Lub tswv yim tshiab rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv hauv Cistanche Tubulosa Raws li Spectrum-Effect Relationship Analysis Thiab Network Pharmacology Ⅱ
Feb 13, 2023
3. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham
3.1. HPLC ntiv tes
3.1.1. Txoj kev Validation
Qhov kev siv tau rau HPLC txoj kev qhia tias tus txheeb ze tus qauv sib txawv (RSD) rau txoj kev precision, kev rov tsim dua tshiab, thiab kev ruaj ntseg tsawg dua 2.85 feem pua rau qhov txheeb ze thaj tsam (n = 11) thiab 0.77 feem pua rau lub sij hawm tuav tus txheeb ze (n = 11). Qhov tseeb ntawm tib cov qauv kev daws teeb meem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 0.05–{{1{14}}}}.77 feem pua rau lub sijhawm txheeb ze thiab 0.28– 2.70 feem pua rau thaj chaw txheeb ze ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws. Qhov kev rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm qhov kev sim yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 0.03–0.20 feem pua rau lub sijhawm txheeb ze thiab 0.23–2.59 feem pua rau thaj tsam ntawm cov ncov. Cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg yog 0.09-0.24 feem pua rau lub sij hawm tuav tus txheeb ze thiab 0.75-2.85 feem pua rau thaj tsam ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias tus ntiv tes tsim tau txaus siab. Txoj kev sib raug zoo rau geniposidic acid,echinacoside cov tshuaj, acteoside, tubuloside A, thiabisoacteosidemuaj nyob rau hauv Table S4. Tus nqi ntawm R square yog 1.0000, qhia zoo linearity. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv rov qab tau pom tias qhov nruab nrab rov qab los ntawm geniposidic acid, echinacoside,acteoside, tubuloside A, thiabisoacteosideyog 100.37 feem pua, 103.59 feem pua, 98.46 feem pua, 100.81 feem pua, thiab 101.19 feem pua, thiab RSD rau cov qauv rov qab yog tsawg dua 2.68 feem pua.
Nyem qhov no kom tau txais cov ntsiab lus ntxiv txog Cistanche Active Components
3.1.2. Peak Area (PA) thiab Relative Retention Time (RRT)
Cov ntaub ntawv siv ntiv tes thiab cov ntiv tes ntawm HMs, WEs, thiab HRs los ntawm 11 pawg ntawm C. tubulosa tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab 2. Kaum ib lub ncov, uas nthuav tawm qhov kev sib cais thiab kev daws teeb meem zoo, tau txheeb xyuas raws li cov ncov ntawm HMs, WEs, thiab HRs. Cov tsib txheej txheem sib txuas tau txheeb xyuas tias yog geniposidic acid (A2),echinacoside cov tshuaj(A8),acteoside (A9), tubulosideA (A10), thiabisoacteoside(A11). Standard compound,echinacoside cov tshuaj, uas muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chromatograms (nruab nrab tuav lub sij hawm 12.86 min) nrog rau ib tug haum ncov cheeb tsam thiab zoo stability, raug xaiv raws li cov ntaub ntawv ncov thiab siv los xam cov txheeb ze tuav lub sij hawm (RRTs) ntawm lwm kaum feem ntau ncov. Cov RRTs ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv no yog nyob rau hauv 0.16–1.51 ntau yam. Cov PA thiab coefficient ntawm qhov sib txawv (CV feem pua) ntawm cov siab tshaj plaws no tau teev nyob rau hauv Tables S5-S7. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, CV feem pua qhov tseem ceeb rau PA hauv ntau hom ntawv yog 25.78 feem pua -142.02 feem pua, 23.36 feem pua -150.38 feem pua, thiab 28.91 feem pua -112.78 feem pua rau HMs, WEs, thiab HRs, feem. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv qhov concentration ntawm txhua tusCistanche tubulosacompound ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv. Cov ntiv tes ntawm HMs, WEs, thiab HRs tau pom hauv daim duab 3.
