Dab tsi ua rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas daj? Ntu 3
Feb 05, 2024
5. YF Kev Tiv Thaiv
Muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv YF uas tau tsim thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1937 siv cov kab mob nyob hauv YF tus kab mob (17D), nrog rau kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tom qab siv cov kab mob sub-strains (17D-204, 17DD, thiab 17D{{7 }}) ntawm 17D [1,23].
Tsis ntev los no, ntau tus neeg tau muaj qee qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob coronavirus tshiab, thiab tseem muaj cov lus xaiv tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav ua rau nco tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus thov no tsis muaj lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb pom tau tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo rau kev nco, tab sis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv peb ntawm kab mob thiab tseem ntxiv dag zog rau peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev los tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev tso cai rau peb lub cev ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los tiv thaiv kab mob. Los ntawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, peb tuaj yeem qhib lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tso cai rau lub cev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv qee yam kab mob, yog li txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tam sim no, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev kis tus kabmob, tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv, thiab tswj kev noj qab haus huv.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis ua mob nco. Yog tias peb tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, peb yuav raug tus kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau peb lub cim xeeb. Kev mob nkeeg cuam tshuam rau peb lub cev kev noj qab haus huv, nrog rau peb txoj kev xav thiab kev txawj ntse. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua kom peb lub cev thiab lub hlwb noj qab haus huv.
Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum nquag txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv peb tus kheej thiab cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig peb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv zoo, suav nrog kev noj zaub mov zoo, pw tsaug zog txaus, qoj ib ce, thiab lwm yam, txhawm rau tswj peb lub cev thiab lub hlwb. Los ntawm cov kev siv zog no, peb tuaj yeem ua neej nyob muaj kev noj qab haus huv, muaj kev zoo siab dua yam tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo rau peb lub cim xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm Cistanche deserticola los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, suav nrog tannic acid, polysaccharides, flavonoid glycosides, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev.
Nyem paub txoj hauv kev los txhim kho lub hlwb
17D tau tsim los ntawm kev hla cov kab mob sib kis (Asibi) hauv rhesus macaques, nas, thiab qaib embryoscausing mutations hauv cov noob encoding rau ob qho tib si cov qauv thiab cov protein tsis yog cov qauv ua rau poob ntawm nws cov kab mob virulence [24].
Cov E protein ntawm 17D muaj feem ntau ntawm kev hloov pauv piv rau lwm cov kab mob kis, thiab muab cov E protein yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib kis kab mob, thiab fusion thiab suav tias yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev hloov pauv hauv cov protein no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qis ntawm 17D. [8, 24].
The vaccine is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously to adults traveling to endemic areas or periodically in response to outbreaks, and to children (>cuaj hlis hnub nyoog) los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus niaj hnub, nrog 80% thiab 100% ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim nAbs 10 hnub thiab ib hlis tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li [21,25].
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tau tshaj tawm txog kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thaum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv intradermally lossis subcutaneously [26].
Muab pov thawj tias tib koob tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas tau muab yav dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 10 xyoo los ntawm thawj koob tshuaj, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj ntxiv lawm tshwj tsis yog cov neeg muaj kev pheej hmoo xws li cov neeg uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob lossis tiv thaiv kab mob [ 1].
Population YF vaccination coverage of >80% tau pom zoo los ntawm WHO los tiv thaiv thiab tswj kev kis tus kab mob, txawm li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tseem tsawg dhau los tiv thaiv kev sib kis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv nroog loj [5].
Nrog rau qhov kev sib kis tsis ntev los no, muaj qhov xav tau nce ntxiv los nthuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF vim tias tam sim no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tsis txaus los muab kev pabcuam zoo thaum muaj kev sib kis [1,4,21].
Raws li cov lus teb, WHO tau pom zoo siv cov koob tshuaj feem ntau uas tau siv los tswj kev kis mob hauv tebchaws Democratic Republic of Congo thiab South America, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau tus qauv puv koob [1,27,28]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus teb tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tseem tsis tau to taub tag nrho.
