Extraction ntawm Phenylethanoid Glycosides Los ntawm Cistanche Tubulosa Los Ntawm Kev Kub Ceev Shearing Homogenization Extraction
Mar 05, 2022
Hu rau: Audrey Hu Whatsapp / hp: 0086 13880143964 Email:audrey.hu@wecistanche.com
Wenjing Pei thiab Ruili Guo
Keeb kwm:
Cistanche tubulosayog ib hom tshuaj suav tshuaj muaj npe nrov hauv Xinjiang. Nws yog dav faib nyob rau sab qaum teb Africa, Is Nrias teb, thiab lwm yam. Lub hom phiaj: Lub ntsiab bioactive ntawmC. tubulosayog phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs). Echinacoside thiab acteoside yog cov cim qhia rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm PhGs thiab feem ntau yog siv rau kev tiv thaiv daim siab, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom rho tawm cov PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa. Txoj kev: Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, kev siv ultrasound-pab extraction (UAE), microwave-pab extraction (MAE), thiab high-speed shearing homogenization extraction (HSHE) txoj kev tau muab piv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem rho tawm ntawm HSHE txoj kev tau ua kom zoo dua. Cov txiaj ntsig: Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias HSHE txoj kev zoo dua li ob txoj hauv kev UAE thiab MAE, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm HSHE yog ethanol concentration ntawm 50 feem pua, qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 70 degree, kev sib hloov ceev ntawm 16000 rpm, lub sijhawm rho tawm ntawm 2 min, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua-rau-kua ntawm 1: 9, thiab ib lub voj voog rho tawm. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside yog 1.366 thiab 0.519 feem pua, raws li, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside mus txog 87 thiab 94 feem pua. Cov ntsiab lus: Nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias HSHE txoj kev yog ib qho yooj yim, ceev, thiab siv tau zoo rau kev rho tawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Ib txoj hauv kev zoo thiab eco-phooj ywg HSHE tau tshawb xyuas rau kev rho tawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev HSHE rau kev rho tawm ntawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa tau txais. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no muab txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev lag luam rho tawm PhGs los ntawmC. tubulosa.
Cistanche tubulosa
Cistanche tubulosayog ib hom tshuaj suav tshuaj uas muaj nyob hauv Xinjiang. Nws yog dav faib nyob rau sab qaum teb Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, thiab Is Nrias teb thiab tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv Suav Pharmacopoeia hauv 2010. Lub ntsiab bioactive tivthaiv ntawmC. tubulosayog phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), chav kawm ntawm cov dej-soluble natural khoom xws li echinacoside, acteoside, isoacteoside, thiab 2-acetylacteoside (1, 2). Cov qauv ntawm PhGs muaj cov cinnamic acid thiab hydroxyphenylethyl moieties, ob qho tib si txuas rau -glucopyranose los ntawm ester thiab glycosidic linkages, raws li (3). Cov kev tshawb fawb kws tshuaj tau pom tias PhGs ntawm C. tubulosa muaj ntau yam tshuaj ua haujlwm, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob (4), neuroprotective (5–7), lub siab tiv thaiv (8–10), thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob (11). Yog li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov khoom ntuj tsim.