Daim duab 2 HPLC ntiv tes ntawm cov qauv qauv
3.1.3. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm HMs, WEs, thiab HRs
Tsib standard constituents ntawmC. tubulosaraug ntsuas. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau hauv Table 1. Qhov kev sib piv ntawm HMs, WEs, thiab HRs yog qhia nyob rau hauv Table 2 thiab daim duab 4. PhGs nyob rau hauv C. tubulosa yog biologically active tab sis thermosensitive. Thaum tshav kub kub-sensitive Cheebtsam dissolving nyob rau hauv dej tuaj yeem muab rho tawm zoo siv txoj kev tsim nyog. Feem ntau, Cistanche herba yog muab rho tawm nrog dej thiab ces evaporated mus rau hauv ib tug concentrated tov rau cov nram qab no tshuaj ntsuam xyuas [26, 27, 30]. Tom qab extraction thiab concentration, tshuaj tsuag tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tau siv thiab cov txheej txheem tau hloov kho los ntawm kab lus dhau los. Cov dej tau raug tshem tawm sai sai los ntawm cov kua dej, thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau txais. Nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam no, ntxiv maltodextrin yog suav hais tias yog ib tug neeg nqa khoom los txhim kho cov dispersion thiab ntev lub sij hawm cia. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab tau raug nias rau hauv cov mis granules nrog additives. Cov kauj ruam ntawm kev ntxiv excipients no tsis suav nrog hauv qhov kev sim. Feem ntau hais lus, peb cov txheej txheem tsim khoom suav nrog kev rho tawm, kev sib xyaw, thiab tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav, raws li tau piav qhia hauv Tshooj 2.2, nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog cov txheej txheem tsim cov kua mis granule. Txhawm rau tsim cov khoom lag luam semifinished, peb cov kauj ruam saum toj no yuav tsum ua raws. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim WEs suav nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav, uas yooj yim ua rau poob ntawm cov thermosensitive Cheebtsam, tab sis HRs tau txais tom qab rho tawm thiab ziab ntawm HMs. Peb xav paub seb puas muaj peev xwm ua tau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb nyob hauv HRs. Raws li peb cov txiaj ntsig, cov ntsiab lus ntawm verbascoside txo qis los ntawm HMs rau WEs thiab HRs (thiab , feem). Lub thermal stability ntawm verbascoside yog tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv thaj chaw ncov los ntawm HPLC thaum lub sij hawm cua sov. Tom qab cua sov rau 4 h, 41.6 feem pua ntawm verbascoside tshuav. Nws qhia tias verbascoside yog thermosensitive [31]. Isoacteoside, tubuloside A, thiab echinacoside hauv WEs nyob ruaj khov tom qab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm nyuaj. Thaum lub sij hawm ntev qhuav txheej txheem, cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm PhGs pom qhov txo qis, uas tej zaum yuav raug ntaus nqi rau thermal degradation ntawm cov thermosensitive Cheebtsam [32]. Hais txog lwm lub hom phiaj, HRs thiab WEs tsis txawv txav tshwj tsis yog verbascoside. Peb qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov sib txawv no yuav ua rau peb tsim cov qauv zoo dua qub rau cov tshuaj ntsuab dregs yav tom ntej thiab ua rau lawv mus rau hauv cov khoom.
Table 1 Cov ntsiab lus ntawm 11 pawg ntawm C. tubulosa
Table 2 Kev sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb (n = 11).
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Daim duab 4 Kev txiav txim siab txog tsib yam ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv (n = 11). , ns: tsis tseem ceeb.
3.1.4. Fingerprint Similarity Analysis
Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm peb pawg C. tubulosa tau raug tshuaj xyuas. Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab-dej extract, cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab-tshuaj ntsuab residue, thiab dej extract-herbal residue zoo sib xws qhov tseem ceeb nyob hauv thaj tsam 0.943–0.994, 0.847–{ {9}}.995, thiab 0.938–1.{14}}, raws li (Table 3).
Table 3 Zoo sib xws ntawm HM-WE, HM-HR, thiab WE-HR rau 11 pawg ntawm C. tubulosa.
3.2. Antioxidant Activity Test Results
Cov kev ua haujlwm antioxidant ntawm ntau hom C. tubulosa tau txiav txim siab siv DPPH, , thiab scavenging peev xwm soj ntsuam, thiab cov txiaj ntsig muaj feem cuam tshuam tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab 5. Hauv Table S8, qhov ntau ntawm DPPH, thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav tau yog { {2}}. Hauv peb qhov kev sim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant, HMs thiab WEs nthuav tawm kev ua haujlwm ze inhibition, thaum HRs pom qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj inhibition.
Cov tshuaj tsuag-qhuav WEs tau pom los nthuav tawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb txawm tias muaj qhov tsawg. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los tau qhia tias cov tshuaj tsuag qhuav Vernonia amygdalina WE ua tiav 50 feem pua scavening inhibition ntawm 0.17 mg / mL [33]. Daim ntawv thov lub sij hawm ntev extraction thiab kub kub yog ob-edged ntaj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nce lub sij hawm rho tawm thiab tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav inlet kub txhim kho cov yield thiab efficiency. Ntxiv mus, cov extracts tau ua tiav cov haujlwm antioxidant muaj zog thiab ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau dua li cov nroj tsuag [34]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov cua kub ntau dhau degrades cov bioactive compounds. Xws li cov huab cua inlet siab ua rau poob ntawm antioxidant Bidens pilosa extract kev ua thiab raug ntaus nqi los txo qis hauv phenolic tebchaw [35]. Cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no yog ua raws li daim ntawv qhia saum toj no. Piv txwv li, WE hauv S6 tau nthuav tawm qhov tsis muaj zog radical inhibitory muaj peev xwm dua li HM thiab HR. Tsis tas li ntawd, HR hauv S5 tau nthuav tawm muaj zog DPPH thiab superoxide anion scavenging peev xwm dua li HM thiab WE. Cov qauv ntawm PhGs muaj glycosidic bonds thiab acetyl pawg uas yog hydrolyzed yooj yim nyob rau hauv enzymatic kev txiav txim los yog decomposed ntawm kub kub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem suav txog qhov txo qis hauv qee qhov tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom loj. Txawm li cas los xij, hydrolysis lossis isomerization ntawm qee yam khoom yuav ua rau kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lwm cov khoom. Cov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim thaum ua cov tshuaj Cistanches tshuaj ntsuab [36–38]. PhGs ua dej-soluble txhais tau hais tias feem ntau cov khoom siv roj ntsha tuaj yeem siv los ntawm kev rho tawm dej. Kev sib cav hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb nyob hauv WEs tau mob siab rau ntau xyoo lawm, yog li nws zoo li tsim nyog xav tias cov ntaub ntawv ntub dej tuaj yeem muab pov tseg tom qab rho tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis raug suav hais tias HRs ntawm C. tubulosa yog pov tseg. Cov kws tshawb fawb taw qhia tias PhGs tsis ruaj khov, thiab lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau enzymatic lossis hydrolytic degradation [39]. Hydrolysis lossis isomerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua rau txo qis hauv cov khoom xyaw lom neeg hauv phytomedicines thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yuav nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nthuav tawm cov sijhawm tshiab rau kev siv HRs. Los ntawm kev hloov cov txheej txheem rho tawm ib txwm siv, cov tshuaj seem tuaj yeem tsim thiab siv tau zoo dua. Enzymatic hydrolysis tau ua los hloov Panax ginseng residue rau hauv cov suab thaj mono. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm polysaccharides thiab ginsenosides nce ntxiv, xws li qab zib, succinic acid, ginseng polysaccharides, thiab ginsenosides [40]. Sophora flavescens residues yog reextracted los ntawm ultrasonic tsis nrog ethyl acetate [41]. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev siv tshuaj ntsuab residues yog sau los ntawm Huang li al. [42].
Raws li PLSR thiab BCA cov txiaj ntsig, tsib lub ncov saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv DPPH, superoxide anion, thiab hydroxyl radical scavenging assays txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov txiaj ntsig tau piav qhia hauv daim duab Venn (Daim duab 7). A2, A6, A8, thiab A10 yog cov siab tshaj plaws uas tau sib koom los ntawm HM, WE, thiab HR (Figures 7(a) thiab 7(c)) hauv superoxide anion thiab hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, whereas HM, WE, thiab HR qhia tsis muaj DPPH qhov ntsuas peaks. Lub caij no, cov qauv BCA qhia tau tias A1, A2, A3, thiab A6 yog cov peaks sib koom los ntawm HM, WE, thiab HR (Figures 7(d)–7(f)). Qhov tseem ceeb, qhov sib tshooj hauv daim duab Venn qhia tias tus qauv BCA zoo li tsim nyog tshaj li PLSR qauv, qhov qub nthuav tawm ntau dua. BCA qauv coefficients thiab antioxidant peev xwm IC50 qhov tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas ntawm RDA. Raws li RDA qhia hauv daim duab 8, A1, A3, thiab A6 los ntawm HM thiab HR muaj feem cuam tshuam zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant, tshwj tsis yog tias A3 muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau hydroxyl radical scavenging peev. A1 thiab A6 los ntawm peb muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog DPPH thiab superoxide anion. A6 ncov tau sau tseg los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm qhov kev sib txuas zoo tshaj plaws rau DPPH, superoxide anion, thiab hydroxyl radicals. A1 thiab A3 kuj pom muaj kev sib txuas zoo sib xws.
Daim duab 7
Venn daim duab ntawm PLSR thiab BCA qauv: (a) DPPH assay. (b) kev soj ntsuam scavenging. (c) kev soj ntsuam scavenging tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm PLSR qauv. (d) DPPH kev xeem. (e) kev soj ntsuam scavenging. (f) kev soj ntsuam kev khawb tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm tus qauv BCA. Cov seem sib tshooj yog cov peaks sib txawv los ntawm HM, WE, thiab HR.
3.4. Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis
3.4.1. Kev tsim kho ntawm CT Network
Tag nrho ntawm 4359 lub hom phiaj cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm antioxidant tau txais los ntawm GeneCards database thiab OMIM database. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom nquag raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm TCMSP database thiab SwissTargetPrediction database. Tom qab ntawd, 198 lub hom phiaj tau sau thiab ua qauv los ntawm UniPort database. Muaj 159 hom noob caj noob ces sib koom los ntawm cov khoom nquag thiab cov kab mob antioxidant (saib daim duab S1). Lub CT network tau tsim los qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tebchaw thiab cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm noob (Daim duab 9).
Daim duab 9 CT network. Lub network tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom nquag thiab cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm noob.
3.4.2. Kev tsim kho ntawm PPI Network thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Cov Hom Phiaj Tseem Ceeb
PPI tau pom zoo siv STRING database (Daim duab 10). Lub network suav nrog 159 nodes thiab 2528 npoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus sib txuas, cov khoom sib txuas los yog cov nodes nrog ntau lub hom phiaj tej zaum yuav yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb lossis lub hom phiaj cov noob uas ua lub luag haujlwm antioxidant hauv C. tubulosa. Cov txiaj ntsig tau rub tawm thiab nkag mus rau hauv Cytoscape rau kev pom. Qhov siab dua tus nqi DC, qhov xim tsaus dua, thiab qhov loj dua qhov sib xyaw ua ke tus nqi, qhov tuab ntawm ntug. Peb pom tias RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), interlukin-6 (IL6), qog necrosis factor (TNF), thiab vascular endothelial kev loj hlob yam A (VEGFA) tau nyob hauv nruab nrab (Daim duab 11), qhia tias lawv yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thaum cov khoom siv ua haujlwm tau ua kom muaj cov nyhuv antioxidant. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias echinacoside txo qis mitochondrial dysfunction ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) thiab AKT thiab lawv cov ntawv phosphorylated [43]. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau kwv yees tias cov nyhuv antidiabetic ntawm glycosides ntawm C. tubulosa tej zaum yuav yog vim muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant ntawm PhGs los ntawm kev txo qis proinflammatory cytokines, xws li IL-6 thiab TNF- [44]. Tsis tas li ntawd, echinacoside tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm zes qe menyuam qog noj ntshav los ntawm kev txo qis kev qhia ntawm VEGFA los inhibit angiogenesis [45], uas zoo sib xws rau ROS system rau ROS induces kev qhia ntawm VEGF signaling [46].
Daim duab 10 PPI network.
3.4.3. Enrichment Analysis thiab CTP Network Tsim
Lub peev xwm antioxidant tebchaw ua rau ntau yam kev ua haujlwm lom neeg, suav nrog BP, CC, thiab MF. Nyob rau hauv daim duab 12(a), 10 txoj kev saum toj kawg nkaus tau qhia. Cov phiaj xwm kwv yees los ntawm PPI network feem ntau teb rau ntau cov txheej txheem lom neeg, xws li cov organic cyclic compounds, xenobiotic stimulus, inorganic tshuaj, qib oxygen, thiab kev tswj zoo ntawm cov cellular tivthaiv txav. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom siv cellular pom tau hais tias cov noob feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob hauv daim nyias nyias, cov kab mob sib txuas ntxiv, cov ntaub so ntswg granule lumen, cov txheej txheem transcription complex, thiab apical ib feem ntawm lub cell. Cov hom phiaj no tseem koom nrog ntau lub zog molecular, suav nrog DNA-binding transcription factor binding, protein homodimerization activation, protein domain-specific binding, thiab cytokine receptor binding.
Daim duab 12 Enrichment analysis: (a) GO enrichment analysis. (b) KEGG enrichment analysis.
Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas cov haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb no, kev txheeb xyuas txoj hauv kev txhawb nqa tau ua. Los ntawm KEGG enrichment cov txiaj ntsig, daim duab npuas tau kos los qhia txog 20 txoj hauv kev. Qhov loj dua qhov chaw yog, ntau cov noob tau suav nrog hauv txoj hauv kev. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 12(b), txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm C. tubulosa muaj feem xyuam rau txoj hauv kev hauv kev mob qog noj ntshav, lipid thiab atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE qhia txoj hauv kev mob ntshav qab zib, tshuaj carcinogenesis-receptor activation, thiab MAPK signaling pathway. Cov teebmeem ntawm C. tubulosa ntawm apoptosis thiab cellular redox homeostasis tau tshawb xyuas. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias C. tubulosa tuaj yeem yog ib tus neeg sib tw rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav [47]. C. deserticola extract muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus [48].
Daim duab 13 qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj hauv kev thiab lawv cov hom phiaj cuam tshuam thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hom phiaj sib tshooj thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm C. tubulosa. Kev pom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm CTP network tau tsim, uas muaj 12 cov khoom xyaw, 159 lub hom phiaj, thiab 20 txoj hauv kev. Feem ntau ntawm cov hom phiaj tau muab faib los ntawm cov neeg sib tw ua haujlwm sib txuas. Cov neeg sib tw cov khoom xyaw uas muaj kev sib txuas siab siab tau ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas siab ntawm CTP network, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog quercetin (degree = 131). Feem ntau ntawm cov hom phiaj, xws li AKT1, IL6, TNF, thiab VEGFA, tau kos npe rau KEGG txoj hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog txoj hauv kev hauv kev mob qog noj ntshav.
Daim duab 13 CTP network.
4. Cov lus xaus
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb feem ntau soj ntsuam cov xwm txheej nyuaj thaum xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm HM, WE, thiab HR ntawmC. tubulosa. HPLC ntiv tes thiabtshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidanttau siv los txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm Hs, WEs, thiab HRs ntawmC. tubulosa. Raws li HPLC cov ntiv tes, 11 qhov siab tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim ntawm 11 pawg ntawm Hs, WEs, thiab HRs. Geniposidic acid,echinacoside cov tshuaj, lus verbascoside, tubuloside A, thiabisoacteosideraug txheeb xyuas ntawm cov peaks no. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsib lub ntsiab lus no tau txiav txim siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teebmeem antioxidant ntawm covC. tubulosaHs, WEs, thiab HRs sib txawv vim qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm kev tsim khoom nyuaj. Raws li cov qauv sib txawv, qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo qhia tau hais tias ncov A6 yuav yog qhov txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm peb hom.C. tubulosa. Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua raws li lub network pharmacology los tshawb txog cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm ntawmC. tubulosantawmantioxidationlos ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tebchaw, kev twv ua ntej ntawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, kev tsim kho cov tes hauj lwm, thiab kev ua kom muaj kev txheeb xyuas ntxiv. Peb cov txiaj ntsig muab lub hauv paus theoretical rau kev rov ua dua cov tshuaj ntsuab residues thiab lub peev xwm ntawmC. tubulosanyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawmcov kab mob antioxidant.