6. Qhov ntau thiab zoo ntawm YF Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv-Induced Immune Response
YF tshuaj tiv thaiv induces ob peb lub caj npab effector ntawm lub hauv paus thiab hloov lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [29-34. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum ntxov rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob virulent thiab nws kuj txiav txim siab lub zog thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev hloov lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [35]. Thaum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, 17D kis cov kab mob dendritic (DC), qhov twg tsawg kawg ntawm cov kab mob kis tau tshwm sim [35,36].
Ntau tus neeg hu xov tooj zoo li receptors (TLR2, TLR7, TLR8, thiab TLR9) ntawm cov hlwb thiab lawv cov subsets (myeloid thiab plasmacytoid) ua kom muaj zog ua rau kev tsim cov cytokines pro-inflammatory (xws li interferon-alpha) uas ua rau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, txhawb nqa. ib tug sib xyaw T pab 1- thiab 'T helper 2 cell profile, thiab tswj B-cell teb [35,36]. DC kuj ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv ua haujlwm thiab nthuav tawm sab hauv 17D epitopes rau 'T cell receptors [35].
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias YFV-cov cim xeeb tshwj xeeb CD 4+ T hlwb muaj nyob hauv cov tib neeg tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau cov kab mob / kab mob antigens, tsis tshua muaj thiab teb ntau dua T hlwb tau raug xaiv los tawm tsam cov kab mob tshiab thaum muaj ua ntejYFV tshwj xeeb T cell pej xeem nrog tsawg clonal ntau haiv neeg raug txwv kev nthuav dav [14].
Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF ua rau muaj zog thaum ntxov ntawm CD {{0}} T cell teb nrog YFV tshwj xeeb lub cim xeeb T hlwb tau nkag mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tau tshuaj xyuas xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv txawm tias muaj ntau zaus (piv txwv li, 0. –100 cells per lab CD 4+ Tcells) [38,39,41–43].
Tom qab kwv yees li 14 hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tag nrho CD 8+ T hlwb tau qhib, ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav clonal, thiab sib txawv rau hauv effector CD 8+ T hlwb uas tau faib thoob plaws hauv lub cev los tswj kev kis kab mob [38,44] .
Effector CD 8+ T hlwb ces sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus nco thiab effector nco T hlwb (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv plaub lub lis piam tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv) thiab nyob twj ywm detectable rau xyoo lawm [38,44], corroborated los ntawm ib txoj kev tshawb no uas qhia qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm txaus ntev- Lub sij hawm tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tau muab qhov muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau zoo YF tshwj xeeb lub cim xeeb T-cell pas dej 18 xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj [29].
Ib yam li ntawd, lub cim xeeb T hlwb tseem pom tau yim xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog fractionaldoses ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF thiab cov cim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cellular zoo cuam tshuam nrog nAbslevels.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes no tau txais los ntawm cov koob tshuaj feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov sib piv rau cov uas tau txais los ntawm tus qauv puv koob tshuaj tiv thaiv YF [45]. Muaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv cellular rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF. Piv txwv li, cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog kev poob qis hauv qib ntawm effector nco CD4+, CD8+ T cell, thiab interferon- + CD8+ T cells tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug, qhia txog qhov xav tau. rau koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [30,46].
6.2. Humoral Immunity
IgM kho cov lus teb thaum ntxov B cell, uas tshwm sim ~ 7-14 hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug thiab tuaj yeem kuaj pom txog 1-4 xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj [47]. Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm IgM tau txuas mus rau qhov pib viremia ntxov lossis siab dua nAbs titers [35,47]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, IgG loj hlob qeeb (piv txwv li, hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv) thiab tuaj yeem kav ntev txog 40-60 xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj [15,35], (Daim duab 5).
