Hu rau: jerry.he@wecistanche.com

David Andrés Castañeda Millán1 · William Fajardo-Cediel2 · Verónica Tobar-Roa3 ·

Herney Andrés García-Perdomo4 · Ana María Autrán-Gómez5

Tau txais: 5 Cuaj hlis 2021

© Tus Sau (s), nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tso cai tshwj xeeb rau Springer Science ntxiv rau Kev Lag Luam Media, LLC, ib feem ntawm Springer Nature 2021

Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho lub raum ua haujlwm

Abstract

Lub hom phiaj ntawm Kev Ntsuam Xyuas COVID-19 muaj kev sib kis loj heev hauv Latin America. Nws tau ua rau SARS-CoV-2- cuam tshuam nrog cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo hauv kev kho mob, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, nws ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub cev pub dawb thiabraumhloov pauv(KTx) kev ua hauv peb cheeb tsam, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov neeg mob 'kev ciaj sia thiab lub neej zoo. Vim li no, tsab xov xwm no tau tsom mus piav qhia txog kev siv logistics, lub koom haum thiab cov tswv yim kho mob kom txo tau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm COVID-19 kis thoob plaws rau raum pub dawb thiab hloov pauv hauv peb cheeb tsam. Cov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no tsis tuaj yeem ua rau hemodialysis zaug hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj qhov kawglub raumkab mob tau piav qhia txog li 54 feem pua ​​​​hauv Latin America. Tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, muaj qhov txo qis hauv kev pub khoom nruab nrog cev thiab hloov pauv ntawm 21 thiab 59 feem pua. Tsis tas li, muaj qhov tshwm sim ntau dua ntawm COVID-19 qhov kev kuaj pom zoo hauv cov npe tos cov pej xeem dua li cov neeg tau txais KTx (9.9 feem pua). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev tuag ntau dua hauv cov neeg tau txais KTx dua li cov neeg tos npe (32 feem pua).

Tsis tas li ntawd, 59 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg pub dawb nyobraumhloov pauvcov kev pab cuam tau ncua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov neeg pub dawb tshiab vim yog COVID- 19 muaj thoob qhov txhia chaw.

Cov ntsiab lus thoob plaws hauv phau ntawv no, peb nthuav qhia qee cov lus qhia siv tau los rov pib pub khoom nruab nrog cev thiab KTx thaum muaj kev sib kis thoob plaws hauv Latin America, xws li xaiv cov neeg pub noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg tau txais kev noj qab haus huv, kev tshuaj xyuas thoob ntiaj teb SARS-CoV-2, siv COVID-19 txoj hauv kev siv tau , thiab telehealth raws li tus qauv, thiab ncua txhua qhov kev mus ntsib tsis tau sai.

Keywords Tissue and organ procurement · Organ transplantation ·Lub raumtransplantation · SARS-CoV-2 · COVID-19

Latin America yog ib cheeb tsam cuam tshuam tshaj plaws. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tau ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog SARS-CoV-2 (tus neeg mob kis thiab tuag) thiab cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev lag luam hauv zej zog. Txoj kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tau qeeb qeeb hauv cheeb tsam. Txawm hais tias qee lub tebchaws tau ua tiav kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kis tus kabmob tshiab tau txuas ntxiv ua rau peb cov kab ke kev noj qab haus huv muaj teebmeem.

Tau ntau xyoo peb cheeb tsam tau khaws cov nyiaj pub dawb uas tsis muaj kev vam meej uas tsis muaj qhov xav tau rau kev hloov pauv. Hauv 2017, muaj 667 tus neeg mob ib lab tus neeg nyob hauv cov neeg mob xav taulub raumhloov nyob rau hauv Latin America [1], thaum feem ntau ntawm cov cheeb tsam muaj cov neeg tuag pub dawb uas tsis pub tshaj 19 tus neeg pub dawb rau ib lab tus neeg nyob hauv [2]. Tsuas yog 12,806raumKev hloov pauv tau ua tiav (34.2 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg muaj sia nyob) [3].

Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev pub khoom nruab nrog cev thiabraumKev hloov pauv (KTx) kev ua haujlwm hauv peb cheeb tsam, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev muaj sia nyob thiab lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg tos rau lub raum hloov pauv, thiab cov kev txwv hauv kev nkag mus rau hauv lub cev pub dawb raws li qhov tshwj xeeb qhov kawg ntawm lub neej kev xaiv rau cov neeg mob hlwb tuag. Vim li no, tsab xov xwm no yog lub hom phiaj los sau qee qhov kev pab cuam logistic thiab cov tswv yim kho mob kom txo tau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob COVID-19 kis thoob plaws rau raum pub dawb thiab hloov pauv hauv peb cheeb tsam.

Qhov cuam tshuam Thaum Thawj Xyoo ntawm COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw hauv lub cev pub dawb thiabLub raumTransplantation nyob rau hauv Latin America

Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib sau ua ke hauv cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam, tab sis muaj ntau qhov kev paub hauv cheeb tsam tau tshaj tawm nrog tus lej sib txawv: qhov tseem ceeb txo qis hauv kev pub khoom nruab nrog cev thiabraumhloov pauv tus nqi. Hauv Argentina, tau txo qis 59 feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev pub khoom nruab nrog cev [4]. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv qee thaj tsam Brazilian, tau txo qis ntawm 67.9 feem pua ​​​​thiab 89.3 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom pub dawb thiab hloov cov txheej txheem, raws li [5]. Hauv Uruguay, muaj qhov txo qis ntawm 23.2 feem pua ​​​​hauvraumtransplanting txheej txheem [6] Hauv Mexico, cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom thiab hloov cov khoom nruab nrog cev tau raug tso tseg rau 6 lub hlis, thaum lub Plaub Hlis thiab Lub Yim Hli [7], thiab, raws li cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, muaj qhov txo qis ntawm 52.3 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj cadaveric lub plawv dhia lub cev pub dawb thiab 52.6. feem pua ​​​​hauv cov txheej txheem rau lub raum hloov cov txheej txheem uas tau ua thaum xyoo 2020 [8]. Hauv Chile, muaj qhov txo qis ntawm 21.43 feem pua ​​​​hauv kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev [9]. Hauv Ecuador, tau txo qis ntawm 69 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv uas tau ua piv rau xyoo dhau los; nyob ntawd, qhov txo qis hauv lub raum hloov pauv uas tau ua nrog cadaveric graft yog 77 feem pua ​​[10, 11]. Hauv Colombia thaum lub sijhawm ib nrab xyoo 2020 muaj 47 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg tuag cov neeg pub khoom noj khoom haus tau txo qis 44 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov qog hloov pauv hauv lub raum thiab 37 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv tau ua tiav [12].

Kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev pub dawb thiabLub raumKev hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw

Cov kab mob sib kis no tau cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm rau kev saib xyuas hauv tsev kho mob hauv ntau thaj tsam thoob ntiaj teb, tau hloov kho kev kho mob nrog kev saib xyuas ua ntej rau cov neeg mob hnyav los ntawm COVID-19, thiab tau ua rau muaj kev ntshai rau cov neeg mob hauv daim ntawv tos. rau kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev vim muaj kev pheej hmoo kis tus kab mob COVID-19 [13, 14]. Ntau tus neeg mob ntawm daim ntawv tos xav hloov pauv tom qab kis thoob qhov txhia chaw [15, 16, 17•]. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tau nce cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv cov npe hloov tos.

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, KTx cov npe tos cov neeg tuag yog 37 feem pua ​​​​siab dua thaum lub sijhawm pib ntawm kev sib kis [18•]. Hauv Argentina, 4 feem pua ​​​​nce hauv kev tuag ntawm daim siab hloov pauv tos tau piav qhia ib yam nkaus [4]. Qee tus kws sau ntawv tau qhia tias COVID-19 tus kab mob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tuag ntau dhau uas yog 50 feem pua ​​​​siab dua ntawm KTx tos cov pej xeem dua li cov neeg tau txais KTx. Qhov tseeb no yog ze ze rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov kab mob hauv cheeb tsam [19]. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, qhov kev pheej hmoo siab dua rau qhov kev kuaj pom zoo (RT-PCR) rau SARS- CoV-2 tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv hauv lub cev tos cov npe tshaj li cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv [20]. Txawm hais tias cov tswv yim txo qis thiab cais tawm tau siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw Brazilian, txog li 17 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg tau txais KTx tau kis tus kab mob COVID{14}} thaum lawv nyob hauv tsev kho mob tom qab [21•].

