3.2. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Tus Neeg Nruab Nrab Concentration ntawm Melanin Decolorization los ntawm LMS

Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam,cistancheyog ib hom tshuaj ntsuab uas hu ua "cov tshuaj ntsuab miracle uas ua rau lub neej ntev". Nws lub ntsiab tivthaiv yog cistanoside, uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem xws liantioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thiabkev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm txhawb nqa. Lub mechanism ntawm cistanche thiabtawv nqaij dawbnyob rau hauv cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm cistanche glycosides. Melanin nyob rau hauv tib neeg daim tawv nqaij yog tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm tyrosine catalyzed los ntawm tyrosinase, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm oxygen, yog li cov pa oxygen dawb radicals nyob rau hauv lub cev ua ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau melanin ntau lawm. Cistanche muajcistanoside, uas yog ib qho antioxidant thiab tuaj yeem txo qhov tsim ntawm cov dawb radicals hauv lub cev, yog liinhibiting melanin ntau lawm.

Nyem rau qhov Kuv Yuav Yuav Cistanche

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Cov nyhuv ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab concentration ntawm decolorization tawm los ntawm LMS tau tshawb xyuas (Daim duab 3). Lub LMS siv lacT thiab 100 µM acetosyringone tau pom qhov ua kom zoo tshaj plaws decolorization tawm los, uas yog 4.4-fold siab dua qhov tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab. Lub LMS siv lacM thiab 100 µM acetosyringone tau pom qhov ua kom zoo tshaj plaws decolorization tawm los, uas yog 6.7-fold siab dua qhov tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab. Thaum lacT tau siv rau LMS, decolorization yields siv acetosyringone, syringaldehyde, thiab acetovanillone nce nrog kev nce siab thiab tom qab ntawd mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 100, 50, thiab 200 µM, raws li (Daim duab 3a). Acetosyringone thiab syringaldehyde ua haujlwm tau zoo dua qhov ua kom muaj xim decolorization ntawm qhov qis dua li acetovanillone. Thaum lace tau siv rau LMS, cov nyhuv ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab concentration zoo ib yam li cov txiaj ntsig tau nrog lacT. Cov decolorization yields siv acetosyringone, syringaldehyde, thiab acetovanillone mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov concentrations ntawm 100, 50, thiab 200 µM, feem (Daim duab 3b). Tus neeg nruab nrab concentration ntawm ntau tshaj 200 µM txo qis decolorization tawm los (cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia). Yog li ntawd, tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm 100 µM raug xaiv los ua qhov kev pom zoo rau cov kev sim hauv qab no. Lloret et al. tau tshaj tawm tias qhov kev pom zoo ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab yuav tsum tau siv vim tias laccase tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb siab [6], thaum Khammuang thiab Sarnthima tau tshaj tawm tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm melanin decolorization ntawm LMS siv vanillin thiab vanillic acid tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nce siab. mus rau 10 mM [28]. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws mediator concentration tej zaum yuav nyob ntawm seb hom mediator thiab lub hom phiaj compound ntawm laccase-catalyzed cov tshuaj tiv thaiv [5,6]. Thaum LMS catalyzed lub degradation ntawm isoproturon, qhov degradation tawm los nce nrog nce concentrations ntawm acetosyringone, thaum lub concentrations ntawm vanillin thiab syringaldehyde tsis muaj feem xyuam rau lub degradation yield [7].

3.3. Cytotoxicity ntawm Natural Mediators

Txhawm rau siv cov khoom siv ntuj tsim los ua cov khoom xyaw ua kom tawv nqaij dawb, cytotoxicity ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab (acetosyringone, syringaldehyde, thiab acetovanillone) tau tshawb xyuas siv B16F10 melanoma cell kab. Cov neeg nruab nrab nruab nrab tau raug kho ntawm cov kab ke kab lis kev cai thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tes tau ntsuas los ntawm NR kev soj ntsuam. Thaum cov neeg nruab nrab ntawm ntau dua 22 mM tau ntxiv rau cov kab lis kev cai, lawv txo qis kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tes (Daim duab 4). Thaum lub concentration ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab siab tshaj 5 mM, cell viability nce nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no kev txiav txim: acetosyringone > syringaldehyde > acetovanillone. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg kho kom haum xeeb tsawg dua 1 mM tsis pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau B16F10 melanoma hlwb. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias qhov kev pom zoo ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab concentration ntawm 0.1 mM siv hauv kev ua haujlwm no tau pom tias tsis muaj cytotoxicity.

3.4. Cov nyhuv ntawm pH ntawm Melanin Decolorization los ntawm LMS

Daim duab 5 qhia txog cov nyhuv pH ntawm LMS decolorization tawm los. Qhov tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab tau pom tias qhov decolorization siab tshaj plaws ntawm pH 4, thiab cov decolorization tawm los txo qis nrog nce pH (Daim duab 5a). Qhov profile no zoo ib yam li cov nyhuv ntawm pH ntawm laccase-catalyzed ABTS oxidation [37]. Feem ntau, lacT muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kua qaub qis dua pH 5, thiab nws cov haujlwm txo qis nrog nce pH. Thaum pH siab dua, cov hydroxide anions ua ke nrog T2 / T3 tooj liab ntawm lacT thiab cuam tshuam kev hloov hluav taws xob thiab ua rau txo qis hauv catalytic. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyhuv ntawm pH ntawm LMS yog qhov nyuaj dua thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm laccase thiab oxidized mediators [1,7]. Lub decolorization tawm los ntawm lacT nrog acetosyringone nce nrog nce pH mus txog 7 (41 feem pua). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws decolorization yields ntawm lacT nrog syringaldehyde thiab acetovanillone yog 32 feem pua ​​​​thiab 42 feem pua ​​​​, feem, ntawm pH 6. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov ua kom pom cov catalytic qis dua pH, melanin decolorization nce nrog nce pH. Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv oxidized ntawm ntuj nruab nrab ntawm pH siab.

Lub lacM tsis muaj tus neeg kho kom haum xeeb tau pom tias qhov decolorization siab tshaj plaws ntawm pH 6, thiab lacM pom qhov decolorization qis dua hauv txhua qhov pH piv rau qhov kawg. Qhov zoo tshaj pH ntawm lace yog kwv yees li 6 rau oxidation ntawm ABTS [38]. Yog li, qhov zoo tshaj pH ntawm lacM yam tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab zoo ib yam li lacM rau ABTS oxidation. Thaum lub ntuj nruab nrab siv nrog lacM, cov decolorization yields yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pH (Daim duab 5b). Lub decolorization tawm los ntawm lacM nrog ntuj mediators nce nrog nce pH mus txog pH 7. Qhov siab tshaj plaws decolorization yields ntawm lacM nrog acetosyringone, syringaldehyde, thiab acetovanillone yog 40 feem pua, 32 feem pua, thiab 33 feem pua, feem, ntawm pH 7. decolorization kev ua ntawm nruab nrab pH ua rau kev siv LMS nrog cov neeg nruab nrab zoo rau cov tawv nqaij vim tias qhov pH zoo tshaj plaws zoo ib yam li cov tawv nqaij ib txwm (ib puag ncig 5.5).

3.5. Kinetic Study of Melanin Decolorization los ntawm LMS

Kev tshawb fawb kinetic ntawm melanin decolorization los ntawm LMS nrog acetosyringone tau tshawb xyuas ntau kom nkag siab txog kev txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab (Table 1). Tus nqi Km ntawm lacT yam tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab yog 10.6-fold siab dua li ntawm lacT nrog acetosyringone. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev sib raug zoo rau melanin tau txhim kho zoo heev los ntawm kev siv tus neeg nruab nrab. Tus nqi miv ntawm lacT nrog tus neeg nruab nrab yog 22.6-fold siab dua li lacT yam tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tus nqi decolorization tau nce ntxiv los ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab. Qhov tshwj xeeb tsis tu ncua (kcat / Km) ntawm lacT tau txhim kho 247 zaug los ntawm kev siv acetosyringone ua tus neeg nruab nrab. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia meej meej tias qhov txwv tsis pub nkag ntawm melanin mus rau qhov chaw nquag ntawm laccase tau kov yeej los ntawm acetosyringone. Tus nqi Km ntawm lacM tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab yog 2.4-fold siab dua li ntawm lacM nrog acetosyringone. Lub affinity ntawm melanin tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev siv tus neeg nruab nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce ntxiv rau melanin affinity los ntawm lacM nrog acetosyringone qis dua li ntawm lacT nrog acetosyringone. Tus nqi miv ntawm lace yog kwv yees li 26 feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov lig. Lub lace tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab pom tias muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg heev rau melanin decolorization. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi miv ntawm lacM nrog tus neeg nruab nrab yog 161-fold siab dua li ntawm lacM yam tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab. Tus decolorization tus nqi los ntawm lacM tau nce ntau los ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab. Yog li, qhov tshwj xeeb tsis tu ncua ntawm lace yog 334 lub sij hawm txhim kho siv acetosyringone ua tus neeg nruab nrab. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm acetosyringone ua tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm laccases rau melanin decolorization.

3.6. Decolorization ntawm Melanin / Cellulose Zaj duab xis los ntawm LMS

Ib qho melanin / cellulose composite hydrogel zaj duab xis tau npaj los ua kom pom melanin hauv daim tawv nqaij. Lub melanin / cellulose hydrogel zaj duab xis tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm melanin thiab cellulose hauv [Emim][Ac], uas yog ua raws li kev tsim kho nrog dej. Cov yeeb yaj kiab tau nthuav tawm cov pob tshab xim av xim av. Lub decolorization ntawm melanin / cellulose hydrogel zaj duab xis yog ua los ntawm lacM nrog acetosyringone nyob rau hauv 0.1 M citric acid phosphate buffer (pH 5.5). Cov xim ntawm melanin / cellulose zaj duab xis hloov los ntawm tsaus xim av mus rau daj ntseg xim av tom qab LMS-catalyzed cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Daim duab 6a). Thaum lub absorbance ntawm melanin / cellulose zaj duab xis tau ntsuas tom qab decolorization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 400-700 nm, qhov absorbance ntawm melanin / cellulose zaj duab xis poob qis heev nyob rau tag nrho cov wavelength ntau yam (Daim duab 6b). Lub decolorization ntawm melanin kuj tau lees paub los ntawm kev ntsuas xim qhov tseem ceeb (L *, a *, thiab b *) ntawm melanin / cellulose zaj duab xis siv lub colorimeter. Tus nqi ∆L, ∆E, YI, thiab WI raug xam los ntawm cov xim tsis muaj (Table 2). Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv melanin decolorization los ntawm LMS, L * (lightness) tus nqi ntawm melanin / cellulose zaj duab xis tau nce ntau, thaum lub a * (redness) thiab b * (daj) qhov tseem ceeb txo qis me ntsis. Tus nqi ∆E sawv cev rau cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov qauv yog 31.1. Ib qho ∆E tus nqi ntau dua 12 qhia tias cov xim ntawm zaj duab xis ua ntej thiab tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv heev [31]. Lub yellowness (YI) ntawm zaj duab xis txo los ntawm 209 mus rau 92 tom qab decolorization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thaum lub whiteness (WI) nce los ntawm 16 mus rau 43. Łopusiewicz li al. tau tshaj tawm tias YI ntawm poly (lactic acid) / melanin zaj duab xis tau nce nrog cov ntsiab lus melanin, thaum WI ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab poob [32]. Yog li, cov kev hloov ntawm cov xim muaj nuj nqis piav qhia txog kev decolorization ntawm melanin hauv melanin / cellulose hydrogel zaj duab xis. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias LMS tuaj yeem txo cov xim melanin hauv ib puag ncig cellulose hydrogel.

