C [14 ].

Rau thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tau hais tias ob qho tib si EOs los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab tau pom pom pom cov radical scavenging thiab antioxidant zog tiv thaiv L-dopa toxicity. Ib yam li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb fawb thib ob kuj tau hais txog qhov sib npaug nrog R. Damascena cov yam ntxwv uas nws nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm rau cov vitamin C thiab nthuav tawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj sawv hauv nws qhov cuam tshuam tawm tsam oxidative toxicity ntawm L-dopa [149]. Raws li tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb sib sau ua ke, nws tuaj yeem pom tias cov kev kho mob PD tseem nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm ntau qhov tsis sib xws uas suav nrog feem ntau yog a-Syn fibrillation, MAO-B, -asarone kev tswj hwm ntawm ER txoj kev ntxhov siab, toxicity-induced qauv nrog 6-OHDA , MPTP, L-dopa, reserpine, thiab rotenone nrog cov qauv tsiaj ntawm nas thiab nas. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem tswj hwm kev koom tes hauv txhua qhov kev ntsuas yuav txawv, qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob zoo thiab txhim kho rau cov neeg mob PD. kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ovariectomized nas. Fennel kev kho mob ntawm ntau koob tshuaj rau ob pawg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog, uas tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm estrogens thiab phytoestrogens raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm dopaminergic neurons thiab txhim kho PD cov tsos mob [145].

Kab lus no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Molecules 2021, 26, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041107 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules