Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntawm Seaweed Polysaccharide Ntawm Kev Loj Hlob, Microbial Muaj Peev Xwm, Thiab Kev Loj Hlob thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob ntsig Txog Kev Tshaj Tawm Ntawm Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei)
May 09, 2023
Abstract:
Txoj haujlwm no yog txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntxiv ntawm polysaccharide, muab rho tawm los ntawm cov seaweed xim av Sargassum dentifolium ntawm kev loj hlob indices, pub siv, biochemical compositions, microbial abundance, qhia txog kev loj hlob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev nyuaj siab noob ntawm Pacific Whiteleg cw Litopenaeus. vannam. Tag nrho ntawm 360 tom qab larvae ntawm L. vannamei tau muab faib rau hauv 12- iav thoob dej yug ntses (40 L ntawm txhua tus) ntawm qhov ntim ntom ntom ntawm 30 cw nrog thawj qhov hnyav. ntawm (0.0017 ± 0.001 g).
Thaum lub sijhawm {{0}}hnub sim sim, tag nrho cov cw larvae tau noj lawv cov zaub mov ntawm 10 feem pua ntawm tag nrho lub cev qhov hnyav, peb zaug hauv ib hnub. Peb qhov kev sim noj zaub mov tau npaj nrog sib txawv seaweed polysaccharide (SWP) qib. Kev noj zaub mov basal tsis muaj qib polysaccharide (SWP0), thaum SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3 muaj cov polysaccharides ntawm qhov ntau ntawm 1, 2, thiab 3 g-1 noj zaub mov, feem. Kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog cov qib polysaccharide tau pom tias muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv qhov hnyav nce thiab muaj sia nyob tus nqi, piv rau kev tswj kev noj zaub mov. Tag nrho-lub cev biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab microbial abundance (tag nrho cov suav ntawm heterotrophic kab mob thiab Vibrio spp.) ntawm L. vannamei pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj uas kho polysaccharide piv rau kev tswj.
Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim pub mis, kev noj zaub mov ntxiv ntawm cov qib polysaccharide txhim kho qhov qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob (Insulin-zoo li kev loj hlob yam tseem ceeb (IGF-I, IGF-II), cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob (-Glucan-binding protein) (- Bgp), Prophenoloxidase (ProPO), Lysozyme (Lys), thiab Crustin), thiab kev ntxhov siab genes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD) thiab Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) nyob rau hauv cov leeg nqaij ntawm L. vannamei. tus nqi ntawm 2 g kg-1 ntawm polysaccharide raws li kev noj zaub mov ntxiv kev tswj hwm txhim kho qhov hnyav nce thiab muaj sia nyob tus nqi ntawm L. vannamei, thaum lub sij hawm koom ua ke ntawm 3 g kg-1 txo cov abundance ntawm pathogenic microbes thiab txhim kho kev loj hlob-, kev tiv thaiv- thiab kev ntxhov siab ntsig txog noob caj ces ntawm L. vannamei.
Ntsiab lus: Sargassum dentifolium; pub additives; kev lag luam cw; kev loj hlob kev ua yeeb yam; kev loj hlob ntsig txog cov noob; cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob; noob caj noob ces.
Superoxide dismutase (superoxide dismutase, SOD) yog ib qho intracellular antioxidant enzyme uas tuaj yeem hloov cov teeb meem superoxide radicals rau hauv oxygen thiab hydroxide ions uas tsis muaj teeb meem rau cov hlwb. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog lub cev muaj peev xwm paub txog thiab tawm tsam cov kab mob txawv teb chaws thiab cov hlwb txawv txav.
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias ob lub hlwb T thiab B hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob xav tau qee yam txheej txheem oxidative metabolic los tswj lawv cov haujlwm ib txwm muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau dhau oxidative metabolism yuav tsim kom muaj ntau cov dawb radicals, ua rau cellular oxidative puas tsuaj thiab txo lub cev tsis muaj zog. SOD tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov superoxide dawb radicals, tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative, thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb fawb tseem pom tau tias SOD kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua lub cim qhia molecule xa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hlwb thiab tswj cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb xws li kev loj hlob, kev sib txawv, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog li ntawd, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm SOD thiab kev tiv thaiv.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv hauv peb lub neej. Hauv peb qhov kev tshawb pom, Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv zoo. Cistanche muaj ntau yam khoom siv roj ntsha, xws li polysaccharides, ob lub nceb, Huang Li, thiab lwm yam, cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ntau lub hlwb ntawm lub cev thiab ua kom lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Nyem qhov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cistanche
1. Taw qhia
Kev lag luam cw aquaculture tau ntsib kev loj hlob sai thiab tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab ua lag luam aquaculture [1,2]. Txawm hais tias kev lag luam cw tau tsim sai heev, cov kev cov nyom uas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau txais kev loj hlob zuj zus, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, thiab txo cov kab mob sib kis [3,4]. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntiaj teb kev noj cw tau nce ntau tshaj kaum xyoo dhau los, yuam cov kws paub txog zaub mov kom suav nrog ntau yam khoom tau los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb hauv cov tsiaj hauv dej [1,5,6]. Lub Pacific dawb ceg cw (Litopenaeus vannamei) feem ntau loj hlob thoob ntiaj teb, ua tiav ntau tshaj 70 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov thoob ntiaj teb cw cog [7,8]. Txhawm rau txhawb nqa kev lag luam cw thoob ntiaj teb, ntau qhov teeb meem yuav tsum tau daws, xws li dej tsis zoo, tsis muaj sia nyob, thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam noj zaub mov [9–14]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug yog teeb meem tseem ceeb txwv tsis pub muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov dej hauv dej, kev nuv ntses, dej ecosystems, thiab cov tsiaj hauv dej txog tam sim no [15–20].