3.7. Decolorization ntawm Ntuj Melanin Ua los ntawm Melanoma Cells

Ntuj melanin nyob rau hauv tib neeg daim tawv nqaij yog muab faib ua eumelanin (dub mus rau xim av) thiab pheomelanin (daj mus rau liab), thaum lub synthetic melanin npaj los ntawm oxidation ntawm tyrosine nrog hydrogen peroxide yog ib qho analog ntawm eumelanin. Yog li ntawd, qhov decolorization ntawm ntuj melanin tsim los ntawm melanoma hlwb kuj tau tshawb xyuas hauv txoj haujlwm no. Lub decolorization ntawm hluavtaws melanin thiab ntuj melanin los ntawm LMS nrog lace thiab acetosyringone tau muab piv los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov nqus ntawm qhov ntau ntawm 400-700 nm (Daim duab 7). Lub absorbance ntawm hluavtaws melanin poob sai sai nrog kev nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm txhua qhov wavelengths. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov absorbance ntawm decolorized ntuj melanin pom txawv txawv piv rau cov decolorized hluavtaws melanin. Lub absorbance ntawm decolorized ntuj melanin txo qis ntawm wavelengths ntau dua 450 nm, thaum lub absorbance nce ntawm wavelengths tsawg dua 450 nm. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum nkag siab txog qhov nce hauv absorbance ntawm decolorized natural melanin.

4. Cov lus xaus

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, melanin decolorization tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv "O2 / laccase / mediator", vim tias laccase pom cov kev ua haujlwm catalytic qis rau cov oxidation ncaj qha ntawm melanin vim nws tsis tshua muaj peev xwm redox thiab txwv tsis pub nkag ntawm melanin rau hauv qhov chaw nquag ntawm laccase. Xya hom kev sib haum xeeb tau ua tiav siv los hloov cov khoom siv hluavtaws (HOBt) rau melanin decolorization los ntawm LMS siv lacT thiab lace. Ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntuj, acetosyringone thiab syringaldehyde, uas muaj ob pawg methoxy, pom tias muaj cov decolorization siab thiab yields. Acetovanillone uas muaj ib pab pawg methoxy thiab ib pawg ketone kuj pom tau tias muaj qhov decolorization siab tawm hauv lub xeev sib npaug. LMS nrog cov neeg nruab nrab ntawm ntuj pom tau tias muaj kev ua kom decolorization siab ntawm pH ntawm cov tawv nqaij ib txwm, thiab cytotoxicity ntawm natural mediators yog tsawg heev. Kev tshawb fawb kinetic ntawm LMS siv acetosyringone rau melanin decolorization tau pom tias acetosyringone tau zoo dhau qhov kev txwv ntawm lacT thiab lacM los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo rau melanin thiab decolorization. LMS nrog acetosyringone decolorized lub melanin tam sim no nyob rau hauv cellulose hydrogel zaj duab xis, uas ua raws li daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, LMS nrog acetosyringone tuaj yeem decolorize tsis tau tsuas yog hluavtaws eumelanin analogs npaj los ntawm oxidation ntawm tyrosine tab sis kuj ntuj melanin tsim los ntawm melanoma hlwb. Yog li, LMS siv cov neeg nruab nrab tuaj yeem siv los ua tus neeg saib xyuas tawv nqaij dawb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce.

Cov khoom siv ntxiv:Cov hauv qab no muaj nyob online, Daim duab S1: Lub melanin decolorization los ntawm LMS siv laccase los ntawm T. versicolor thiab M. thermophila, Daim duab S2: Thawj tus nqi rau cov tshuaj melanin decolorization los ntawm laccase los ntawm T. versicolor thiab M. thermophila.

Tus sau kev koom tes:Conceptualization, SP, DJ, thiab SHL; Cov ntaub ntawv curation, SHL; Kev soj ntsuam zoo, SP; Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, SHL; Kev Tshawb Fawb, SP, DJ, thiab HD; Methodology, SP, DJ, thiab HD; Kev tswj hwm qhov project, SHL; Resources, SHL; Software, JY, DL, thiab SH; Kev saib xyuas, SHL; Validation, JY, DL, SH, thiab SHL; Visualization, JY, DL, thiab SH; Kev sau ntawv-tsim qauv, SP, thiab DJ; Kev Sau Ntawv- tshuaj xyuas thiab kho, SHL Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.

Nyiaj txiag:Txoj haujlwm no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Konkuk University hauv 2018.

Institutional Review Board Statement:Tsis siv tau.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo:Tsis siv tau.

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob:Tsis siv tau.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab:Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj kev sib cav txog kev txaus siab.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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