Txoj kev rho tawm tam sim no ntawm PhGs yog kub-reflux extraction, ultrasound-pab extraction (UAE), thiab microwave-pab extraction (MAE; 12-16). Cov txheej txheem no muaj qhov tsis zoo sib txawv, xws li kev ua haujlwm tsawg, lub sijhawm siv sijhawm ntev, thiab cov nqi siab. Piv nrog rau cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj, txoj kev kub ceev shearing homogenization extraction (HSHE) txoj kev yog ib qho kev tawm tshiab, cov txheej txheem rho tawm tshiab thiab muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub sij hawm rho tawm sai dua, cov kuab tshuaj pov tseg tsawg dua, cov txiaj ntsig ntau dua, cov cuab yeej yooj yim dua, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim dua (17). Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm HSHE txoj kev yog ua raws li lub tshuab tig sab hauv uas tau tsav los ntawm lub cev muaj zog. Lub zog shearing muaj zog yog tsim los ntawm cov cutters sab hauv thiab sab nrauv los cuam tshuam thiab sib xyaw cov qauv. Lub caij no, lub tshuab txiav nrog kev sib hloov ceev ua rau lub siab sib txawv ntawm cov kab noj hniav sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm lub tshuab txiav, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub zog shearing siab, kev sib tsoo quab yuam, siab, thiab lwm yam quab yuam, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem ua tiav sai (18). Yog li, cov txheej txheem rho tawm ntawm HSHE tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv ob peb feeb, thiab txawm tias sai npaum li kaum ob vib nas this (19–22).
Tsis ntev los no, HSHE tau tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tshem tawm cov khoom siv bioactive los ntawm ntau yam khoom ntuj tsim (23–25). Cheng et al. siv HSHE los rho tsib lignans los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm Schisandra Chinensis (26). Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov kev pom zoo yog ethanol concentration ntawm 75 feem pua, lub sijhawm rho tawm ntawm 1 min, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua-rau-kua ntawm 1:19, qhov hluav taws xob rho tawm ntawm 180 V, thiab cov qauv piv txwv qhov loj ntawm 120 meshes. Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsib lignans yog 13.89 ± 0.014 mg / g nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo. Tang et al. siv HSHE kom tau txais cov roj bioactive los ntawm perilla noob (27). Qhov kev pom zoo yog lub sijhawm rho tawm ntawm 2 min, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua-rau-kua ntawm 1:10, qhov hluav taws xob rho tawm ntawm 150 V, thiab ob lub voj voog rho tawm. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm perilla noob roj mus txog 59.3 feem pua. Cov txiaj ntsig saum toj no qhia tau hais tias HSHE muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub sijhawm luv luv, cov nqi qis, thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog kev rho tawm PhGs los ntawm HSHE.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, HSHE tau siv los tshawb nrhiav nws cov peev txheej hauv kev rho tawm PhGs los ntawmC. tubulosa. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm PhGs tau txiav txim siab los ntawm HPLC. Peb txoj kev rho tawm, HSHE, UAE, thiab MAE, tau muab piv rau tib yam. Cov teebmeem ntawm ethanol concentration, extraction kub, rotation speed, extraction time, solid-to-kquid ratio, and the number of extraction cycles of the yield was researched. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm no thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tau muab piv thiab sib tham.
Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem
Khoom siv thiab tshuaj Reagents
C. tubulosatau yuav los ntawm Xinjiang Congrongtang Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Xinjiang, Suav). Cov qauv ntawm echinacoside (purities Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 98 feem pua) thiab acteoside (purities Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 98 feem pua) tau yuav los ntawm Shanghai Standard Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, Suav). Acetonitrile, methanol, thiab acetic acid yog qib HPLC (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ). Cov analytical-qib ethanol tau yuav los ntawm Tianjin Yongsheng Fine Chemical Co., Ltd (Tianjin, Suav). Cov dej deionized tau siv thoob plaws hauv qhov kev sim.
Kev txheeb xyuas HPLC
Kev tshuaj xyuas HPLC tau ua tiav ntawm Waters e2695 kua chromatography (Waters, Milford, MA) nruab nrog 2489 UV / Pom Pom Ntes thiab Symmetry C18 kem (Dej), 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle loj. Cov concentrations ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm HPLC txoj kev. Cov theem txawb muaj xws li (1) acetonitrile thiab (2) 2 feem pua glacial acetic acid aqueous tov. Qhov kev pab cuam gradient elution muaj nyob rau hauv Table 1.
Qhov kuaj pom wavelength yog 330 nm, tus nqi ntws yog 1 mL / min, lub ntim ntim yog 10 μL, thiab qhov cub kub tau teem rau ntawm 30 degree. Lub chromatographic ncov ntawm qhov ntsuas tau lees paub los ntawm kev sib piv nws lub sijhawm khaws cia nrog cov qauv. Quantification tau ua los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub ncov uas siv cov txheej txheem sab nraud.
Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas qhov tseeb tau ua tiav los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tib yam kev rho tawm tsib zaug. Rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev ruaj ntseg, tib cov qauv tau txheeb xyuas hauv qhov nce ntawm 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, thiab 48 h. Kev kuaj rov qab ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau ua los ntawm kev ntxiv cov qauv rau hauv cov qauv kev rho tawm. Txhua qhov chaw ncov thiab lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside raug kaw. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm calibration curves rau echinacoside thiab acteoside yog teev nyob rau hauv Table 2.
Kev suav ntawm Yield
Echinacoside thiab acteoside tau siv los ua cov cim qhia rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm PhGs. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside tau suav nrog kev sib npaug hauv qab no:
Y=CV/W × 100 feem pua (1)
qhov twg Y=tawm los ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside (%) ; C=concen tras ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside (mg / mL); V=ntim ntawm cov kua extraction (mL); thiab W=hnyav ntawm C. tubulosa hmoov (mg).
Extraction Methods ntawm PhGs
Lub stems ntawm C. tubulosa yog thawj milled los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob grinder (JC-500g; Yongkang Kaiyuan Industry & Trade Co., Ltd, Yongkang, Tuam Tshoj) thiab lim los ntawm lub lim sieve (kwv yees li 380 μm). Tom qab ntawd, C. tubulosa hmoov tau qhuav hauv qhov cub ntawm 70 degree kom txog thaum qhov hnyav tas li. Tsib grams C. tubulosa hmoov tau tov nrog cov kuab tshuaj extraction thiab muab tso rau hauv lub raj mis extraction. Tom qab, cov kua sib tov tau preheated (30-80 degree) rau 5 min nyob rau hauv ib tug tas li-kub da dej (DF-101S; Jintan Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd, Jintan, Tuam Tshoj).
(a) HSHE txoj kev.—HSHE tau ua los ntawm FA25 system (FLUKO Co., Ltd, Shanghai, Tuam Tshoj), uas muaj cov rotating cutter, high-speed motor, thiab maub los. Kev sib hloov ceev ntawm lub puab cutter tau tswj nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10000-28000 rpm, thiab lub sij hawm rho tawm tau kho nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 2-15 min.
(b) UAE txoj kev.—tsib grams qhuav qauv thiab 300 mL methanol raug ntsuas kom raug thiab ntxiv rau hauv lub raj mis rho tawm. Lub raj mis rho tawm tau muab tso rau hauv lub da dej ultrasonic thiab nqa tawm ntawm lub zog ultrasonic ntawm 300 W rau 10 min. Qhov ntsuas kub tau muab tso rau ntawm 30 degree.
(c) MAE txoj kev.—tsib tsib grams qhuav qauv thiab 300 mL methanol raug ntsuas kom raug thiab ntxiv rau hauv lub raj mis rho tawm. Lub raj mis rho tawm tau muab tso rau hauv lub microwave reactor thiab nqa tawm ntawm 180 W rau 10 min. Qhov ntsuas kub tau muab tso rau ntawm 30 degree.