Yog li ntawd, cov zaub mov cw tau nthuav dav siv ntau lub tswv yim los daws cov kev loj hlob hauv ntiaj teb no hauv kev ua liaj ua teb cw [10,21]. Ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev noj zaub mov ntxiv, uas tau loj hlob los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau ntau hom cw raws li kev loj hlob stimulus, immunological booster, thiab lwm yam kab mob tiv thaiv mus kom ze [22,23]. Cov nroj tsuag dej hauv dej (microalgae thiab seaweeds) tseem siv dav hauv ntau qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb, xws li cov khoom noj aqua-feed additives [24], cog kev loj hlob ntxiv [25], phytoremediation [26–30], tib neeg cov zaub mov ntxiv [31,32], tshuaj [33,34], tshuaj pleev ib ce tshuaj [35,36], tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [37,38], thiab bioenergy [39,40].
Raws li tau tshaj tawm xyoo 2018, lub ntiaj teb kev tsim cov seaweeds (tsiaj qus ntes thiab ua liaj ua teb) yog kwv yees li 34.4 lab Tonnes, nrog rau kev lag luam muaj nqis txog $ 13.3 billion [41]. Qhov kev tsim tawm no los ntawm kwv yees li 35 lub teb chaws, thaum cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws, uas tsim tau ntau dua 99 feem pua, yog Tuam Tshoj [42]. Seaweeds muaj cov protein ntau, fibers, vitamins, fatty acids, minerals, pigments, thiab ntau yam bioactive compounds [43-46].
Ntawm cov tsev neeg seaweed, cov seaweeds xim av yog lub npe hu ua cov suab thaj siab, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob hauv dej los ntawm ntau qhov teeb meem thaum lawv cov polysaccharide tau ua tiav los ua cov khoom noj ntxiv rau Nile tilapia [47] thiab liab tilapia [2]. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj tau pom tias cov polysaccharide muab rho tawm los ntawm seaweed tuaj yeem txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov cw [48-50] vim nws cov polysaccharide muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv (degree of branching, substituents, sulphation, and type of linkages. ) uas txawv heev ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv av [51,52] Sargassum dentiform, cov seaweed xim av tau pom tias muaj ntau polysaccharide uas yog ib qho chaw nplua nuj nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv, tau raug lees paub los siv ntau yam tshuaj, xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, hematopoiesis, immunomodulation. , thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob plab, thaum kev tswj hwm kev noj haus tau tshaj tawm los txhim kho cov kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntses [2].
Txawm hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj ntxiv rau Pacific dawb ceg cws, me ntsis paub txog daim ntawv thov ntawm polysaccharides npaj los ntawm cov seaweeds xim av nyob rau hauv lub cws pub additives kev lag luam [53,54]. Immunostimulants muaj qhov tseem ceeb raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws uas txhawb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab mob los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, cov carbohydrates nyuaj, cov khoom noj khoom haus, tsiaj rho tawm, cytokines, lectins, cov nroj tsuag rho tawm, thiab cov tshuaj hluavtaws xws li levamisole yog tag nrho cov piv txwv ntawm immunostimulants uas tam sim no muaj [55]. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov zaub mov ntawm cov ntses kab lis kev cai thiab crustaceans tau siv los tswj cov kab mob sib kis nrog rau kev txhim kho kev ciaj sia thiab kev loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau raug thuam ntau vim yog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab sib sau cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg tsiaj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev xws li probiotics, thiab prebiotics feem ntau pom zoo siv hauv cov khoom noj kom zoo txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tswj ntau yam kab mob hauv cov tsiaj hauv dej [56].
Cov teebmeem stimulatory ntawm immunostimulants xws li glucan, chitosan, nucleotides, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), sodium alginate, thiab lwm yam polysaccharides tau ua ntau yam haujlwm ntawm cov ntses thiab crustaceans [55,57].
Tsis ntev los no, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau raug them rau kev siv prebiotics ua lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov dej yug ntses. Functional polysaccharides yog cov khoom xyaw uas tsis yog digestible vim lawv cov -1, 3 los yog -1, 4 linkages. Kev siv cov polysaccharides ua haujlwm tau tshaj tawm tuaj yeem txhim kho kev loj hlob thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj hauv dej [58]. Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, cov khoom noj uas muaj qee yam polysaccharides, suav nrog cov nroj tsuag tshuaj thiab cov polysaccharides marine-derived, tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev mob plab hnyuv hauv cov ntses thiab cw [59-61].
Kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau txuas mus rau kev nce hauv cellular thiab humoral teb, suav nrog phagocytosis, bactericidal kev ua si, phenoloxidase (PO) kev ua, ua pa tawg, superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiab lysozyme kev ua ub no hauv crustaceans [62]. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog kev ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tswj hwm tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov cw [63]. Pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), uas txuas rau cov molecules ntawm cov kab mob microbial, kho kom pom cov kab mob invading raws li ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov cw tiv thaiv kab mob [64].
PRP paub txog cov kab mob invading yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrab theem ntawm prophenoloxidase activating system (ProPO) system ua kom [65]. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins [66], C-type lectins [67], -glucan-binding proteins (-Bgps) [68], thiab lipopolysaccharide (LPS) thiab 1,3-glucan binding proteins (1,{11) }}Lgp) [69] tau piav qhia tias yog PRPs hauv ProPO system. Prophenoloxidase (ProPO)-activating mechanism, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm PRPs khi rau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, paub tias yuav ua kom tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv kab mob [70]. Kev ntxhov siab ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv glycolytic uas ua rau nce kev noj O2, thiab txhim kho kev tso tawm cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) (raws li hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, thiab superoxide anions) [71]. Txawm li cas los xij, ROS tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov kev ntxhov siab; qhov nce hauv ROS yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev.
Yog li ntawd, kev tshem tawm sai ntawm ROS ntau dhau yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm tsim nyog ntawm tes. Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev nce kev qhia ntawm antioxidant enzymes [72]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) yog cov enzyme antioxidant uas tso siab rau superoxide anions. Superoxide radicals yog detoxified los ntawm SOD los ntawm kev hloov mus rau oxygen thiab hydrogen peroxide, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau H2O thiab O2 los ntawm catalase thiab nkag mus rau lub cell raws li kev nyab xeeb composites [73,74].
