Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tawm dag zog lub cev rau kev paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv Kab Mob Neurodegenerative: Los ntawm Pathphysiology mus rau Kev Kho Mob Thiab Kho Kom Zoo Dua Ntu 2

Cov pov thawj tsis ntev los no tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm PE los ntawm kev ua ntawm lwm cov tshuaj, ib yam tshuaj hu ua irisin. Nws tau raug txheeb xyuas hauv 2012 hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Bostrom li al. [32]; irisin yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov leeg pob txha precisely nyob rau hauv teb rau kev tawm dag zog.

Irisin yog cov tshuaj hormones tseem ceeb uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tau hais tias irisin tseem cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg kev nco. Yog li, irisin cuam tshuam li cas rau peb lub cim xeeb?

Ua ntej, peb yuav tsum nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm irisin. Irisin tswj hwm lwm lub cev ua haujlwm feem ntau los ntawm kev txhawb nqa tib neeg lub hlwb. Cov haujlwm no suav nrog kev paub, kev xav, kev coj cwj pwm, thiab lwm yam, thiab lub hlwb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev nco. Cov kev sim tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias qhov siab dua ntawm irisin hauv tib neeg lub cev, lub zog ntawm tus neeg lub cim xeeb.

Txawm li cas los xij, irisin qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg nco mus deb dhau qhov ntawd. Cov kev tshawb fawb tseem pom tau tias kev noj irisin tsim nyog tuaj yeem pab txhawb tib neeg txoj kev xav, yog li txo qhov ua yuam kev. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau peb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm tab sis kuj tseem txhim kho peb tus kheej kev ntseeg siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, irisin tseem tuaj yeem tso cai rau peb tsim cov kev nco tshiab sai dua thiab pab peb khaws cov kev nco uas twb muaj lawm.

Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov teebmeem ntawm irisin muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau peb lub cev thiab lub hlwb. Los ntawm qhov tsim nyog nce kev noj irisin, peb tuaj yeem tsom ntau dua, txhim kho kev nco, ntxiv dag zog rau peb lub peev xwm kev txawj ntse, thiab cia peb tus kheej kawm thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau tswj kev noj qab haus huv thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv ntawm irisin. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola muaj antioxidant, tiv thaiv kev mob, thiab tiv thaiv kev laus, uas tuaj yeem pab txo qis oxidation thiab inflammatory tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb, yog li tiv thaiv cov kab mob. kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche deserticola kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kho cov paj hlwb, yog li txhim kho kev sib txuas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural networks. Cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev nco, kev kawm muaj peev xwm, thiab kev xav nrawm, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative.

increase brain power

Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv

Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj hormone no yog tswj cov pob txha loj, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cortical mineral density thiab geometry uas yuav pab kho pob txha. Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub hlwb ua haujlwm.

Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem tsis tau paub zoo, hauv cov nas nws tau pom tias PE ua rau muaj kev nce hauv fibronectin hom III domain-muaj protein ntau 5 (FNDC5), cov protein membrane uas, ib zaug cleaved, tsim cov tshuaj hormoneirisin.

Thaum secreted rau hauv lub extracellular matrix, cov tshuaj no khi rau nws cov receptor thiab ua kom lub teeb liab cascade uas induces qhov kev qhia ntawm BDNF noob, yog li indirectly ua rau neuroprotection.

Raws li tau hais los saum no, nce qib BDNF txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm hippocampus [33]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nyob rau theem peripheral, overexpression ntawm FNDC5 / irisin rov qab nco txog kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov kab mob neurodegenerative feem ntau, thaum nws blockade ntawm lub hauv paus lossis peripheral levelattenuates synaptic plasticity thiab ua rau lub cim xeeb tsis zoo hauv AD nas [34].

Li et al. qhia tau hais tias kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm irisin txo qis cov qib ntawm cov nquag microglia thiab TNF-kev qhia, yog li tiv thaiv neurons los ntawm o [35]. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev tawm dag zog tshiab-inducedhormone zoo li tiv thaiv kev raug mob neuronal los ntawm kev ua kom lub Ak strain transforming (AKT) thiab extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalingpathways [36].

Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tias irisin pab txhawb rau cov teebmeem neuroprotective ntawm kev tawm dag zog hauv cerebral ischemia thiab yog tus neeg sawv cev zoo rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm ischemic stroke thiab neurodegenerative kab mob.

2.2. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tawm dag zog lub cev ntawm Astrocytic Functions

Lwm yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem neurobiological cuam tshuam los ntawm PEare astrocytes, uas yog cov hlwb feem ntau sawv cev hauv lub hauv paus paj hlwb (CNS), uas yog cov glia. Lawv hloov pauv kev sib kis ntawm cov teeb liab neuronal thiab kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm synapses [37].

Astrocytes kuj muaj cov haujlwm sib txawv. Ua ntej, lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj lub hlwb homeostasis, thiab stabilizing lub extracellular concentrations ntawm poov tshuaj, chlorine, thiab calcium ions [38].

Nws kuj tseem paub tias astrocytes tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tiv thaiv hauv CNS los ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj lom glutamate thiab tsim cov glutathioneagainst oxidative kev nyuaj siab, degrading amyloid peptides, thiab tswj cell ntim thiab ionichomeostasis los pab kho cov ntshav-hlwb barrier (BBB) thiab regulatein. NWS [39].

Txog tag nrho cov haujlwm no, nws nkag siab tias qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm cov hlwb no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub hlwb tsis zoo xws li kev paub tsis meej.

Ib ceg loj hlob ntawm neuroscience tau pom tias glia cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub peev xwm los tsim cov teeb liab neuronal, hauv zos thiab thoob ntiaj teb modulating cov kev ua ntawm lub hlwb network [40].Nyob rau hauv cov laus cov kab mob neurodegenerative, xws li dementia, kev poob ntawm kev txawj ntse feem ntau yog los ntawm kev hloov hauv lub paj hlwb ncig [41] Yog li ntawd, PE zoo li muaj peev xwm sib piv qhov kev puas tsuaj cuam tshuam nrog cerebral hypoperfusion.

Leardini-Tristaoet al. Qhia tau hais tias kev tawm dag zog thaum ntxov hauv kev mob hypoperfusion tuaj yeem ua rau kev mob plab, mob hlwb, thiab kev tiv thaiv astrocyte. Tom qab 12 lub lis piam, kev tawm dag zog thaum ntxov txo qis ntshav siab thiab microglial ua kom nyob rau hauv hippocampusand txhim kho astrocyte kev pab them nqi hauv cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub hlwb cortex [42].

Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev tawm dag zog thaum ntxov thiab mus sij hawm ntev tuaj yeem sawv cev rau qhov tsis yog tshuaj kho mob hauv kev dementia vim yog mob hypoperfusion.

ways to improve brain function

2.3. Lub cev qoj ib ce Modulation ntawm Microglia

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm PE hauv cov kab mob neurodegenerative kuj tau ua los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm microglia, txo qis neuroinflamation. Microglia hlwb yog cov "neeg nyob" macrophages thiab yog thawj kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj hauv CNS. Microglia lav lub tropism ntawm cov neuron, tswj neuronal plasticity, thiab koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm BBB, koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem neuroinflammatory [43].

Tom qab ischemic hlwb puas tsuaj, microglia sai sai tsiv mus rau qhov chaw raug mob thiab pab txhawb rau lub inflammatory txheej txheem los ntawm kev txhawb cov ntau lawm ntawm inflammatory cytokines thiab cytotoxic tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj stimuli sab nraud, lub microglia nyob rau hauv ib qho "tsis muaj zog" lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas; Ua tsaug rau nws cov ceg cell morphology, lawv niaj hnub saib xyuas cov kab mob neuronal microenvironment. Ib zaug qhib, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau txais kev hloov kho morphological uas ua rau lawv xav tias daim ntawv amoeboid mobile mus txog qhov chaw ntawm kev thuam.

Cov kev ua haujlwm phenotypes cuam tshuam nrog ob theem no hu ua M1 thiab M2 thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo, feem, nrog neurotoxic thiab neuroprotectivefunctions. Yog li, M2 microglia siv lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv tom qab ischemia los ntawm kev tso tawm neurotrophic yam xws li BDNF, IGF-1, interleukin-4 (IL-4), thiab interleukin-10 (IL{{7}). }}).

M2 microglia tuaj yeem tswj hwm BBB kev ncaj ncees, txhawb kev loj hlob thiab sib txawv ntawm neural stem cells (NSCs) thiab oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), thiab pab txhawb kev tsim kho thiab kho cov ntaub so ntswg.

Hloov pauv, M1 microglia tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm rau lub sijhawm ntev, tso tawm cytokines thiab neurotoxic yam uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau neuronal ntxiv [44]. Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm glial activation, neurodegeneration, thiab dementia.

Laakso et al. tshawb xyuas tias microglial activation yog txuam nrog kev puas tsuaj rau neuronal los ntawm kev ua kom pom hippocampal atrophy hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob neurodegenerative ntev xws li AD thiab Parkinson's Disease (PD).

Yog li ntawd, kev hloov pauv ntawm neuroinflamation tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob no [45].

Lub luag haujlwm kho mob ntawm PE ua tus tswj hwm ntawm neuroinflamationfits rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no. Tseeb, PE induces zus tau tej cov series ntawm anti-inflammatorymolecules [46]: nws tsub kom qhov kev qhia ntawm Cluster of Differentiation 200 (CD200), animmunomodulatory yam uas inhibits microglia los ntawm interacting nrog nws receptor CD200Ron microglial membranes; Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tawm dag zog mus sij hawm ntev tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov kev qhia ntawm IL-10, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob myokine, thiab nce qib ntawm cov kua dej ua rau cov receptorexpressed ntawm myeloid hlwb 2 (TREM2), ib qho immunoglobulin receptor uas tswj phagocytosis thiab cytoskeleton rearrangement thiab muaj. kev tiv thaiv hauv cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) ntawm cov neeg mob cuam tshuam los ntawm AD.

improve your memory