Txoj kev HSHE tau muab piv nrog UAE thiab MAE txoj hauv kev nrog tib cov kuab tshuaj extraction, lub sij hawm rho tawm, qhov kub thiab txias, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua-rau-kua, thiab cov lej rho tawm. Cov tshuaj extraction yog lim los ntawm ib tug 0.22 μm membrane thiab soj ntsuam ntawm HPLC los txiav txim qhov concentrations ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem rho tawm tau rov ua peb zaug
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Kev Hloov Cov Nqi
Raws li tus qauv txheej txheem hauv 2015 Tuam Tshoj Pharmacopoeia, echinacoside thiab acteoside cov ntsiab lus hauv C. tubulosa hmoov tau txiav txim siab (28). Ib gram C. tubulosa hmoov thiab 50 mL 50 feem pua methanol tau raug ntsuas kom raug thiab ntxiv rau hauv 50 mL xim av volumetric hwj. Cov kua sib tov yog hnyav thiab soaked rau 30 feeb. Tom qab ntawd, lub khob ntim dej xim av tau muab tso rau hauv lub da dej ultrasonic thiab nqa tawm ntawm lub zog ultrasonic ntawm 250 W thiab zaus ntawm 35 kHz rau 40 min. Cov kua sib tov tau rov ua dua, thiab 50 feem pua methanol tau ntxiv los muab cov kuab tshuaj poob. Cov tshuaj extraction tau lim los ntawm 0.22 μm daim nyias nyias thiab tau soj ntsuam siv HPLC los txiav txim siab qhov concentrations ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside. Cov txheej txheem rho tawm tau rov ua peb zaug.
Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside tau suav nrog kev sib npaug hauv qab no:
X= M1/M2 × 100 feem pua (2)
qhov twg X=hloov pauv tus nqi ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside (%) ; M1=zoo ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside hauv cov extract (mg); thiab M2=zoo ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside hauv C. tubulosa hmoov (mg).
Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham
Validation ntawm HPLC Method
HPLC cov ntaub ntawv ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside los ntawm C. tubulosa siv HSHE tau qhia hauv daim duab 1. RSD ntawm thaj chaw ncov ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside yog 1.89 thiab 1.40 feem pua, raws li. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias HPLC txoj kev muaj qhov ua tau zoo hauv kev txheeb xyuas ntau ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside. Nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm (0–48 h), RSDs ntawm thaj chaw ncov ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside yog 1.71 thiab 1.7{18}} feem pua, ntsig txog, qhia tias tus qauv ruaj khov hauv 48 teev. Qhov rov qab ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside yog 99.3 thiab 99.1 feem pua, raws li, thiab lawv cov RSD yog 0.70 thiab 0.67 feem pua, raws li, uas tau lees paub HPLC txoj kev ntseeg tau.
Kev sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv
Kev sib piv ntawm HSHE txoj kev nrog MAE thiab UAE txoj kev hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau ua, cov txiaj ntsig tau pom hauv daim duab 2. Nws tau pom tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau los ntawm HSHE tau siab dua cov tau txais. los ntawm MAE thiab UAE. Piv nrog rau MAE, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau los ntawm HSHE tau ntau dua los ntawm 20.5 thiab 20.8 feem pua. Thiab piv nrog UAE, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau los ntawm HSHE tau ntau dua los ntawm 6.6 thiab 7.4 feem pua. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias HSHE tuaj yeem nce cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm PhGs.
Optimization ntawm HSHE Method
Cov kev rho tawm ntawm PhGs los ntawm HSHE suav nrog ethanol concentration, rho tawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev sib hloov ceev, lub sij hawm rho tawm, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua-rau-kua, thiab tus lej ntawm kev rho tawm (26, 29).
Cov nyhuv ntawm Ethanol Concentration ntawm Extraction ntawm PhGs
Ethanol concentration yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm PhGs. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3, cov yields ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside los ntawm C. tubulosa nyob rau hauv txawv ethanol concentrations raug soj ntsuam. Nws tau nthuav tawm tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside tau nce los ntawm 0 mus rau 30 feem pua thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis ntawm 30 mus rau 90 feem pua ntawm kev nce cov ethanol concentrations. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm acteoside nce los ntawm 0 mus rau 70 feem pua thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis los ntawm 70 mus rau 90 feem pua ntawm kev nce ethanol concentrations. Thaum cov ethanol concentration yog 50 feem pua, cov sum ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside yields nyob rau hauv nws siab tshaj plaws. Qhov sib txawv ethanol concentrations muaj ntau polarities, uas ua rau sib txawv solubilities ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside. Yog li, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ethanol concentration yog 50 feem pua.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib hloov ceev ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm PhGs
Daim duab 5 qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib hloov ceev ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm PhGs. Cov yields ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside nce nrog nce kev sib hloov ceev. Qhov nce ntawm kev sib hloov ceev tuaj yeem ua rau kom lub zog shearing ntawm lub puab thiab sab nrauv cutter, yog li ua kom cov yields ntawm PhGs. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev sib hloov ceev yog 16000 rpm.
Cov nyhuv ntawm Extraction Sijhawm rau Extraction ntawm PhGs
Cov yields ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm sib txawv extraction yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6. Lub yields ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau ruaj khov nrog nce lub sij hawm extraction. Yog li ntawd nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias PhGs tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm C. tubulosa hauv 2 min, thiab lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws yog 2 min.
Cov nyhuv ntawm cov khoom sib npaug-rau-kua rau ntawm Extraction ntawm PhGs
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 7, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov kua-rau-kua tau sib tham. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau nce los ntawm 1: 3 txog 1: 9 thiab tau ruaj khov los ntawm 1: 9 txog 1: 24. Vim hais tias ib qho me me ntawm cov kuab tshuaj extraction tsis tuaj yeem yaj tag nrho echinacoside thiab acteoside, qhov hloov pauv loj tau txo. Kev rho tawm ntau dhau ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ua rau cov khoom pov tseg tsis tsim nyog. Yog li, qhov zoo tshaj plaws-rau-kua piv yog 1: 9.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Tus lej ntawm Cov Cycle Extraction ntawm Extraction ntawm PhGs
Daim duab 8 qhia tau hais tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub voj voog rho tawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm PhGs. Cov yields ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau nce ntxiv nrog rau qhov nce ntxiv ntawm kev rho tawm mus. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sij hawm rho tawm tau nce ntxiv nrog kev nce ntxiv, thiab siv zog ntau dua. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm mus yog ib qho.
Sib piv HSHE Method nrog Lwm Txoj Kev Extraction rau Extracting PhGs
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm HSHE txoj kev sib piv nrog rau lwm txoj kev rho tawm rau kev rho tawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 3. HSHE yog qhov yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua li cov txheej txheem sib txuas xws li ultrasound-pab aqueous ob-theem extraction thiab ultrasonic microwave extraction technology. txoj kev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshem tawm siab ntawm HSHE yog qis dua li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kua roj tawm, thiab cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qub qub muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 3 uas HSHE qhia lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm thiab siv cov kuab tshuaj tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm txhua txoj kev rho tawm. Nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias HSHE txoj kev muaj ntau yam zoo xws li kev ua haujlwm siab, kev ua haujlwm me me, kev siv qis qis, cov khoom siv yooj yim, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim rau kev rho tawm cov khoom ntuj.
Cov lus xaus
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, HSHE txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tau raug tshawb xyuas rau kev rho tawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa. Piv nrog rau UAE thiab MAE txoj kev, HSHE tshiab txoj kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua ntawm PhGs nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm. Piv nrog rau txoj kev MAE, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau nce los ntawm 20.5 thiab 20.8 feem pua. Thiab piv nrog UAE, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau nce los ntawm 6.6 thiab 7.4 feem pua. Cov kev rho tawm ntawm HSHE ntawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa tau ua kom zoo dua. Raws li qhov ua tau zoo, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside tau mus txog 1.366 thiab 0.519 feem pua, raws li, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm echinacoside thiab acteoside mus txog 87 thiab 94 feem pua. HSHE txoj kev muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, kev ua haujlwm me me, kev siv qis, cov khoom siv yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, thiab cov nqi qis. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no muab ib txoj kev tshiab rau kev lag luam rho tawm PhGs los ntawm C. tubulosa.