Cov tooj liab-zinc superoxide dismutase CuZnSOD noob thiab lwm yam kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob kuj cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv tsis ncaj ntawm crustin zoo li crustin, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob [75,76]. Hauv L. vannamei, kev noj zaub mov Panax ginseng polysaccharide extract txo qhov mob, txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob enzyme, thiab hloov kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [77]. Ntau cov noob tswj kev txhim kho cov yam ntxwv, suav nrog kev loj hlob hormone (GH), thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo li insulin (IGF-I thiab IGF-II) [78]. Kev loj hlob sai ntawm L. vannamei aquaculture xav tau kev tsim cov kab mob sai sai [79]. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, me ntsis paub txog cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev noj haus polysaccharides supplementation ntawm Sargassum dentifolium ntawm cws loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntsig txog noob caj noob ces. Yog li, txoj kev tshawb no tau ua los soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov noj ntawm polysaccharide tau los ntawm cov seaweed xim av (S. centifolia) ntawm kev loj hlob, kev siv pub, lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov zej zog microbial, thiab kev loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov ceg dawb. Cw Litopenaeus vannamei.
2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem
2.1. Brown Seaweed, Sargassum centifolia
Brown seaweed, S. dentiform, tau sau los ntawm Abu-Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt (31.3000 N thiab 30.1667 E) [2]. Cov epiphytes tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov qauv tau txais, raws li tau piav qhia yav dhau los [80]. Ua ntej siv, cov qauv raug ntxuav, ntxuav, cua qhuav, hmoov, thiab khaws cia rau hauv hnab yas ntawm chav tsev kub [29]. Cov txheej txheem teev tseg los ntawm [81] tau siv los rho cov polysaccharide los ntawm cov seaweed xim av S. dentifolium.
2.2. Kev tshawb nrhiav dej zoo
Hauv kev sim pub mis, peb ua kom paub tseeb tias qib NH3 − (mg L−1), NO2 − (mg L−1), NO3 − (mg L−1), alkalinity (mg L−1), thiab PO4 − (mg L−1) nyob rau hauv cov kev qhia rau cw [82] thiab cov lus qhia ntawm APHA [83]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ntsuas kub txhua hnub (◦C), salinity (ppt), thiab pH tau siv thaum 1 teev tsaus ntuj Ib lub ntsuas kub uas dai ntawm qhov tob ntawm 30 cm yog siv kom tau txais kev nyeem ntawv ntawm cov dej kub, thiab pH meter thiab lub refractometer (Orion, Ipswich, MA, USA) tau siv kom tau txais kev nyeem ntawv tseeb ntawm cov dej acidity thiab alkalinity txhua hnub ntawm 9.00 h.
2.3. Lub Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
2.3.1. Kev sim tsiaj
Ib lub chaw tsim khoom ntiag tug muab cov larvae (PLs) ntawm Pacific dawb ceg cw L. vannamei mus rau Invertebrates Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, Suez-Branch ntawm NIOF, Egypt. PLs tau acclimatized rau 15 hnub nyob rau hauv ob 500-L fiberglass tso tsheb hlau luam nyob rau hauv kev tswj tej yam kev mob (28.0 ± 1.0 ◦C thiab salinity 29 ± 3.0 ppt ) Pawg Neeg Tshawb Fawb ntawm NIOF, Egypt, tau pom zoo rau kev sim tsim thiab ua raws li cov qauv kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev tuav cw.
2.3.2. Experimental Design thiab Facilities
Kev sim pub mis tam sim no tau ua los ntawm kev siv tus qauv tsim ua tiav, nrog triplicates. Tag nrho ntawm 360 PLs (nrog qhov hnyav pib ntawm 0.0017 ± 0.001 g) tau ntim rau ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 30 cw hauv 12 khob thoob dej yug ntses (txhua qhov muaj peev xwm 40 L). Rau 90-hnub kev sim pub mis, PLs tau muab 10 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov cw lub cev hnyav peb zaug hauv ib hnub (thaum 6:00 sawv ntxov, 12:00 teev tsaus ntuj, thiab 6:00 teev tsaus ntuj). Txhua lub thoob dej yug ntses tau ntim cov khoom pov tseg thiab tsis noj zaub mov txhua txhua tag kis sawv ntxov thiab ntxuav nrog siphon thiab 10 feem pua ntawm cov dej ntim tau hloov nrog cov dej tshiab, oxygenated, thiab lim dej hiav txwv txhua hnub [82].
2.3.3. Kev sim noj zaub mov
Plaub yam khoom noj tau muab rau cw: SWP{{0}}: cov khoom noj cw coj mus muag (Aller-Aqua, Egypt, raws li kev tswj hwm kev noj zaub mov, cov protein ntau ntawm 40 feem pua, thiab cov lipids ntawm 9 feem pua ). Qhov seem peb qhov kev sim noj zaub mov (SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3) yog cov khoom noj cw ua lag luam ntxiv nrog 1, 2, thiab 3 g kg−1 ntawm S. dentifolium polysaccharide, feem. Kev ntxiv ntawm cov qib polysaccharide tau ua, raws li yav dhau los tau piav qhia los ntawm Abdelrhman li al. [2]. Luv luv, cov khoom noj cw coj mus muag yog thawj zaug thiab muab faib ua peb feem sib npaug. Txhua qib polysaccharide (1, 2, thiab 3 g kg-1) tau yaj hauv dej distilled thiab tom qab ntawd txau rau ntawm cov khoom noj kom txog thaum nqus tau tiav, thiab tib lub ntim txaus ntawm cov dej distilled tau txau rau ntawm kev tswj kev noj zaub mov (SWP0) yam tsis muaj polysaccharide. [84]. Cov roj sunflower (5 mL kg-1) tau muab txau rau hauv cov zaub mov kom npog cov tshuaj polysaccharide [85]. Thaum kawg, cov khoom noj tau raug homogenized thiab rov pelletized rau hauv pellets, cua qhuav, muab tso rau hauv hnab cellophane, thiab tso rau hauv tub yees ntawm 4 ◦C kom txog thaum siv.
2.4. Kuaj Parameters
2.4.1. Kev loj hlob kev ua yeeb yam
2.4.2. Biochemical Composition Analysis
Ob qhov kev sim noj zaub mov thiab cws tau raug soj ntsuam ze rau kev kwv yees lawv cov ntsiab lus biochemical raws li AOAC [{0}}] cov lus qhia tau npaj raws li cov lus qhia ua ntej [87]. Txhawm rau kwv yees tag nrho lub cev cov khoom siv (cov khoom qhuav, roj crude, crude protein, thiab crude tshauv), 5 cws tau random los ntawm txhua replicate tom qab noj mov tiav. Tom qab ntawd cov cw pulverized, sib tov kom txog thaum tus, thiab khaws cia ntawm -20 ◦C rau kev kuaj ntxiv.
2.4.3. Cov Zej Zog Microbial
Txoj hauv kev APHA [83] tau siv los txiav txim siab txog kev nplua nuj ntawm cov zej zog microbial. Cov dej (1 mL) thiab cov hnyuv ntawm cw (1 g) cov qauv raug coj los ntawm txhua qhov replicate (3 cw ib replicate, n=9) thaum qhov kev sim ua tiav. Txhua tus qauv (cov hnyuv thiab dej) tau inoculated nrog 9 mL ntawm sterile distilled dej rau daim hlau Trypticase soy agar (TSA) thiab Thio-sulphate-Citrate-Bile ntsev (TCBS) [88]. Daim phiaj ntawm TSA thiab TCBS tau incubated ntawm 37 ◦C, thaum TCBS phaj tau incubated ntawm 28 ◦C. Colony-forming units ib milliliter tau siv los txiav txim seb muaj pes tsawg tus kab mob hetero-trophic thiab Vibrio colonies tam sim no tom qab 24 teev (CFU mL−1) [89].
2.4.4. RNA Extraction thiab cDNA Synthesis rau Genes Expression
Triplicate cov qauv ntawm cws lub plab cov leeg los ntawm txhua qhov replicate tau ncaj qha excised nrog tag nrho sterile dissecting cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv txias txias. Ua ntej ua qhov kev tshawb fawb noob caj noob ces, ib feem ntawm cov leeg tau khov ntawm −80 ◦C. TRIzol reagent (easyRED, iNtRON Biotechnology) tau siv los rho tag nrho RNA los ntawm cov cw lub plab hauv cheeb tsam thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, raws li qhia los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Siv lub NanoDrop system (Bio-Drop), qhov pom kev ntom ntom (OD) piv ntawm RNA purity tau txiav txim siab, thiab 1 ng L-1 ntawm RNA tau siv rau cDNA synthesis hauv txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum qhov piv tau zoo (A260 / A{{ 5}}.8).
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm RNA, 260/280 nm OD piv tau siv. Tag Nrho RNA uas tau ua tiav nrog DNase I (NEB, USA) tau siv los ua tus qauv hauv cov khoom siv rov qab transcriptase (RT-PCR hlaws, Enzynomics, Daejeon, Kauslim) los tsim thawj cDNA. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua los ntawm kev siv PCR amplification (siv cov khoom lag luam Asmeskas, Applied Biosystems Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler) thiab tau ua raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia. Real-Time PCR (Bico, Thermo-Fisher) tau ua raws li cDNA cov xwm txheej hauv qab no txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom sib txawv: Tom qab qhov pib denaturation ntawm 95 ◦C rau 15 min, cov protein tau raug mus rau 40 lub voj voog ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: 95 ◦C rau 10 s, 58–62 ◦C rau 20 s, thiab 72 ◦C rau 30 s; thiab thaum kawg, tom qab lub voj voog zaum kawg, qhov kub tau nce los ntawm 58-62 ◦C mus rau 95 ◦C increments ntawm 0.5 ◦C. Primers siv los soj ntsuam cov noob zoo sib xws tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 1.
Cov noob tu vaj tsev (-actin) tau siv los ntsuas cov hom phiaj gene qhia lossis hloov pauv [90]. Thaum txoj kev 2∆∆Ct yog siv los normalize qhov tseem ceeb qhov pib (Ct) ntau npaum li cas ntawm lub hom phiaj genes nrog ntau ntawm -actin, qhov tseem ceeb qhia ib tug n-fold sib txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau cov tswj [91].
2.5. Kev txheeb cais
Txhawm rau ntsuas cov dej zoo, kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo pub siv cov ntsuas ntsuas, ntsuas lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov zej zog microbial, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces, ib txoj kev ANOVA tau ua haujlwm los txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (p < 0.{{6 }}5) hauv kev txhais tau tias rau txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev kho mob polysaccharide (SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP0) thiab kev tswj hwm (SWP0). Kev txheeb xyuas txheeb cais tau ua tiav siv GraphPad Prism version 9. Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev kho mob, Tukey cov kev sim tau siv. Ua ntej ua qhov kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb xyuas, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau raug tshuaj xyuas rau qhov normality ntawm kev faib tawm thiab homogeneity ntawm qhov sib txawv. Ua ntej qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv (feem pua) yog arc-kev txhaum hloov [92]. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txhim kho kev sib piv, cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm tias tsis hloov pauv.