A recently published review has summarised humoral immunity in adults and children who have received full-dose vaccination [1]. Seropositivity rates among adults were>90% thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm 67% thiab 97%, nyob rau hauv tsib xyoos thiab Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 10 xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li hauv cov menyuam yaus, tus nqi seropositivity nyob nruab nrab ntawm 87% thiab 100% thiab nruab nrab ntawm 28% thiab 76% hauv thawj zaug xyoo thiab Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 1-10 xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li [29,32–34,48–53]. Piv nrog rau cov neeg laus, cov menyuam yaus seroconvert ntawm tus nqi qis dua thiab muaj kev poob qis dua hauv nAbs titers nyob rau xyoo uas qhia txog qhov xav tau kev txhawb nqa ntawm YF tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv pawg hnub nyoog no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv muaj tsis tshua muaj, thiab cov kev tshawb pom no tsis tuaj yeem hais dav dav vim tias cov kev tshawb fawb tau txwv thiab tsis sib xws txog yuav ua li cas kuaj thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv, hom tshuaj tiv thaiv siv, thiab sib txawv seropositivity txiav tawm cov ntsiab lus ua haujlwm [1,31].
Hais txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF, cov neeg koom nrog uas tau txais 1/100th, 1/50th, 1/10th, 1/5th, thiab 1/3rd ntawm koob tshuaj YF muaj seroconversion tus nqi ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 87%. , Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 92%, Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 97%, Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 95% thiab Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 98%, feem, uas kav ntev li yim thiab 10 xyoo tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov seroconversion cov nqi no kuj zoo ib yam li cov neeg koom uas tau txais tus qauv puv koob tshuaj uas yog nyob ntawm ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 95% [54].nAbs suav hais tias yog thawj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tiv thaiv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv YF.
Tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tsuas yog suav tias YFvirus-specific nAbs siv eithemicroneutralizationon test rau kev kuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis PRNT, qhia txog 90% PRNT, 80% PRNT, lossis 50% PRNT titers, nrog titers ntawm 1 lossis siab dua. kev tiv thaiv [1,31]. Thaum PRNT anmicroneutralizationonassays yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuam xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antibodtiterre anneutralization ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, lawv tsuas yog ntsuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lom zem xwb [55]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias qee cov neeg txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau tsim nAbs tuaj yeem txhim kho p theem nrab tiv thaiv kab mob nrog rov txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis kis tau tus kab mob [56,57].
Kev khi ib txhij ntawm cov fragment antigen-binding (Fab) thaj tsam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau txawv teb chaws antigens qhia rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob lossis cov kab mob muaj kab mob, thiab ntawm cov kab mob crystallizable (Fc) ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau Fc gamma receptors (Fc Rs) uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. cov hlwb, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm uas tshem tawm cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibody-dependent cellularphagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD) [58](Table 1).
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj cov haujlwm no tuaj yeem lossis tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab thiab tuaj yeem paub txog lwm cov kab mob proteins uas tsis koom nrog hauv cov tswv tsev-cell nkag [55]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov nas uas tau txhaj tshuaj nrog chimeric Japanese Encephalitisvaccine (JE-CVax) thiab sib tw nrog YFV tuag, pom tias JE-Cvax tuaj yeem ua rau YFV-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb kho ADCC nyob rau hauv koob tshuaj [59]. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb uas tau pom tias YF txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cuam tshuam rau tib neeg.
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau induce effector functions kuj yog nyob ntawm antibodyisotype, subclass, thiab glycosylation [55]. Qee qhov kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv polyclonal antibodies tuaj yeem ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua Fc effector profile lossis tuaj yeem sib tw tawm tsam ib leeg yog li cuam tshuam Fc effector functions. Qhov no tau piav qhia hauv kev sim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob HIV qhov twg VAX003 txhaj tshuaj tau ua rau muaj qib siab ntawm IgG4 subclassantibodies, uas muaj cov lus teb tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob, sib tw rau antigen occupancy liblocking Fc effector functions, whereas RV144 txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau licences 3 submmune cov lus teb. kuj tuaj yeem ua rau ADCC, ADCP thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis ntawm NK hlwb [55].
Antibodyglycosylation txiav txim siab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev hloov cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Fc cheeb tsam (los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm N-glycan ntawm cov asparagine residues ntawm Fc seem) [60,61] Feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob profileinhasve focusedon IgG Fc glycosylation thiab muaj. yog pov thawj los qhia tias IgG Fc glycosylation tuaj yeem hloov pauv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas thiab tetanus, thiab yog li ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob [61].
While the YF vaccine is considered highly successful with high seroconversion rates, other factors have been associated with lower seroconversion rates or vaccine failures. These include age (i.e., the premature waning of protection among vaccinated infants between the ages of nine and 12 months and the elderly >60 xyoo), kis mus rau lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus xws li mob qhua pias, mumps, thiab rubella (MMR), thiab thaj chaw thaj chaw tshwj xeeb yog YF cov teb chaws muaj xwm txheej [1,66,67]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv YF17D, cov tib neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj kab mob tau ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kev poob qis piv rau cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw tsis muaj kab mob [67].
7. Tshawb nrhiav qhov khoob
Tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb uas tau muab cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws ntawm YF txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum tsis muaj lossis muaj nAbs. Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias ntsuas tus kab mob Malaria, HIV, thiab SARS-CoV-2 cov neeg siv tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab kis kab mob, tshwj tsis yog kev ua kom tsis zoo, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj tseem tuaj yeem koom nrog Fc Rs lossis cov txheej txheem ntxiv los txhawb ntau yam ntawm Fc-effector ua haujlwm uas muaj zog. Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev kis kab mob [55,68,69].Systems serology rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tsis ua tiav txawm tias nws muaj peev xwm los muab kev qhia dav dav los ntsuas qhov ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral, uas tuaj yeem pab qhia txog kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv, xa , thiab dosing.
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm biophysical antibody cov yam ntxwv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv YF thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog rau hnub nyoog, cov noob caj noob ces, thaj chaw thaj chaw (piv txwv li, thaj chaw tsis muaj kab mob), thiab cov nyiaj npib, tuaj yeem pab muab kev qhia dav dav ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral thiab kev nkag siab zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv YF tam sim no thiab kev tsav tsheb mus rau kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau-uas cov pov thawj tau ua raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm YFvirus-specific neutralizing antibodies [54]-cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam YF tshuaj tiv thaiv-tiv thaiv cellular Qhov kev siv tshuaj no yog xav tau. T-cell thiab nco B-cell cov lus teb yog kwv yees txog qhov zoo thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov lus teb humoral.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias thiab yuav ua li cas cellular immunogenicity tiv thaiv kab mob YFvirus. Cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia txog qhov loj thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau nrog rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cellular thiab humoral tiv thaiv kab mob hauv qab no yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm ob qho tib si humoral thiab cellular tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab kwv yees cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob mus ntev yam tsis tas yuav tau txais cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev soj ntsuam.
Sau Kev Koom Tes: JM, sau ntawv-thawj daim ntawv npaj; JM, DK, TL, thiab GMW, sau- tshuaj xyuas thiab kho. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Cov Nyiaj Txiag: JM, TL, thiab GMW tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Wellcome Trust grant [grant tooj 220991/Z/20/Z].DK thiab GMW kuj tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Oak Foundation kev sib raug zoo thiab Wellcome Trust grant [grant tooj {{2} }Z_16_Z]. TL yog Jenner Investigator.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Tsis siv tau.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo: Tsis siv tau.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab raug tsim lossis tshuaj xyuas hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Kev sib faib cov ntaub ntawv tsis siv rau kab lus no.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab: Cov neeg sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab. Cov nyiaj txiag tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sau ntawv tshuaj xyuas.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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