Hauv Colombia, 16.7 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg mob ntawm daim ntawv teev npe tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv mus kuaj rau SARS-CoV-2 tau zoo. Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag los ntawm SARS-CoV-2 kev kis kab mob hauv cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv lossis cov neeg mob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tos yog peb npaug ntau dua li cov pej xeem [22].

Nyob rau hauv Latin America, hemodialysis sessions absenteeism tau piav txog txog li 54 feem pua ​​vim yog COVID-19 kev sib kis. Tsis tas li ntawd, 36 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov chaw tau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [23].

Tsis ntev los no, Hilbrand et al. [24] txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntawm ERACODA database (EuropeanLub raumAsso-ciation COVID-19 database) uas tus nqi nkag rau hauv tsev kho mob yog siab dua hauv cov neeg mob lim ntshav lossis KTx cov neeg tau txais nrog SARS-CoV-2 dua li cov pej xeem muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm COVID{{6} } (89 thiab 70 feem pua, ntsig txog). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tuag hauv 28 hnub tom qab kis tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2 yog 25 feem pua ​​​​hauv cov neeg mob lim ntshav (95 feem pua ​​​​CI: 20.2–30 feem pua ​​, 21.3 feem pua nyob rau hauv KTx tau txais (95 feem pua ​​​​CI: 14.3–30.2 feem pua), thiab 11.4 feem pua ​​ntawm cov pejxeem. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tuag rau SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob tau qis dua hauv cov neeg mob ntawm daim ntawv tos lossis hauv kev lim ntshav ntau dua li cov neeg tau txais KTx thaum lub xyoo frst tom qab hloov pauv (HR 0.16. 95 feem pua ​​​​CI: 0.06–0.46, p: 0.001). .

Mohamed et al. [25••] tau piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm COVID- 19 ntau dua hauv cov npe tos cov pej xeem piv rau cov neeg tau txais KTx (9.9 feem pua ​​​​vs. 1.9 feem pua, p: < 0.001),="" tab="" sis="" cov="" neeg="" tuag="" yog="" siab="" dua="" rau="" cov="" neeg="" tau="" txais="" ktx="" piv="" rau="" cov="" neeg="" tos="" npe="" (32="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​vs.="" 15="" feem="" pua).="" lwm="" tus="" kws="" sau="" ntawv="" [26••]="" tau="" piav="" qhia="" txog="" kev="" tuag="" ntawm="" 32="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​hauv="" ktx="" cov="" neeg="" tau="" txais="" nrog="" sars-cov-2,="" thiab="" qhov="" hloov="" pauv="" raws="" li="" hnub="" nyoog,="" qhov="" ua="" pa="" siab="" dua,="" thiab="" qis="" dua="" egfr="" yog="" qhov="" kwv="" yees="" ntawm="" kev="" tuag="" hauv="" cov="" pej="" xeem="" no.="" ib="" pab="" pawg="" fabkis="" [27]="" tau="" piav="" qhia="" txog="" tus="" mob="" hnyav="">raumKev raug mob thiab kev lim ntshav hauv KTx cov neeg tau txais nrog COVID{{0}} piv rau cov pej xeem (46.1 feem pua ​​​​vs. 11.2 feem pua, p: < 0.001="" thiab="" 12.7="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​vs.="" 8.1="" feem="" pua="" ​​p:="" 0.023,="" ib.).="" nws="" tau="" raug="" txiav="" txim="" siab="" tias="" qhov="" kev="" pheej="" hmoo="" ntawm="" kev="" tuag="" yog="" 28="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​siab="" dua="" hauv="" ktx="" cov="" neeg="" tau="" txais="" nrog="" sars="" cov-2="" sib="" piv="" rau="" cov="" neeg="" mob="" xaiv="" ntawm="" kev="" lim="" ntshav="" (hr:="" 1.28,="" 95="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​ci:="" 1.02–="" 1.60)="" [28••]="">

Thaum kawg, kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tsis ntev los no tau pom zoo los ntawm American Society of Transplantation tau qhia tias 59 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg pub dawb nyobraumCov kev hloov pauv hloov tau ncua kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg pub dawb tshiab vim yog COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw [29] (saib Table 1).

Yuav Ua Li Cas Tau Txais Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Ruaj Ntseg Ntawm Lub Cev Pub Dawb thiab KTx Kev Ua Si hauv Latin America Thaum Lub Sijhawm Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Khaus Viv-19?

Kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kab mob, cov txaj hauv tsev kho mob, cov tsev kho mob hnyav, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv rau kev kho mob thaum muaj kev sib kis yog qhov cuam tshuam thiab txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev hloov pauv khoom nruab nrog cev niaj hnub no. Tsis muaj peev xwm pub dawb lossis hloov pauv cov dej num yog tias peb cov kab ke kev noj qab haus huv hauv tebchaws poob qis lossis yog tias txoj kev pub dawb thiab hloov pauv kev saib xyuas tsis tau lees paub txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm peb theem: kev nyab xeeb rau cov haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv, ob peb tus neeg pub dawb / tus neeg txais, thiab rau pab neeg yuav khoom thiab hloov khoom nruab nrog cev [30, 31].

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom nkag siab qhov loj ntawm qhov teeb meem kho mob uas tsim los ntawm kev ncua ntawm KTx thaum muaj kev sib kis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus cwj pwm no, cov peev txheej muaj rau kev saib xyuas niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg mob ntshav lim ntshav tuaj yeem ua tiav, thiab kev tuag thiab cov neeg mob ntawm cov npe tos yuav nce ntxiv hauv peb cheeb tsam [32]. Muaj cov kev sim siab thiab cov qauv simulated hauv COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw los txo qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Cov yav dhau los qhia txog kev muaj sia nyob rau cov neeg mob ntawm cov npe tos uas nkag mus rau KTx nyob rau hauv feem ntau kis tau tus mob kis tau tus mob [33] thiab txhawb lub tswv yim tias nws tsis tsim nyog yuav tsum ncua tag nrho cov kev phais KTx thaum lub sij hawm COVID-19 muaj thoob qhov txhia chaw. Qee lub koom haum scientifc tau pom zoo kom ncua kev hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog hauv cov chaw xaiv thiab raws li kev sib kis thoob plaws hauv zos [34].

Kev xaiv cov neeg tuaj yeem tuag yuav tsum suav nrog kev pheej hmoo categorization raws li [35] cov hauv qab no:

Keeb kwm ntawm kev kis tus kab mob COVID-19 ( keeb kwm kev mus ncig, chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj kab mob kis thoob plaws, tsis ntev los no thiab nyob ze nrog COVID-19 cov neeg mob zoo, ntev nyob hauv tsev kho mob).

Cov keeb kwm kho mob (xws li cov tsos mob ua pa qis, ua npaws, anosmia thaum peb lub lis piam dhau los ua ntej tshaj tawm lub hlwb tuag).

Radiological fndings (CXR lossis CT hauv siab) thiab SARS- CoV-2 RT-PCR cov txiaj ntsig (Nws raug pom zoo kom muaj kev soj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb rau txhua tus neeg pub dawb siv cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev tau txais hauv 24 teev ua ntej kev yuav khoom hauv nruab nrog cev).

Nws tsis pom zoo kom lees txais kev hloov pauv cov kabmob ntawm cov neeg mob hlwb tuag nrog RT-PCR zoo rau SARS CoV-2 lossis nrog daim duab kho mob pom zoo tias kis tau los ntawm COVID-19 [36–38] . Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm lees txais cov neeg pub dawb nrog keeb kwm ntawm SARS-CoV-2 tom qab tsawg kawg 14 hnub (rau cov neeg tsis muaj lub ntsws) thiab 21 hnub (rau cov neeg pub lub ntsws) txij li kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tsos mob nrog rau kev muaj cov kab mob ntsws. negative test (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 [39]. Qee lub koom haum kev tshawb fawb hauv lub feld no pom zoo ua ntej cov txheej txheem pub dawb uas suav nrog cov qauv kev pheej hmoo pub dawb thiab zam cov txheej txheem nrog cov txheej txheem nthuav dav pub dawb thaum lub sijhawm

COVID-19 pandemic [40•• , 41]. Qee qhov kev paub thoob ntiaj teb pom zoo kom tsim COVID-19 txoj hauv kev siv tau los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem pub dawb [42].