3.2. Loj hlob Performances thiab Nutrient Utilization Indices
Table 3 qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm polysaccharide kev noj zaub mov ntxiv rau kev loj hlob cw, ciaj sia taus, thiab kev siv pub. Piv rau SWP0, Table 3 tau pom tias SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3 tau pom qhov tseem ceeb (p < 0.{{10}}5) nce hauv WG. Ntxiv mus, SWP1 thiab SWP2 pom qhov tseem ceeb (p < 0.05) nce hauv SR, thaum SWP3 pom qhov tseem ceeb (p < 0.05) txo qis, piv rau SWP0. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (p <0.05) hauv SGR lossis FCR hla cov khoom noj ntxiv (SWP0, SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3), raws li qhia hauv Table 3.
3.4. Cov Zej Zog Microbial
Table 5 qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sim noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov polysaccharide (SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3), piv rau SWP0, ntawm tag nrho cov suav ntawm THB thiab TVC hauv ob qho tib si hauv dej thiab cov hnyuv ntawm cw. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias kev nplua nuj ntawm microbes (THB thiab TVC) siab dua hauv cov hnyuv ntau dua hauv dej. Muab piv rau SWP0 ob qho tib si THB thiab TVC suav hauv ob qho tib si hauv dej thiab txoj hnyuv maj mam txo qis thaum cov qib polysaccharide nce (Table 5).
3.5. Kev loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntsig txog Genes Expressions
Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, kev noj zaub mov ntxiv ntawm polysaccharides txhim kho cov kab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev ntxhov siab genes hauv cov leeg nqaij ntawm L. vannamei. Hais txog kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov noob caj noob ces (IGF-I thiab IGF-II), lawv cov lus qhia tau muaj kev tswj hwm zoo heev (p < 0.05) hauv kev kho mob nrog qhov sib txawv polysaccharide concentrations piv. mus rau kev tswj hwm (SWP{{10}}). Cov lus qhia tau nce hauv SWP3 thiab pom tias siab dua SWP0 nrog kwv yees li 12 thiab 11-fold hloov, raws li (Daim duab 1A, B). Cov kab lus ntawm cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob (Bgp, ProPO, Crustin, thiab Lys) tau pom zoo tswj hwm hauv SWP3 kev kho mob uas qhov kev hloov pauv yog 9.3, 12.4, 10.5, thiab 8.8, raws li, uas siab dua SWP0 (Daim duab 1C. -F).
Piv nrog rau pawg tswj hwm (SWPo), ProPO gene nthuav qhia cov qib siab tshaj plaws thoob plaws txhua qhov kev kho mob. Rau Crusfin noob, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm SWP3 kev kho mob thiab kev tswj hwm, thaum tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm SWP thiab SWP, thiab kev tswj hwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev qhia txog kev ntxhov siab noob caj noob ces (SOD thiab GPx) hauv SWP; tau ntau ntxiv los ntawm 5.2- thiab 6.9-folds, feem. txheeb ze rau kev tswj hwm (Daim duab 1G, H). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (p < 0.05) hauv SOD gene qhia ntawm txhua qhov kev kho mob piv rau kev tswj hwm nrog ntau ntxiv hauv SWP, kev kho mob. Lub caij no, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (p <0.05) hauv cov noob qhia ntawm GPx ntawm SWP thiab SWP, kev kho mob cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj SWP, tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm SWP thiab SWP kev kho mob.
4. Kev sib tham
Seaweed polysaccharides tau lees paub tias yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas txhim kho kev loj hlob, txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab muaj ntau yam txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv rau cov kab mob aquaculture [2,54,93–97]. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb xav tias kev noj zaub mov ntawm polysaccharide muab tau los ntawm cov seaweed xim av (Sargassum centifolia) ua kom cov kev loj hlob, kev siv pub, lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov zej zog microbial, thiab kev loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov noob caj noob ces qhia ntawm cov ceg tawv dawb L. .vim. Qhov kev sim pub mis tam sim no tau pom tias qhov hnyav nce ntawm L. vannamei tau txhim kho tau zoo nrog kev nce qib polysaccharide hauv kev lag luam noj khoom haus piv rau kev tswj kev noj zaub mov. Cov kev tshawb pom tam sim no yog sib npaug rau cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau ua los ntawm ntau hom cw thiab ntses.
Piv txwv li, Lee et al. [98] tau tshaj tawm tias cov dej kub-dej extract ntawm cov xim av seaweed Sargassum horneri ho txhim kho kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo, txhawb kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev, thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov cw L. vannamei thiab pom zoo tias qhov zoo tagnrho suav nrog qib yog 5 g kg-1. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Liu et al. [99] tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov qib sib txawv (0, 1, 2, thiab 3 g kg–1) ntawm polysaccharides muab rho tawm los ntawm cov seaweed ntsuab (Enteromorpha) rau hauv cov zaub mov ntawm txiv tsawb cw F. merguiensis thiab xaus lus tias 1 g kg–1 ho txhim khu kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo, txhim kho nonspecific tiv thaiv, thiab modulates plab hnyuv muaj nuj nqi ntawm F. merguiensis, thaum Abdulrahman li al. [2] tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov sib txawv (0, 10, 20, thiab 30 g kg–1) ntawm polysaccharides tau los ntawm cov seaweed xim av S. dentalium ntawm hybrid liab tilapia, thiab xaus lus tias 30 g. kg–1 theem ua tiav qhov kev loj hlob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, FCR, thiab hematological indices. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov qib kev suav nrog ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no yuav yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav pib, hom seaweed, hom (ntses thiab cws hom), hnub nyoog, thiab lwm yam.
Lub plab microbiota abundance sai teb rau variations ntawm kev noj haus, muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txhua yam kab mob hauv dej xws li kev noj zaub mov, kev zom zaub mov, kev siv cov zaub mov, kev nqus, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob [22,87,100,101]. Tam sim no, kev ntsuam xyuas cov kab mob tiv thaiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aquaculture, cov ntshav antioxidant thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev yog qhov qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv zoo rau kev tshawb xyuas cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab mob hauv L. vannamei xws li white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) [ 49] thiab Vibrio alginolyticus [102]. Reactive oxygen hom (ROS) yog cov tshuaj reactive molecules uas muaj oxygen, xws li oxygen ions thiab peroxides. ROS ntau dhau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov qauv thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov protein ua haujlwm, cov roj ntsha tsis txaus, thiab nucleic acids, ua rau oxidative puas tsuaj rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hauv cw [73]. Yog li, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kab mob hauv dej yog nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm kev tsim cov ROS thiab antioxidant enzymes xws li SOD thiab GPx uas tiv thaiv cov tsiaj hlwb tawm tsam dawb radicals. Cov kev tshawb pom tam sim no tau pom tias kev noj zaub mov polysaccharides tau los ntawm cov seaweed xim av (S. centifolia) tau txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant, suav nrog SOD thiab GPx. Ib yam li ntawd, SOD thiab GPx kev ua ub no ntawm cov crustaceans sib txawv tau nce ntxiv tom qab noj cov zaub mov ntxiv nrog Angelica sinensis polysaccharides hauv cov ceg tawv dawb [60] thiab -glucan [103], thiab Rhodiola rosea polysaccharides nyob rau hauv cov swamp liab crayfish [104].
Cov hauj lwm tam sim no tau tshaj tawm tias, piv rau SWP{{0}}}, THB thiab TVC suav tau loj heev (p > 0.05) txo qis nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev suav nrog polysaccharides (SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau pom zoo nrog cov uas tau tshaj tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Mansour li al. [87] leej twg pom tias nce qib ntawm astaxanthin, muab rho tawm los ntawm cyanobacterium strain, Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003, hauv L. vannamei noj zaub mov ntau (p> 0.05) txo qhov suav ntawm THB thiab TVC. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntawm yuav ua li cas seaweed-polysaccharide cuam tshuam rau kev nplua nuj ntawm microbiota tseem tsis tau meej thiab xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv [87,101].
Ob peb cov noob uas koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no. Hauv kev kho SWP3, qhov kev tswj hwm cov noob qhia tau pom ntau dua. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom muaj kev nthuav qhia ntau ntxiv nrog kev kho mob piv rau kev tswj hwm (SWP0), qhia tias polysaccharide tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cws los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob microbial uas muaj lipopolysaccharides (LPS), thiab -1 , 3-glucans, uas tuaj yeem qhib lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev ua rau lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv [22,87,105,106].
Prophenoloxidase yog ib qho tseem ceeb enzyme nyob rau hauv invertebrate humoral tiv thaiv kab mob uas txhawb melanization kom tshem tawm cov kab mob kis [107] thiab txuas rau cuticle sclerotization thiab qhov txhab kho [108]. Invertebrates muaj qhov tsis paub txog tus kheej hu ua ProPO activation system, uas tuaj yeem kuaj pom thiab hnov mob rau intruders siv peptidoglycan los yog lipopolysaccharides los ntawm cov kab mob thiab -1, 3-glucans los ntawm fungi [109]. Qhov kev qhia ntawm mRNA ntawm ProPO noob tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua thoob plaws txhua qhov kev kho mob piv rau pawg tswj hwm, thiab qhov kev qhia no tau pom tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov noob caj noob ces raws li seaweed polysaccharide cov ntsiab lus tau nce (3 g kg-1 noj zaub mov) . Pub P. monodon shrimps ib qho khoom noj uas suav nrog polysaccharide fucoidan los ntawm cov seaweed xim av S. wightii nce qhov kev qhia ntawm ProPO noob [110]. Qee lwm cov khoom noj khoom haus tau txais los ntawm microalgae thiab seaweeds tau tsa cov cw lub ProPO system thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Peb qhov kev tshawb pom tau zoo ib yam nrog cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej ua rau L. vannamei [22,87].
Crustin, txhais tau tias yog ib feem ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev [111], yog cov protein muaj nyob hauv hemocyte granules ntawm crustaceans thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau yam kab mob. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, ntxiv cov khoom noj ntawm cov extracted polysaccharide nce Crustin gene qhia, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm peb txoj kev kho mob. Qhov nce siab ntawm Crustin mRNA qib hauv Marsupenaeus japonicus tau pom tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm peptidoglycan [112]. Crustin gene twb upregulated (p < 0.05) nyob rau hauv Pacific dawb cw L. vannamei muab supplemental astaxanthin [87,113]. Raws li cov protein muaj nyob hauv eukaryotes thiab prokaryotes, lysozyme tau nyob ib puag ncig rau qee lub sijhawm thiab raug suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob uas paub ntxov tshaj plaws [114]. Nonspecific innate immunity tso siab rau nws lub peev xwm los rhuav tshem cov b -1,4 glycosidic txuas ntawm N-acetylmuramic acid thiab N-acetylglucosamine hauv cov kab mob cell phab ntsa peptidoglycan [115].
Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, Ly lub noob qhia tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua hauv pawg kho mob (SWP1, SWP2, thiab SWP3) dua li hauv pawg tswj hwm (SWP0). Lwm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv siv cov tsiaj uas muaj kev sib tw ib puag ncig kuj tau tsim cov kev tshawb pom zoo sib xws [116,117]. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau pom tias lysozyme yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab yog evoked los ntawm ntau yam immunostimulating tshuaj. Cov antioxidant enzymes catalase thiab glutathione peroxidase hloov hydrogen peroxide rau hauv oxygen thiab dej, thaum SOD, ib qho ntawm cov kev ntxhov siab, koom nrog kev tshem tawm cov superoxide anions los ntawm kev hloov mus rau hauv hydrogen peroxide thiab dej [118]. Yog li ntawd, cov enzymes antioxidant no muab kev tiv thaiv tus kheej tom qab phagocytosis rau cov hemocytes ntawm oxygen-respiring tsiaj, yog li khaws cia cov kab mob kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev vam meej [119,120]. Piv nrog rau kev tswj hwm, kev qhia ntawm SOD noob tau nce siab hauv peb qhov kev sim, thiab kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [22,87,113,116] tau qhia tias cov khoom noj ntxiv tau nce qhov kev qhia ntawm SOD gene, uas koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant hauv L. .vim.
Hauv kev tiv thaiv glutathione, GPx yog lub luag haujlwm rau txo qis hydrogen peroxide rau dej [117,121]. Hauv peb qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, qhov kev qhia ntawm GPx tau pom tias muaj ntau dua hauv kev kho SWP3 qhov twg ntau dua ntawm seaweed polysaccharides tau siv. Yog li, ob qho tib si kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau nce siab ntxiv hauv kev sib piv rau pawg tswj hwm, thiab kev ua ub no ntawm SOD thiab GPx nce ua ke nrog kev nce hauv superoxide anion (O2 −) thiab hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), uas yuav qhia tau tias nce ntxiv hauv Kev ua haujlwm ntawm NADPH-oxidase thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) uas tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob microbial [73,122]. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau soj ntsuam cov kev qhia ntawm cov noob koom nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cw [123,124] thiab tau tsom mus rau txoj hauv kev los txhawb lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv ntuj.
Muaj ob hom kev loj hlob zoo li insulin (IGF) peptide cov tshuaj hormones, IGF-I thiab IGF-II; tseem muaj cov cell nto receptors thiab circulating binding proteins. IGF-II, zoo li IGFI, muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv cov protein metabolism, kev sib txawv ntawm tes, kev loj hlob ntawm tes, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm somatic. Raws li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, nws zoo nkaus li tias seaweed polysaccharide extraction tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm qib mRNA, yog li txhawb kev loj hlob tsis ncaj ncees. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv cov pa roj carbon sib txawv rau kev txhawb nqa IGF-I thiab IGF-II cov noob qhia tau qhia cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws [123]. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv cov microalga ntsuab, T. suecica, thiab A. platensis nanoparticles raws li cov khoom noj ntxiv rau L. vannamei ua rau muaj kev nthuav qhia ntawm ob hom noob thiab kev loj hlob zoo [22,100].
5. Cov lus xaus
Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, cov khoom noj cw tau nthuav dav los ntawm kev siv ntau lub tswv yim los daws kev txhim kho hauv kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm Pacific whiteleg cw L. vannamei. Txawm hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj ntxiv rau L. vannamei, me ntsis paub txog daim ntawv thov ntawm polysaccharides npaj los ntawm cov seaweeds xim av hauv L. vannamei feed additives kev lag luam. Hauv kev ua haujlwm tam sim no, suav nrog tus nqi ntawm 2 g kg-1 ntawm polysaccharides, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo molecule npaj los ntawm cov seaweed xim av Sargassum dentiform, raws li kev noj zaub mov ntxiv txhim kho qhov hnyav nce thiab ciaj sia tus nqi ntawm Pacific dawb ceg cw, L. vannamei, thaum sib koom ua ke qib ntawm 3 g kg-1 txo cov abundance ntawm pathogenic microbes, ntxiv rau, txhim khu kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ntxhov siab-txog cov noob kab lus ntawm L. vannamei. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polysaccharides npaj los ntawm seaweed hom raws li kev tswj hwm ntxiv rau Pacific whiteleg cw L. vannamei.
Tus sau kev koom tes:
Conceptualization, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; methodology, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; software, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; validation, EMA, ZZS, MA and EE-H.; kev soj ntsuam, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; kev tshawb nrhiav, EMA, ZZS, MA thiab EE-H.; cov peev txheej, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; cov ntaub ntawv curation, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; kev sau ntawv-kev npaj ua ntej, EMA, ZZS thiab MA; kev sau ntawv- tshuaj xyuas thiab kho, EMA, ZZS, MA, ASA-S. thiab EE-H.; Visualization, EMA, ZZS, MA and EE-H.; saib xyuas, ZZS, MA and EE-H.; kev tswj xyuas qhov project, EMA; Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, EMA, ZZS, MA thiab ASA-S. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Nyiaj txiag:
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis tau txais nyiaj txiag sab nraud.
Institutional Review Board Statement:
Kev ua raws li cov qauv kev coj ua hauv kev sim teeb tsa thiab kev tuav cov cw tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Tshawb Fawb ntawm NIOF, Egypt, kev pom zoo no .: NIOF/AQ3/1/22/R/012 ntawm 22 Lub Ib Hlis 2021.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo: Tsis siv tau.
Cov Lus Qhia Muaj Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Tsis siv tau.
Kev lees paub: Kev qhib nkag ntawm txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm AL Hail Aquaculture Unit, Department of Marine Science thiab Fisheries, College of Agriculture thiab Marine Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab: Cov neeg sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab.
Cov ntaub ntawv
1. Abbas, EM; Ali, FS; Desouky, MG; Ashou, M.; El-Shafei, A. Maaty, MM; Sharawy, ZZ Novel Comprehensive Molecular thiab Ecological Study Qhia Qhia Cov Nroj Tsuag Nroj Tsuag (Solenocera crassicornis) Sau ntawm Gulf of Suez, Egypt. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 9, 9. [CrossRef]
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8. Li, E.; Xu, C.; Wang, X.; Vang, S.; Zhao, Q.; Zhang, M. Qin, JG; Chen, L. Gut microbiota thiab nws cov kev hloov kho rau kev noj qab haus huv ua liaj ua teb ntawm Pacific dawb cw Litopenaeus vannamei. Rev. Ntses. Sci. Aquac. 2018, 26, 381–399. [CrossRef]
9. Stevens, C.; Croft, D.; Paul, G.; Tyler, C. Kev ntxhov siab thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo hauv cov ntses ornamental: Dab tsi tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm kev ua dej hauv dej? J. Ntses Biol. 2017, 91, 409–428. [CrossRef]
10. El-Sayed, AFM Kev siv biofloc thev naus laus zis hauv cw aquaculture: Kev tshuaj xyuas dav dav, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kaum xyoo dhau los. Rev. Aquac. 2021, 13, 676–705. [CrossRef]
11. Anh, NTN; Shayo, FA; Nevej, N.; Van Hoa, N. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntim ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom Caulerpa lentillifera. J. Appl. Phycol. 2021, 33, 3331–3345. [CrossRef]
12. Emerenciano, MG; Robenso, AN; Vieira, FdN; Martins, MA; Coman, GJ; Truong, HH; Noble, TH; Simon, CJ Intensification of Penaeid Shrimp Culture: Ib qho Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Ntej Hauv Kev Tsim Khoom, Khoom Noj Khoom Haus thiab Kev Loj Hlob. Tsiaj 2022, 12, 236. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Mansour, AT; Ashry, UA; Ashou, M.; Alsaqufi, AS; Ramadan, KM; Sharawy, ZZ Kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov muaj protein ntau thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide ntawm bio floc cov txiaj ntsig zoo, cov kab mob abundance, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov ceg tawv dawb (Litopenaeus vannamei) cov menyuam yaus. Lub Neej 2022, 12, 888. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Mansour, AT; Ashry, UA; El-Neweshy, MS; Alsaqufi, AS; Digiesh, HS; Ashou, M.; Kelany, MS; El-Sawy, MA; Mabrouk, MM; Abbas, EM Cov nyhuv ntawm Agricultural By-Products as a Carbon Source in a Biofloc-Based System on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Hepatopancreas Histology, and Gut Bacterial Load of Litopenaeus vannamei Post Larvae. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1333. [CrossRef]
15. Iber, BT; Kasan, NA Tsis ntev los no kev nce qib hauv Shrimp aquaculture wastewater management. Heliyon 2021, 7, e08283. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Zaki, MA; Ashou, M.; Heneash, AMM; Mabrouk, MM; Alprol, AE; Khairy, HM; Nour, AM; Mansour, AW; Hassanen, HA; Gaber, UA; ua al. Muaj peev xwm siv tau ntawm Native Cyanobacterium Isolate (Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003) rau Biodiesel Ntau Lawm thiab Siv Nws Cov Byproduct hauv Marine Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) Ntau lawm. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1769. [CrossRef]
17. Abisha, R.; Krishnani, KK; Sukhdhane, K.; Verma, A.; Brahmane, M. Chadha, N. Sustainable development of climate-resilient aquaculture and culture-based fisheries los ntawm kev hloov ntawm abiotic stresses: Kev tshuaj xyuas. J. Dej Clim. Hloov 2022, 13, 2671–2689. [CrossRef]
18. Alprol, AE; Ashou, M.; Mansour, AW; Alzahrani, OM; Mahmoud, SF; Gharib, SM Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Dej Zoo thiab Phytoplankton Structure ntawm Yim Alexandria Beaches, Southeastern Mediterranean Hiav Txwv, Egypt. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 1328. [CrossRef]
19. Metwally, AS; El-Naggar, HA; El-Damhougy, KA; Bashar, MAE; Ashou, M.; Abo-Taleb, HAH GC-MS tsom xam bioactive Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv 6 txawv crude extracts los ntawm Soft Coral (Sinularia maxim) sau los ntawm Ras Mohamed, Aqaba Gulf, Hiav txwv Liab, Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Ntses. Xyoo 2020, 24, 425–434. [CrossRef]
20. Magouz, FI; Essa, MA; Teeb meem, M.; Tageldein Mansour, A.; Alkafafy, M.; Ashour, M. Population Dynamics, Fecundity thiab Fatty Acid Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Oithona nana (Cyclopoida, Copepoda), Fed rau txawv noj. Tsiaj 2021, 11, 1188. [CrossRef]
21. Kesselring, J.; Gruber, C.; Standen, IB; Wein, S. Effect of a phytogenic feed additive on the growth performance and immunity of Pacific white leg cw, Litopenaeus vannamei, pub noj zaub mov tsis muaj ntses. J. World Aquac. Soc. 2021, 52, 303–315. [CrossRef]
22. Sharawy, ZZ; Ashou, M.; Labena, UA; Alsaqufi, AS; Mensour, AT; Abbas, E. Cov teebmeem ntawm kev noj haus Arthrospira platensis nanoparticles ntawm kev loj hlob kev ua haujlwm, kev siv pub, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob qhia ntawm Pacific dawb cws, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 2022, 551, 737905. [CrossRef]
23. Ceseña, CE; Jacinto, EC; González, AL; Villasante, FV; Castro, RMM; Ochoa, N.; Montes, RE; Ramírez, DT; Ortiz, ACS; Campa-Córdova, AI Dietary supplementation ntawm Debaryomyces hansenii txhim khu kev ciaj sia, antioxidant, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov menyuam yaus cw Penaeus vannamei sib tw nrog Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosystem. 2021, 24, 2. [CrossRef]
24. Mansour, AT; Ashou, M.; Alprol, AE; Alsaqufi, AS Aquatic Plants thiab Aquatic Animals in the Context of Sustainability: Cultivation Techniques, Integration, and Blue Revolution. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3257. [CrossRef]
25. Hassan, SM; Ashou, M.; Soliman, UA; Hassanen, HA; Alsanie, WF; Gaber, UA; Elshobary, ME Lub peev xwm ntawm Kev Lag Luam Tshiab Seaweed Extract hauv Stimulating Morpho-Agronomic thiab Bioactive Properties ntawm Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4485. [CrossRef]
26. Essa, D.; Abo-Shady, A.; Khairy, H.; Abomohra, AE-F.; Elshobary, M. Muaj peev xwm cog qoob loo ntawm halophilic oleaginous microalgae ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Egypt. J. Bot. 2018, 58, 205–216. [CrossRef]
27. Mansour, AT; Alprol, AE; Abualnaja, KM; El-Beltagi, HS; Ramadan, KMA; Ashour, M. Dried Brown Seaweed's Phytoremediation Potential for Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Aquatic Environments. Polymers 2022, 14, 1375. [CrossRef]
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