Qee tus kws sau ntawv qhia tias yuav tsum txo qis kev mus ncig ntawm pab pawg muab khoom nruab nrog cev kom txo qis kev pheej hmoo kis rau COVID-19 thiab saib xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj pub dawb, suav nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab noj qab haus huv, raws li lub peev xwm cawm tau txoj sia uas tuaj yeem ua tau. raug tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem no [43•].

Nws raug nquahu kom ua kom nquag plias thiab npaj txhij rau KTx (raws li kev sib kis thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam) rau cov neeg mob rhiab heev (yog tias yuav mus rau KTx nrog tus neeg pub dawb), cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem rau kev lim ntshav, preemptive KTx, thiab cov uas tsis muaj comorbid. los yog Advanced age (< 60="" years).="" all="" ktx="" candidates="" selected="" for="" potential="" surgery="" must="" be="" free="" of="" respiratory="" symptoms,="" not="" have="" been="" in="" close="" contact="" with="" covid-19="" positive="" patients="" for="" the="" past="" 2="" weeks="" before="" the="" surgery,="" and="" should="" have="" a="" negative="" test="" (rt-pcr)="" for="" sars-cov-2="" before="" the="" transplantation.="" they="" must="" be="" fully="" informed="" about="" the="" risks="" associated="" with="" the="" surgery="" during="" the="" pandemic,="" and="" they="" must="" know="" all="" the="" strict="" care="" needed="" after="" the="" ktx="" [44].="" there="" should="" be="" a="" covid-19="" accessible="" pathway="" for="" the="" in-hospital="" care="" of="" ktx="" recipients.="" diferent="" routes="" for="" access="" to="" medical="" care="" should="" be="" developed="" to="" care="" for="" ktx="" recipients="" with="" respiratory="" symptoms="">

Hais txog KTx nrog ib tus neeg pub dawb nyob, nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias nws yog txoj kev xaiv tsis ceev; yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm ncua ncua txoj kev phais rau kev tua nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm uas tsis tshua muaj kab mob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau qhia rau ob peb tus neeg pub dawb / tus neeg tau txais kev pab txog qhov kev pheej hmoo kis thoob qhov txhia chaw los ua cov txheej txheem no [46]. Nws raug nquahu kom ua qhov kev phais no sab nraud ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus kabmob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw thiab tom qab lav qhov muaj peev txheej hauv tsev kho mob (xws li COVID-19 txoj hauv kev nkag tau), qhov tsis muaj cov tsos mob ua pa, thiab muaj cov negative tests (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 in the donor/recipient couple [47].

Lwm cov lus pom zoo rau kev saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb tom qab hloov pauv thaum muaj kev sib kis muaj xws li hauv qab no (saib Table 2):

Kev sib tham txog kev hloov pauv tsis ceev yuav tsum tau ncua [41, 48].

Txhawm rau muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntxiv rau cov neeg tau txais KTx txhawm rau txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev cia siab qeeb uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev teem sijhawm kaw thiab cais tawm [41].

Txhawm rau siv telemedicine ua ib feem ntawm kev saib xyuas tom qab hloov pauv thaum muaj kev sib kis [49].

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob kom txaus, ua tib zoo saib xyuas lawv cov tsos mob, thiab ua raws li kev cais tawm ntxov ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas xav tias muaj tus kab mob COVID-19. [50].

Tsis txhob hnov ​​​​qab txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob; Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ib ntus rau SARS-CoV-2 raug pom zoo raws li kev sib kis thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam [41].

Cov lus xaus

Tus kab mob COVID-19 muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev pub dawb thiab hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb; Latin America muaj kev sib raug zoo, pej xeem, thiab kev nom kev tswv uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los siv cov kev ntsuas los txo tus kab mob COVID-19 cuam tshuam hauv peb cheeb tsam cov nyiaj pub dawb thiab cov txheej txheem hloov pauv mus txuas ntxiv coj txoj sia rau cov neeg xav tau thaum muaj kev sib kis.

Kev lees paub Cov kws sau ntawv ua tsaug rau American Confederation of Urology rau kev caw tuaj koom rau hauv qhov ntim zoo kawg no thiab nws cov kev txhawb nqa thaum lub sijhawm sau ntawv npaj.

Ua raws li Kev Cai Ncaj Ncees

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis muaj.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent Tsab xov xwm no tsis muaj cov kev tshawb fawb nrog tib neeg lossis tsiaj cov ntsiab lus ua los ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv.