Hu rau: Audrey Hu Whatsapp / hp: 0086 13880143964 Email:audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Abstract:Ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj zuj zus rau kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho yog tsav lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntuj tsis yog hauv kev lag luam khoom noj xwb tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce ntawm cov tshuaj aqueous los ntawm peb Icelandicseaweeds ua los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (PEF) tau ua. Ua los ntawm PEF los ntawm Ulva lactuca, Alaria esculenta thiab Palmaria palmata tau muab piv nrog cov tsoos dej kub extraction nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm polyphenol, flavonoid thiab carbohydrate cov ntsiab lus. Ntxiv mus,antioxidantCov khoom thiab cov enzymatic inhibitoryactivities tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj hauv vitro. PEF tau nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws rau cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv, uas qhia ntau yam zoo xws li nws qhov tsis muaj cua sov thiab lub sijhawm tshem tawm luv dua. Ntawm peb hom Icelandic, Alaria esculenta tau pom cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj ntawm phenolic (meanvalue 8869.7 µg GAE / g dw) thiab flavonoid (txhais tau tias. tus nqi 12,098.7 µg QE/g dw) compounds, kuj nthuav tawm qhov siab tshaj plawsantioxidantmuaj peev xwm. Ntxiv mus, Alaria esculenta extracts tau nthuav tawm cov kev ua ub no zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv enzymatic (76.9, 72.8, 93.0 thiab 100 feem pua ​​​​rau collagenase, elastase,tyrosinaseandhyaluronidase, ntsig txog) rau lawv siv nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij whitening thiab anti-aging khoom. Yog li, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb ua ntej qhia tias Icelandic Alaria esculenta-based extracts uas tsim los ntawm PEF tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom xyaw uas muaj peev xwm rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce.

Ntsiab lus:macroalgae; Cov lactuca; Alaria esculenta; Palmaria palmata; PEF-pab extraction; bioactive compounds; ntsuab rho tawm; cov khoom xyaw ntuj; cosmeceuticals

cistanche yog whitening natural khoom xyaw

1. Taw qhia

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qhov kev thov rau cov tshuaj bioactive tshiab nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv tau dhau los ua ib qho kev nce ntxiv. Ntau pawg tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb txog cov kab mob hauv hiav txwv, xws li macroalgae, txhawm rau nrhiav cov khoom tshiab thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam agri-food, pharmacology, zaub mov thiab, tsis ntev los no, hauv kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce [1,2] . Macroalgae yog ib pawg loj thiab heterogeneous ntawm cov kab mob photosynthetic yam ntxwv los ntawm cov biodiversity loj thiab complex biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg. Raws li lawv cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov xim xim, macroalgae tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb kab nrog rau xim av algae (Phaeophyceae), liab algae (Rhodophyta) thiab ntsuab algae (Viridiplantae). Algal tebchaw yog khaws cia rau hauv lub cell cytoplasm los yog khi rau cell membranes; Yog li, kev cuam tshuam ntawm tes yog qhov tseem ceeb rau thevalorization ntawm algal biomass. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phab ntsa ntawm tes muaj qhov sib txawv heev ntawm cov kab mob algae xws li los ntawm cov kab me me mus rau ntau txheej txheej txheej, ua rau kev rov qab los ntawm cov khoom algal yog qhov nyuaj [3]. Feem ntau, seaweeds yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, thiab ntau yam metabolites xws li phenolic compounds, terpenoids, carotenoids, pigments thiab nitrogen derivatives [4-6]. Txawm hais tias thawj cov metabolites muaj qhov tseem ceeb, cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm lom neeg.seaweedextracts [7].

Kev txhawj xeeb loj zuj zus rau tag nrho kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv, nrog rau kev paub txog cov tshuaj tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub, yog tsav lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam ntawm ntuj thiab organic khoom [8]. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov neeg siv kev nco qab txog qhov nyiam ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntuj thiab cov khoom siv hauv eco-friendly tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm kev lag luam zaub mov mus rau kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab kev tu tus kheej [9]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tam sim no ntawm lub ntiaj teb sov sov thiab cov teeb meem ecological, tau muaj kev paub txog pej xeem cov teeb meem ntawm ib puag ncig.Raws li cov kev txhawj xeeb tam sim no, cov neeg siv khoom tau hloov lawv txoj kev nyiam rau cov khoom ntsuab, noj qab haus huv thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce tam sim no tau hloov cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom xyaw tsis zoo nrog cov khoom siv tshiab thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo nkauj "chemically-huv" [10].

Tshuaj pleev ib ce tau ib txwm raug txhais tias yog cov khoom siv rau tib neeg lub cev rau kev ntxuav, zoo nkauj, lossis txhawb kev ntxim nyiam yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev kev ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv tshiab thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tsis ntev los no tau txhawb kev txhim kho cov khoom tshiab uas muab ntau yam txiaj ntsig nrog kev siv zog tsawg. Lub sij hawm cosmeceutical tam sim no nquag siv los piav txog cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce nrog bioactiveingredients thov kom muaj kev kho mob lossis tshuaj zoo li cov txiaj ntsig [11]. Cosmeceuticals feem ntau muaj cov khoom xyaw ua haujlwm xws li cov vitamins, phytochemicals, enzymes,antioxidantsthiab/lossis cov roj tseem ceeb [12]. Txij li thaum muaj ntau yam ntawm cov bioactive compounds tau pom nyob rau hauv macroalgae, kev tshawb nrhiav tshiabseaweeds thiab marine algae-derived extractshave pov thawj los ua ib qho chaw cog lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce [13,14].

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm theem nrab metabolites muab los ntawmseaweeds paub txog lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, xws li kev tiv thaiv kev yees duab, moisturizing,antioxidant, anti-inflammatory thiab regenerative zog [15]. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig zoo no, algaeare tau koom nrog hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce xws li tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub, tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv hyperpigmentation, thaum polysaccharides siv los ua kom cov tawv nqaij moisturized thiab tiv thaiv dryness [16]. Thaum lub sij hawm kev laus, cov extracellular matrix proteins muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua hauj lwm ntau ntawm proteolytic enzymes xws li collagenases andelastases, ua rau pom kev hloov ntawm daim tawv nqaij, xws li wrinkles los yog poob ntawm daim tawv nqaij elasticity. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv kev laus ntawm daim tawv nqaij extrinsic yog inhibition ntawm collagenase thiab elastase kev ua ub no los ntawm natural compounds. Cov nroj tsuag tau txais kev tshawb nrhiav dav dav thiab pom tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv collagenase thiab tiv thaiv elastase [17]. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntaub ntawv me ntsis ntawm inhibitory enzymatic kev ua ub no ntawm seaweeds extracts.

Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem rho tawm rau kev sib cais ntawm bioactives los ntawm seaweeds yog raws li cov txheej txheem ib txwm ua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo, xws li kev siv cov khoom hnyav ntawm cov kuab tshuaj organic, lub sij hawm rho tawm ntev dua, qhov kub thiab txias, teeb meem xaiv, siab zog yuav tsum tau, thiab coextraction ntawm untargeted los yog interfering compounds [18]. Li no, cov txheej txheem tshiab rho tawm raws li cov ntsiab lus ntsuab chemistry muaj peev xwm txaus siab [19].

Pulsed electric teb (PEF) yog ib qho kev tawm tshiab, tsis muaj cua sov thiab siv hluav taws xob ua zaub mov noj [20]. PEF suav nrog kev siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob feem ntau nyob rau theem siab (kV ntau) thiab lub sijhawm luv luv (micro lossis nano-seconds) rau cov khoom tso rau ntawm ob lub electrodes [21]. Daim ntawv thov ntawm hluav taws xob pulses ua rau tsim ntawm reversible los yog irreversible pores nyob rau hauv lub cell daim nyias nyias, txhais raws li electroporation orelectro-permeabilization, uas yog li pab txhawb kom ceev ceev diffusion ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov huab hwm coj hloov mus li ntawm intracellular compounds [22]. Cov ntawv thov tsis ntev los no tau tsom mus rau kev siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ua cov txheej txheem rho tawm (PEF-assistedextraction) los ntawm bio-, zaub mov, thiab khoom ua liaj ua teb [23]. Nrog PEF kev kho mob nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov extracts nrog purity siab dua, nce tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv bioactive xws li polyphenols, carotenoids, los yog anthocyanins, thiab tshem tawm kev siv cov kuab tshuaj organic thiab txo lub sij hawm rho tawm [24,25]. PEF kev kho mob tau ua tiav tiav rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm ntau qhov chaw marine, xws li cov protein [26-28], carbohydrates [29,30], lipids [31,32] thiab cov xim xws li carotenoids, chlorophylls lossis phycocyanins [22,33] , 34] los ntawm microalgae thiab seaweeds.

Yog li, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog los soj ntsuam cov kev siv tshuaj pleev ib ce ntawm PEF extracts los ntawm peb hom macroalgae loj hlob hauv Iceland: U. lactuca (ntsuab macroalgae), A. esculenta (xim av macroalgae) thiab P. palmata (liab macroalgae). . Inan kev rau siab, los tsim cov organic thiab ntuj cov khoom xyaw rau ntsuab formulations, PEF-assistedextraction tau thov raws li ib tug eco-friendly lwm txoj rau cov tsoos organic solventextraction. Tom qab cov txheej txheem extraction, aqueousseaweedCov extracts tau pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm polyphenol, flavonoid, thiab cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate. Ntxiv mus,antioxidantCov khoom thiab cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov enzymatic inhibitory tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj hauv vitro. Cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm ntawm no yuav muab lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm xim av, liab, thiab ntsuab macroalgae los tsim cov khoom xyaw nquag rau cov qauv tsim tshiab hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg sib cais los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig.

2. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham

2.1. PEF-Assisted Extraction rau kev ua ntawm Icelandic Seaweed Biomass

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov hluav taws xob conductivity tau siab tshaj plaws hauv kev ncua kev npaj los ntawm A. esculenta ua raws li P. palmata thiab U. lactuca (p < {{0}}}.05)="" (table="" 1).="" txawm="" li="" cas="" los="" xij,="" qhov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" ntawm="" hom="" kev="" kho="" mob="" tsis="" tau="" txheeb="" xyuas="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb="" (p=""> 0.05). Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau ua tiav los ntawm lwm tus kws sau ntawv los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm PEFtreatment hauv cov ntaub so ntswg lom rau kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj intracellular ionic, vim tias qhov nce ntawm cov cell membrane permeabilization [35-37].

Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov txiaj ntsig tsis tau qhia txog kev tso tawm muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj no los ntawm PEF, txij li cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev coj ua tshwm sim los ntawm kev kho cov extraction feem ntau ua rau HW raug tshem tawm ntau tshaj. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau txiav txim siab tias thawj qhov kev coj ua ntawm theextracellular nruab nrab cuam tshuam rau electroporation kev ua tau zoo tab sis tsis muaj kev pom zoo txawm tias muaj kev sib raug zoo lossis tsis zoo ntawm ob yam no [38]. Variationsin conductivity thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom yuav ua rau cov kev sib piv nyuaj.Nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb no, muaj ib tug loj sib txawv ntawm conductivity ntawm A. esculenta suspensions thiab lwm yam ob hom, uas tsis yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm conductivity hloov thaum lub sij hawm kev kho mob extraction. Nws tau raug hais tias cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov seaweed xim av tuaj yeem suav txog ntau dua 50 feem pua ​​​​ntawm nws qhov hnyav qhuav [39], muaj cov ions loj, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov siab conductivity hauv A. esculenta suspensions piv rau lwm ob hom.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias pH hauv U. lactuca raug tshem tawm qis dua rau ob hom, tab sis tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb los ntawm hom extraction tau tsim. Qhov kub tau nce ntawm 22 ± 1◦C ua ntej kev kho mob, mus rau 95 ◦C los ntawm HW (rau txhua hom), mus rau 36.0 ± 1.0 ◦C, 46.3 ± 0. 6 ◦C thiab 51.0 ± 1◦C los ntawm PEF, hauv A. esculenta, P. palmata thiab U. lactucasuspensions. Tib qhov sib txawv tau pom rau cov pab pawg kho nrog PEF, uas tom qab ntawd ntxiv rhuab los ntawm HW. Qhov nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob mus rau lub zog thermal (ohmic cua sov), nyob rau hauv kev ncua thaum lub sij hawm kho PEF.Qhov kub nce yog paub tias yog nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no tab sis inverse proportion to the conductivity. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia vim li cas P. palmata thiab U. lactuca nce mus txog qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sij hawm kho PEF txawm hais tias lawv muaj qis dua li A. esculenta.

2.2. UV-VIS Absorption Spectra ntawm Icelandic Seaweed Extracts

Cov kev tshawb fawb seaweeds txawv nyob rau hauv cov spectral profiles (Daim duab 1), qhia hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab UV-absorbance muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm hom. Txawm li cas los xij, hom kev rho tawm cov txheej txheem tsis tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv UV absorption spectra; seaweed extracts pom zoo li kev nqus cov profiles tsis hais txog txoj kev rho tawm.

UV absorption spectra ntawm ntsuab alga U. lactuca pom lub ncov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub UV-B ntau yam (280–320 nm) (Daim duab 1a), thaum cov rho tawm los ntawm cov xim av alga A. esculentashowed tsis muaj tseeb tsim ntawm absorption cheeb tsam (Daim duab 1c ). Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias muaj zog absorbance ntawm 220 nm hauv A. esculenta extracts piv rau U. lactuca thiab P. palmatawhich tau suav tias yog los ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm phenolic compounds hauv A. esculenta (Table 2). Qhov kev nqus siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov ntau no tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib txuas ntawm phenolic tebchaw thiab alginates. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no yog suav tias yog khaws cia UVabsorption muaj peev xwm ntawm phenolic tebchaw nyob rau lub sijhawm [40].

Ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntxiv yog tias cov txiaj ntsig tau txais rau liab algal extracts, P. palmata absorbed ib feem ntawm UV-A hluav taws xob (320-400 nm). Nws yog paub tias liab algaeaccumulate photoprotective tebchaw nrog ultraviolet hluav taws xob nqus muaj peev xwm xws li mycosporine-zoo li amino acids (MAAs), uas nqus nyob rau hauv no tshwj xeeb UVregion [41]. P. palmata ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv UV absorption spectrum nrog lub siab peaks ntawm 320 thiab 340 nm raws li muaj MAAs absorbing nyob rau hauv norange [42], xws li palythinol (peak absorption ntawm 332 nm), asterina -330 (absorption peakat 330 nm), porphyra{11}} (nruab nrab nqus ntawm 334 nm) thiab lwm yam [43]. Vim hais tias extractionconditions, xws li hom kuab tshuaj, paub lub zog efficiency ntawm extraction, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau muab piv rau cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm MAAs nrog dej los ntawm P. palmata. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no, qhov nqus siab tshaj plaws tau pom ntawm 325 txog 330 nm [44], zoo li hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm xav tias qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 320 thiab 340 nm tuaj yeem yog vim muaj MAAs.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nqus spectrum ntawm 350 thiab 700 nm tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj cov khoom siv sib txawv hauv cov duab ntawm ntsuab, xim av, thiab liab macroalgae, chlorophyll-b (450-500 nm), fucoxanthin (400-500 nm) thiab phycorythin. (600–650 nm) raws [45]. Qhov concentration ntawm dej-soluble compounds nyob rau hauv cov extracts muaj zog zog. Yog li ntawd, tus qauv qhia txog qhov sib txawv inpigments ntawm algae hom tsis pom meej hauv txoj kev tshawb no.

2.3. Tag nrho Phenolic, Flavonoid thiab Carbohydrate Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Icelandic Seaweed Extracts

Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus phenolic hauv lubseaweeds ranged ntawm 1592 txog 9368 µg GAE/g dw (Table 2). Cov xim av alga A. esculenta pom qhov ntau tshaj (p < 0="" 05)="" ntawm="" phenoliccompounds="" (tus="" nqi="" nruab="" nrab="" 8869.7="" µg="" gae/g="" dw),="" ua="" raws="" li="" p.="" palmata="" (tus="" nqi="" nruab="" nrab="" 1806.2="" µg="" gae/g="" dw)="" thiab="" u.="" lactuca="" (tus="" nqi="" nruab="" nrab="" 1750.7="" µg="" gae/g="" dw)="" (tsis="" muaj="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" p.="" palmata="" thiab="" u.="" lactuca="" extracts)).="" rau="" txhua="" hom="" seaweed,="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" ntawm="" polyphenols="" tsis="" txawv="" ntawm="" txoj="" kev="" rho="" tawm="" tsuas="" yog="" u.="" lactuca,="" uas="" tau="" pom="" tias="" hw="" yog="" cov="" txheej="" txheem="" ua="" tau="" zoo="" tshaj="" plaws="" (p=""><0.05). txawm="" li="" cas="" los="" xij,="" qhov="" zoo="" ntawm="" pef="" suav="" nrog="" nws="" qhov="" tsis="" muaj="" cua="" sov,="" lub="" sijhawm="" luv="" luv="" (10="" min="" vs.45="" min)="" thiab="" cov="" txheej="" txheem="" ntsuab="" yuav="" tsum="" tau="">

Ntawm peb pawg algal, cov xim av macroalgae muaj cov polyphenols ntau dua li liab thiab ntsuab macroalgae. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov [46,47] uas tau tshaj tawm tias xim av (xws li, A. esculenta thiab Saccharina latissma) algae hom muaj cov ntsiab lus phenolic ntau dua li liab (P. palmata) thiab hom ntsuab (xws li, U. lactuca). Qhov no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lwm tus kws sau ntawv [48] uas tau txiav txim siab tias cov ntsiab lus polyphenol yog hom tshwj xeeb (A. esculenta > S. latissma > P. palmata) thiab cov ntsiab lus phenolic yog ntau tshaj peb lub sij hawm siab dua hauv A. esculenta dua li lwm hom ( A. esculenta: 37 mgphloroglucinol equivalents (PGE)/g dw; S. latisma: 8 mg PGE/g dw; P. palmata: 5 mgGAE/g dw). Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv tib txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias cov ntsiab lus polyphenol sib txawv raws li lub caij nyoog, thaum qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv (algae tau sau hauv Norway, Fabkis thiab Iceland) tau pom qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, Gager et al. (2020) pom tias muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lub caij nyoog hloov pauv hauv cov ntsiab lus polyphenol ntawm A. esculenta, nrog ntau dua 300 mg GAE / g DW thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg piv rau qis dua 20 mg GAE / g DW inspringtime. Phlorotannins los ntawm xya xim av seaweeds coj mus muag nyob rau hauv Brit tany (Fabkis) kuaj pom los ntawm 1 H NMR thiab nyob rau hauv vitro assays: temporal variation and potentialvalorization in cosmetic applications. Peb cov qauv tau sau thaum Lub Xya Hli (U. lactuca thiab A. esculenta) thiab lub Kaum Ib Hlis (P. palmata). Hauv Roleda txoj kev tshawb fawb [48], qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus hauv A. esculenta los ntawm Trondheim, Norway (tsis sau hauv Iceland) thaum lub caij ntuj sov yog 40 mg PGE / g dw thiab P. palmata los ntawm Iceland tab sis yog 4 mg GAE / g dw nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg. Cov txiaj ntsig siab dua qhia nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov khoom siv extractionmedia (80:20 acetone: dej), yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua. Cov ntsiab lus siab dua polyphenol kuj tseem pom rau A. esculenta extracts siv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm ethanol thiab dej (50:50) nrog ultrasound [49]. Txawm li cas los xij, siv tib qhov nruab nrab extraction thiab theclassic solvent extraction, A. esculenta tau tshaj tawm tias muaj 44.1 mg GAE / 100 g dw inaqueous extracts [50], kuj zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no.

Lub ntsiab lus flavonoid yog hom tshwj xeeb (A. esculenta > U. lactuca > P. palmata;(p < 0 {{10}}}5) (Table 2). Qhov ntau tshaj ntawm flavonoids tau pom rau A. esculenta extracts (tus nqi nruab nrab 12098.7 µg QE/g dw), thaum cov ntsiab lus qis dua tau pom rau U. lactuca (meanvalue 4152.4 µg QE/g dw), thiab cov ntsiab lus tsawg kawg yog txiav txim siab rau P. palmata extracts( Piv txwv li tus nqi 905.8 µg QE/g dw). Zoo ib yam li tus cwj pwm pom rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus phenolic, hom kev siv tshuab rho tawm tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov ntsiab lus flavonoid (p > 0.05), tshwj tsis yog U. lactuca. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias HW thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob txoj kev (PEF ntxiv rau HW) yog cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tshem tawm cov flavonoids hauv U. lactuca (p <0.05).

Muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntsiab lus flavonoid hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv av, tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb flavonoid nyob rau hauv algae tsis tshua muaj [51] thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv hom kawm hauv kev ua haujlwm tam sim no. Namely, txoj kev kawm ntawm Ummat et al. [49] qhia tias ultrasound-pab extractionenhanced rov qab ntawm flavonoids nyob rau hauv tag nrho 11seaweeds soj ntsuam (xws li A. esculenta) piv rau cov pa hnyav extractions siv cov sib tov ntawm 50 feem pua ​​​​ethanol. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, flavonoids tau suav nrog hauv cov tshuaj methanolic ntawm plaub hom Ulva (Ulva clathrata, Ulva linza, Ulva flexuosa thiab Ulva plab hnyuv) loj hlob ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Persian Gulf nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Iran; Cov ntsiab lus flavonoid ntawm algal extractsvaried ntawm 8 mus rau 33 mg RE / g dw [52]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los los ntawm tib pab pawg tshawb fawb pom tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog kev hloov ntawm lub caij nyoog thiab ib puag ncig [53]. Yog li, nws yog ib qho nyuaj me ntsis kom muaj kev saib xyuas tag nrho ntawm cov ntawv teev lus ntawm cov bioactive compounds hauvseaweeds, vim tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm, tab sis kuj yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus flavonoid cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej loj hlob thiab thaj chaw thaj chaw.

Mean carbohydrate content of produced extracts was also species-specific (P. palmata >U. lactuca > A. esculenta; p < 0.05)="" (table="" 2).="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" muaj="" nyob="" ntawm="" 44.8="" txog="" 510="" mg="" glue="" gdw="" nyob="" ntawm="" hom="" algae.="" seaweed="" muaj="" ntau="" ntawm="" polysaccharides="" nrog="" cov="" haujlwm="" tseem="" ceeb="" rau="" cov="" hlwb="" macroalgal="" nrog="" rau="" kev="" txhawb="" nqa="" thiab="" kev="" txuag="" hluav="" taws="" xob.="" piv="" txwv="" li,="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntawm="" cov="" phab="" ntsa="" liab="" thiab="" xim="" av="" seaweed="" cell="" yog="" sawv="" cev="" los="" ntawm="" sulfated="" galactans,="" uas="" yog="" hu="" ua="" agar,="" alginate,="" thiab="" carrageenan="" [54].="" lub="" redalgae="" p.="" palmata="" pom="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" carbohydrate="" ntau="" tshaj="" plaws="" (tus="" nqi="" nruab="" nrab="" 441="" mgglue="" g="" dw).="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" tau="" pom="" zoo="" nrog="" cov="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" yav="" dhau="" los="" uas="" tau="" tshaj="" tawm="" qhov="" siab="" tshaj="" plaws="" polysaccharide="" concentration="" hauv="" palmaria="" hom="" [55].="" ntxiv="" mus,="" mutripah="" et="" al.="" [56]="" piav="" qhia="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" carbohydrate="" ntawm="" p.="" palmata="" ntawm="" 469="" mg="" g="" ntawm="" cov="" seaweed="" qhuav,="" kuj="" zoo="" ib="" yam="" li="" qhov="" pom="" hauv="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="">

Cov macroalgae ntsuab U. lactuca pom cov ntsiab lus txog li 249.5 mg GluE/g dwd nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem extraction siv (Table 2). Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, U. lactucahas dej-soluble thiab insoluble cellulose sib haum mus rau polysaccharides structural nrog ib tug loj Cheebtsam hu ua ulvan, uas contributes los ntawm 9 mus rau 36 feem pua ​​​​qhov hnyav hnyav thebiomass [57]. Ulvan yog tsim los ntawm sulfated rhamnose, uronic acids (glucuronicacid thiab iduronic acid) thiab xylose. Vim nws qhov polar xwm, solubility ntawm ulvan inaqueous daws yog txhim khu kev qha los ntawm extraction ntawm kub kub (8{10}}-90 ◦C) [58]. Theextraction kub tuaj yeem yog vim li cas vim li cas tag nrho cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate ntawm U. lactucaextracts uas tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv dej kub thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob txoj kev (PEF ntxiv rau HW) siab dua (p <0.05) dua="" li="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" ua="" tiav="" siv="" pef="" nkaus="">

Ntawm qhov tod tes, lwm tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub caij nyoog hloov pauv hauv cov ntsiab lus polysaccharide. Piv txwv li, Schiener li al., thov txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv raws caij nyoog thiab kwv yees lub sijhawm sau qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws rau kelp. Kev txheeb xyuas raws caij nyoog ntawm A. esculenta pom tau hais tias qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm carbohydrates coincided nrog txo qis ntawm cov protein, tshauv, polyphenols thiab noo noo [39]. Raws li cov kws sau ntawv, cov kev sib raug zoo no, uas sib txawv ntawm lub caij thiab hom, tuaj yeem siv los ntawm kev lag luam kom ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov phiaj xwm.seaweedcov khoom.

2.4. Antioxidant Capacities ntawm Icelandic Seaweeds Extracts

A. esculenta muaj qhov muaj zog tshaj DPPH scavenging kev ua ntawm cov crude extracts ntawm peb hom algae (p < {{0}}.05),="" nrog="" rau="" scavenging="" cuam="" tshuam="" ntau="" dua="" 90="" feem="" pua="" ​​(table="" 3).piv="" nrog="" qhov="" sib="" txawv.="" cov="" txheej="" txheem="" kev="" daws="" teeb="" meem,="" a.="" esculenta="" tau="" pom="" tias="" muaj="" kev="" sib="" piv="" nrog="" kev="" ua="" si="" xws="" li="" 100="" µg="" ml="" ntawm="" ascorbic="" acid="" (87.9%),="" gallic="" acid="" (91.0%)="" thiab="" -tocopherol="" (87.9%).="" peb="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" tau="" pom="" zoo="" nrog="" cov="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" tsis="" ntev="" los="" no="" [50],="" uas="" kuj="" tau="" tshaj="" tawm="" tias="" tsis="" pom="">antioxidantKev ua haujlwm ntawm A. esculenta extracts. Kuj ceeb tias, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv lojantioxidantkev ua haujlwm tau pom ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm sib txawv (p > 0.05). Nws tau xav tias PEF extracts yuav qhia tau zoo dua antioxidant qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov extraction uas ua nrog kub tsoos extraction vim lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tswv yim ntsuab (xws li microwave-pab extraction los yog enzymatic extraction) yuav ua tau zoo zam lub decomposition ntawm bioactive tebchaw, nthuav ntau dua antioxidantactivities [59 , 60] ib.

Lub peev xwm ntawmseaweedKev rho tawm los txo ferric (Fe3 ntxiv) mus rau ferrous (Fe2 ntxiv) ion thiab lub peev xwm los tshem tawm cov radical ABTS kuj tau kawm, los ntawm FRAP thiab ABTS txoj kev, feem. FRAP cov txiaj ntsig tau pom cov qauv zoo sib xws rau DPPH, qhia A. esculenta muaj peev xwm txo tau ferric (Fe3 ntxiv) rau ferrous (Fe2 ntxiv) ion ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntawm peb hom algae (p < 0.{{6}="" }5).="" txawm="" li="" cas="" los="" xij,="" pom="" muaj="" tus="" cwj="" pwm="" txawv="" rau="" abts.="" allseaweeds="" rho="" tawm="" tau="" pom="" qhov="" muaj="" peev="" xwm="" zoo="" sib="" xws="" los="" txhawm="" rau="" tshem="" tawm="" cov="" radical="" abts="" (p=""> 0.05), qhia tias cov tsiaj no tej zaum muaj qee qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws cov haujlwm scavenging.

Feem ntau, xim av algae paub tias tam sim no siab duaantioxidantmuaj peev xwm sib piv rau cov tsev neeg liab thiab ntsuab [61]. Peb cov qhabnias kuj pom tau tias cov dej rho tawm los ntawm A. esculenta tau nthuav tawm cov kev ua haujlwm antioxidant zoo uas hais txog kev tshem tawm ntawm cov dawb radicals thiab txo lub zog, qhia tias A. esculenta tuaj yeem yog ib qho khoom siv rau ntuj antioxidants. Kev ua haujlwm siab antioxidant pom rau A. esculenta extractscould txuas rau cov ntsiab lus siab hauv phenolic tebchaw txiav txim siab hauv cov xim av algaeextracts. Hauv ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb, covantioxidantCov kev ua ntawm algae rho tawm tau raug ascribed tothe phenolic tebchaw, qhia zoo correlations ntawm phenolic cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tshem tawm muaj peev xwm feem ntau nrog DPPH [62,63]. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no rau A. esculenta extracts (saib kev sib tham zoo dua hauv Tshooj 2.6. Kev sib txheeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv bioactive).

2.5. Enzymatic Inhibitory Activities ntawm Icelandic Seaweed Extract

Icelandicseaweeds extracts exhibited zoo inhibitory cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov enzymestested (Table 4), qhib txoj kev tshiab rau cov exploitation ntawm natural enzymatic inhibitors los ntawm algae kev pab. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug uas enzymaticinhibitory kev ua ub no ntawm IcelandicseaweedCov extracts uas tsim los ntawm PEF tau raug sim.

2.5.1. Collagenase Inhibition Activity

A. esculenta extracts pom zoo collagenase inhibition xws li los ntawm 68 mus rau 91 feem pua, thaum P. palmaria thiab U. lactuca extracts exhibited insignificant inhibition kev ua ub no tiv thaiv collagenase (Table 4). A. esculenta dej kub extract tau nthuav tawm 71.1 feem pua ​​​​ collagenase inhibitionactivity, uas yog siab dua epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) txheem tov (63.2 feem pua) thiab piv nrog cov qauv zoo muab los ntawm cov khoom siv enzymatic coj mus muag (74.9 feem pua ​​).Ib qho tseem ceeb. Kev tshawb pom yog tias A. esculenta extracts tsim los ntawm PEF tau pom acollagenase inhibition ntawm 91 feem pua, nthuav tawm cov haujlwm ntau dua li cov inhibitor muab los ntawm cov khoom siv coj mus muag. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov kev ua no tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv cov dej rho tawm los ntawm PEF thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm PEF ntxiv rau HW. Qhov kev coj cwj pwm no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm hais tias cov txheej txheem dej kub tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov tebchaw ua haujlwm rau inhibiting collagenase kev ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau los piav qhia cov txiaj ntsig no vim qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom siv raw algal extracts. Theaforementioned kev tshawb fawb pab pawg yog tam sim no ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev txheeb xyuas ntawm inhibitionmolecules nyob rau hauv A. esculenta extracts kom nkag siab zoo txog cov zoo tshwm sim los ntawm lub PEF.

Cov txiaj ntsig hais txog qhov inhibition ntawm collagenase los ntawm A. esculenta extracts yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv dhau los, uas A. esculenta tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam rho tawm vim nws cov nyhuv antiaging. Lub degradation ntawm collagen tshwm sim nrog kev laus vim collagenase kev ua, ua rau wrinkles ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Qhov inhibition ntawm collagenase los ntawm ib txwm tshwm sim tebchaw yog lub sijhawm nthuav rau cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev laus. Piv txwv li, SEPPIC, tus neeg muag khoom ntawm cov khoom xyaw rau kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce, tab tom muab cov lipophilic extract ntawm A. esculenta (Kalpariane® AD) [64].

2.5.2. Elastase Inhibition Activity

Tsuas yog cov extracts nyoos ntawm A. esculenta inhibited elastase, nthuav tawm cov dej num siab dua 70 feem pua ​​ntawm inhibition (Table 4). Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv elastase ntawm A. esculenta extractsd tsis sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm (p > 0.05). Piv nrog rau quercetinsolutions, ib tug paub zoo elastase inhibitor uas pom 100 feem pua ​​​​ inhibition ntawm 1 mM thiab 58.7 feem pua ​​​​ntawm 0.5 mM, kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov extracts ntawm A. esculenta yog siab.

Elastase yog ib qho proteinase enzyme uas tuaj yeem txo elastin los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov peptidebonds. Yog li ntawd, qhov inhibition ntawm elastase kev ua haujlwm hauv dermis txheej tuaj yeem siv los tswj cov tawv nqaij elasticity [65]. Ntau cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog elastaseinhibitors [17]; Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua tiav ntawm elastase inhibition los ntawm cov peev txheej algae. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, polyphenols muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag paub tias muaj zog elastase thiab hyaluronidase inhibitors [66]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias phlorotannins, hom tannin nyob rau hauv xim av algae, extracts ntawm hiav txwv kelp Eisenia bicyclis thiab xim av alga Ecklonia cava, muaj txiaj ntsig rau daim tawv nqaij los ntawm kev txo cov elastase kev ua ub no ntau [67].The A. esculenta extracts tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no qhia lub siab tshaj TPC thiab TFC qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib piv rau lwm hom kev kawm (Table 4), yog li qhov no tuaj yeem yog vim li cas vim li cas cov aqueous rho tawm los ntawm P. palmaria thiab U. lactuca tsis qhia txog kev tiv thaiv elastase. Txhawm rau lees paub qhov kev xav no, Pearson correlation tsom xam tau ua, tawm tswv yim tias cov kev ua ub no tiv thaiv enzymatic muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj phenolic (saib kev sib tham ntxiv hauv Tshooj 2.6. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab bioactiveproperties).

2.5.3. Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity

A. esculenta extracts pom zootyrosinaseinhibition siab dua 90 feem pua ​​​​rau tag nrho cov kev siv thev naus laus zis, thaum P. palmaria thiab U. lactuca extracts tsis pom cov teebmeem tyrosinaseinhibitory (Table 4). Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv tyrosinase ntawm A. esculenta extractsd tsis txawv (p < 0.05)="" nrog="" txoj="" kev="" rho="" tawm.="" sib="" piv="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" ntawm="" a.="" esculentaextracts="" nrog="" cov="" tshuaj="" quercetin="" tau="" sim,="" cov="" khoom="" siv="" raw="" ntawm="" cov="" xim="" av="" algae="" pom="" zoo="" inhibitory="" kev="" ua="" ub="" no="" ntau="" dua="" li="" cov="" kev="" daws="" teeb="" meem="" no="" (88="" thiab="" 75="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​ntawm="" 0.5="" thiab="" 1="" mm="" quercetinsolutions,="" feem).="" raws="" li="" cov="" ntaub="" ntawv,="" anti-tyrosinase="" kev="" ua="" ub="" no="" ntawm="" cov="" nroj="" tsuag,="" kab="" mob="" thiab="" fungi="" tau="" tshaj="" tawm="" los="" ntawm="" ntau="" tus="" kws="" tshawb="" fawb="" [68].="" txawm="" li="" cas="" los="" xij,="" txawm="" hais="" tias="" cov="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" sib="" txawv="" qhia="" tias="" cov="" tshuaj="" bioactive="" tau="" los="" ntawm="" marine="" algae="" muaj="" lub="" peev="" xwm="" zoo="" siv="" los="" ua="" cov="" tshuaj="" pleev="" xim="" rau="" ntawm="" daim="" tawv="" nqaij="" [13],="" qhov="" no="" tseem="" yog="" qhov="" tsis="" tau="" tshawb="" nrhiav="" thiab="" tsuas="" yog="" qee="" qhov="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" tau="" ua="" tiav.="" feem="" ntau="" ntawm="" cov="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" tau="" ua="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cheeb="" tsam="" no="" tau="" tsom="" mus="" rau="" xim="" av="" algae,="" pom="" zoo="" nrog="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" ntawm="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" tam="" sim="" no="" uas="" a.="" esculentaextracts="" nthuav="" tawm="" cov="" dej="" num="" zoo="" tshaj="" plaws="" los="" tiv="" thaiv="" tyrosinase.="" piv="" txwv="" li,="" phloroglucinol="" derivatives="" thiab="" phlorotannins,="" cov="" metabolites="" theem="" nrab="" pom="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cov="" xim="" av="" algae,="" tau="" qhia="" txog="" kev="" tiv="" thaiv="" tyrosinase="" vim="" lawv="" muaj="" peev="" xwm="" chelate="" tooj="" liab="" [69].="" hauv="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" tsis="" ntev="" los="" no,="" cov="" extract="" ntawm="" cov="" xim="" av="" algae="" lessonia="" trabeculate="" tsim="" los="" ntawm="" microwave-assistedextraction="" inhibited="" ib="" qho="" kev="" ua="" tyrosinase="" ntawm="" 33.73="" feem="" pua="" ​​[60].="" hauv="" lwm="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb,="" cov="" extract="" ntawm="" cov="" xim="" av="" algae="" turbinaria="" conoides="" pom="" kev="" ua="">antioxidantthiabtyrosinaseinhibitor, txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov no, ethanol tau siv los ua hnyav [70]. Ib qho tseem ceeb correlation ntawm inhibitory potency ntawm polyphenols muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm ncebtyrosinasetau tshaj tawm hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [68]. Ib yam li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tias kev ua haujlwm inhibitory ntawm tyrosinase tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus flavonoid thiab phenolic (saib Tshooj 2.6. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas thiab bioactiveproperties).

Tyrosinase plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv biosynthesis ntawm melanin pigment nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij.Melanin yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ultraviolet irradiation, uas tuaj yeem ua rau ntau yam kab mob [71]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem zoo nkauj thaum melanin tau sau ua cov pob liab liab [72]. Yog li, kev koom ua ke ntawm tyrosinaseinhibitors hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce tuaj yeem ua kom zoo nkauj vim kev ua kom tawv nqaij dawb thiab los yog teeb pom kev zoo.

cistanche tuaj yeem inhibit tyrosinase

2.5.4 ib. Hyaluronidase Inhibition Activity

Tag nrho covseaweedCov extracts tau nthuav tawm cov kev ua haujlwm siab tiv thaiv hyaluronidase (Table 4), uas qhia cov txiaj ntsig sib piv rau cov tshuaj tannic acid (ib qho zoo-paub inhibitorof hyaluronidase). Tshwj xeeb, A. esculenta extracts tau pom 100 feem pua ​​​​ntawm inhibition rau txhua txoj kev sim. Ntxiv mus, U. lactuca extracts nthuav tawm cov dej num siab dua 90 feem pua ​​​​ntawm inhibition, qhov twg inhibition ntawm cov extracts uas tsim los ntawm PEF (96.8 feem pua) thiab kev sib xyaw ntawmPEF ntxiv rau HW (97.3 feem pua) yog siab dua qhov inhibition uas tsim los ntawm cov tsoos dej kub txheej txheem 93.4. feem pua ​​) (p <0.05). tag="" nrho="" cov="" p.="" palmaria="" extracts="" nthuav="" tawm="" cov="" dej="" num="" zoo="" sib="" xws="" (p=""><0.05), theinhibition="" ntawm="" cov="" extracts="" uas="" tsim="" los="" ntawm="" pef="" yog="" (91.9="" feem="" pua)="" thiab="" ua="" ke="" ntawm="" pef="" plus="" hw="" (89.5="" feem="" pua)="" thiab="" cov="" tsoos="" dej="" kub="" txoj="" kev="" (91.8="" feem="">

Lwm tus kws sau ntawv kuj tau piav qhia txog kev tiv thaiv hyaluronidase ntawm qhov sib txawvseaweeds extracts, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau extracts nplua nuj nyob rau hauv phlorotannins los ntawm xim av algae [73,74]. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug uas hyaluronidase inhibitory kev ua ub no ntawm P. palmataand U. lactuca extracts uas tsim los ntawm PEF tau tshaj tawm.

Hyaluronic acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov dermis, qhov uas nws koom nrog hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kho, nws tawg nrog kev laus, ua rau wrinkles thiab poob ntawm daim tawv nqaij firmness. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, hyaluronidase inhibitors nce qib hyaluronic acid ntawm dermal extracellularmatrix rau kev txhim kho cov tsos ntawm cov tawv nqaij laus [13]. Yog li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem qhib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev siv lub ntuj hyaluronidaseinhibitors los ntawm cov peev txheej algae uas muaj peev xwm siv tau hauv cov khoom kom zoo nkauj.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov ntaub ntawv sau cia tau ua rau peb txiav txim siab tias A. esculenta extracts nthuav tawm tag nrho cov haujlwm inhibitory zoo dua li P. palmaria thiab U. lactuca ntawm cov enzymestested. Yog li, ua cov hom seaweed zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo los tiv thaiv enzymatic thiab yog li nws tau raug xaiv rau kev kawm ntxiv hauv peb chav kuaj. Txawm hais tias crudeextracts los ntawm A. esculenta zoo nkaus li yog cov neeg sib tw zoo hauv kev sim vitro, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej tus kheej ntawm cov metabolites lub luag haujlwm rau cov teebmeem lom neeg.

cistanche extract: tiv thaiv oxidation

2.6. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Chemical Compounds thiab Bioactive Properties

Cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (PCA), pom tias qhov sib cais tseem ceeb ntawm pawg tau txhais los ntawm PC1 thiab PC2, uas suav txog 71.9 feem pua ​​​​ntawm thiab 14.5 feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li (Daim duab 2). A. esculenta extracts tau muaj cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm flavonoids thiab phenolic tebchaw, inhibitory cuam tshuam rau enzymes (collagenase, tyrosinase thiab elastase), thiab DPPH thiab FRAP qhov tseem ceeb, dua li lwm hom, P. palmata thiab U. lactuca. Ntawm qhov tod tes, A. esculenta muaj cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog piv rau P. palmata (uas nyob rau sab nraud ntawm PC1). Kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv raws PC2 feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog ABTS thiab hyaluronidase inhibition.Raws li qhia los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov phiaj xwm, P. palmata muaj kev sib raug zoo dua rau ABTS whereas U. lactuca muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hyaluronidase inhibition cuam tshuam, hauv kev sib piv ntawm ob hom.

Kev sib raug zoo siab thiab tseem ceeb ntawm TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, thiab inhibitory cuam tshuam ntawm collagenase, elastase thiabtyrosinasetau pom los ntawm Pearsoncorrelation tsom xam (Table 5).

Qhov no tau pom zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, qhia tias phenolic tebchaw (xws li flavonoids) yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm antioxidant ntawm ntau yam.seaweeds[75–77]. Kev ua haujlwm siab antioxidant ntawm cov extracts ntawm cov xim av macroalgae tau cuam tshuam rau ib pawg ntawm polyphenols, phlorotannins, thiab lawv cov qauv molecular tshwj xeeb. Phlorotannis los ntawm cov algae xim av tau tshaj tawm tias muaj txog yim qhov sib cuam tshuam phenolrings uas ua raws li cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob [78,79]. Nws tau xav tias ABTs yuav cuam tshuam nrog TPC, lwm yamantioxidanttsis muaj. Cov laj thawj muaj peev xwm yog tias cov txheej txheem yog raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab qhov kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm thiab ntau yam ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, ABTS reagent reacts nrog ntau qhov dav ntawmantioxidantsthan DPPH radical [80]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ib qho ntawm cov kev txwv uas tau hais rau ABTSis qhov kev tawm tsam ntev thiab lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv dav dav yuav tsis tso cai kom ncav cuag qhov kawg.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm TPC thiab TFC rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm collagenase, elastase thiab tyrosinase ({{0}}}.93–{6}}.99), whereas kev sib raug zoo rau inhibition. ntawm hyaluronidase tsis muaj zog li (r=0.42 thiab 0.54, raws li).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lwm yam khoom yuav tau pab txhawb rau inhibitory nyhuv ntawm cov extracts. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias polysaccharides muaj hyaluronidase-inhibitoryactivity, piv txwv li, alginic acid hauv xim av algae [81,82]. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm cov hom macroalgae rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj sib cais ntawm cov enzyme yog xav tau los ntsuas qhov kev koom tes ntawm txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg xws li hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsom mus rau cov khoom siv raw.

Cov kev tshawb pom tau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, hais tias cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qib ntawm bioactivity ntawm cov extracts sib txawv heev ntawm peb linages (liab, ntsuab thiab xim av algae) thiab ntawm ntau hom sib txawv ntawm tib phylumand yog cuam tshuam los ntawm hnub nyoog thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. hom. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv nyob ntawm ntau yam ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau kev faib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm macroalgae. Piv txwv li, lub teeb (UV-radiation), qhov kub thiab txias, muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus, raug huab cua, dej txav, yoj raug thiab salinity. Qhov ntsuas kub tau piav qhia tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim cov xim pigment thiab cov khoom noj concentration, salinity, thiab UV hluav taws xob raws li cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau cov concentration ntawm TPC [83].

Kev faib tawm ntawm ntau hom macroalgae sib txawv nrog dej tob. Txoj hauj lwm siab dua ntawm ntug dej hauv thaj chaw intertidal los yog littoral muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua li cov tsiaj loj hlob nyob rau ntawd, yuav tsum tiv taus ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob abiotic vim muaj kev hloov pauv tidal. Piv txwv li, qhov ua kom qhuav ntawm huab cua, siab hnub ci irradiances (thaum dej ntws tsawg), kev hloov hauv salinity thiab kub thiab, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm huab cua tsis tshua muaj kub, nrog rau freezing. Hauv qab cov dej qis, qhov tob zuj zus tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis heev hauv lub teeb siv thiab tsis raug irradiance.

Algae loj hlob nyob rau hauv tidal ntau yam muaj qis rhiab heev rau UV Radiation thiab rov qab sai dua los ntawm hnub ci kev nyuaj siab. Whereas algae loj hlob nyob rau hauv sublittoral cheeb tsam yog rhiab heev rau UV hluav taws xob thiab muaj qis rov qab los ntawm hnub ci kev nyuaj siab [84]. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab dej muab kev tiv thaiv. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, qhov raug tshav ntuj yog qhov muaj zog dua rau P. palmata, piv rau lwm hom. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov tsim ntawm MAAs ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub hnub ci [85], tiv thaiv cov kab mob tiv thaiv UV-A thiab UV-B hluav taws xob. Ntxiv mus, nws tau pom tias qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm MAAs tau txo qis nrog kev nce kev sib sau tob. Kelps xws li A. esculenta, paub txog togrow ntawm thaj tsam sab saud, tab sis kuj txuas mus rau qhov qis tshaj intertidal tsuas yog saum cov dej qis. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej kem muab kev tiv thaiv muaj zog dua rau P. palmata.Ntxiv rau, cov yam ntxwv morphological txawv, cov hniav ntawm A. esculenta arethicker piv rau lwm hom. U. lactuca, loj hlob feem ntau nyob rau hauv intertidaland sublittoral yog muaj peev xwm mus photosynthesize thiab loj hlob nyob rau hauv tsawg heev irradiances. Exposureto UVB lub teeb tau hais kom nrawm rov qab ntawm photosynthetic tsis ntawm U. lactuca los ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm UVA lub teeb. Nws yog me, yooj yim dua nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab luv luv-nyob (3 lub hlis) dua ob qho tib si A. esculenta (5-7 xyoo) thiab P. palmata uas muaj kev loj hlob tshiab txhua xyoo.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov kev xav tau tuaj yeem kos tau tias qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom rho tawm yog rau kev hloov pauv hauv lub neej, cov yam ntxwv morphological thiab kev loj hlob ntawm hom algae.

3. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

3.1. Khoom siv

Icelandicseaweeds U. lactuca (ntsuab algae), A. esculenta (xim av algae) thiab P. palmata (liab algae) tau muab los ntawm Icelandic Blue Mussel thiabSeaweed, uas sau seaweeds hauv Breidafjordur (West-Iceland). Tom qab sau cov seaweeds tau qhuav (kwv yees li 90 feem pua ​​​​cov khoom qhuav), milled thiab xa lub tshuab nqus tsev ntim. Cov qauv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav thiab tsaus ntawm chav sov kom txog thaum siv.

Tyrosinaselos ntawm nceb, L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), elastase los ntawm porcine pancreas, ascorbic acid, N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide (AAAPVN), hyaluronidase los ntawm bovine testes , quercetin, -tocopherol, tannic acid, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4, 6-Tripyridyl-s-Triazine (TPTZ), Trolox, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent,gallic acid thiab collagenase kev ua haujlwm colorimetric kuaj cov khoom siv (MAK293) tau yuav los ntawm Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hyaluronic acid sodium ntsev tau yuav los ntawmMakingCosmetics (Redmond, WA, USA). Tag nrho lwm cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj reagents siv yog qib ntsuas thiab tau txais los ntawm VWR International, LLC. Deionized dej (Elix® Essential, Merck, Darmstadt, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) tau siv rau kev rho tawm thiab npaj cov dej raws li kev daws teeb meem.

3.2. Kev sim tsim

Factorial tsim tau siv los soj ntsuam cov teebmeem ntawm Icelandic seaweed hom (U. lactuca, A. esculenta, P. palmata) thiab kev kho mob extraction (HW, 95 ◦C)), PEFassisted extraction (PEF) thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm ob qho tib si. Cov txheej txheem (PEF ntxiv rau HW), ntawm kev rho tawm thiab bioactivity (Table 6). Cov extraction tau ua nyob rau hauv triplicate rau txhua pab pawg thiab txhua tus extract replicate tau txheeb xyuas hauv triplicate.

3.3. Extraction ntawm Bioactives los ntawm Icelandic Seaweeds

Kev siv cov macroalgal biomass ntawm ntau qib tau txhawb cov kws tshawb fawb los tshawb nrhiav ntau dua eco-phooj ywg, ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo extraction, raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev rho tawm. Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, PEF-pab extraction tau raug soj ntsuam raws li ib txoj kev tshiab thiab ntsuab los tsim cov khoom ua haujlwm, thaum cov dej kub ib txwm siv los sib piv. Ntxiv mus, cov nyhuv ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob txoj kev, PEF kev kho mob ntawm macroalgae ua raws li cov tsoos dej kub extraction, ntawm thebioactive rov qab tau kawm. Vim tias qhov xav tau electroporation tsim nyob rau hauv cellmembranes tom qab kev kho mob lub cev, cov nram qab no extraction nrog dej kub yuav pab txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm intracellular cov ntaub ntawv [86], nce lub extraction yield.Ib lub sij hawm tom qab kev kho mob yog xav tau rau cov ntaub ntawv. kom diffuse tawm ntawm lub hlwb [87,88], thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim no cov suspensions tos hmo ntuj kom txog thaum sib cais ntawm cov kua (extract) los ntawm lub pulp.

Hais txog kev rho tawm nruab nrab, cov dej distilled tau siv los tsim covseaweedextracts kom kov yeej cov kev txwv txog kev siv cov tshuaj lom thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic. Dej pov thawj los ua cov kuab tshuaj zoo rau kev rho tawm ntawm ntau lub tebchaw bioactive los ntawmseaweeds [46,89–91] thiab yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg. Tsis tas li ntawd, dej feem ntau yog siv rau PEF-pab extraction vim nws yog ib tug zoo conductor rau hluav taws xob.

3.3.1. Cov txheej txheem rho tawm

Rau txhua replicate hauv txhua pab pawg,seaweeds (15 g) tau tsau ib hmos ntawm chav tsev kub (22 ◦C) hauv dej deionized (300 mL). Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev ncua raug kho nrogPEF (PEF), rhuab (HW) lossis ob qho tib si PEF-kho thiab rhuab (PEF ntxiv rau HW). Cov kev tshem tawm tau muab khaws cia rau ib hmos hauv lub tub yees tom qab los ntawm kev pom nrog cov ntawv lim (20 µm) lim dej.Tom qab ntawd cov filtrates (extracts) tau muab khaws cia rau ntawm 4 ◦C kom txog thaum lawv cov kev tshuaj ntsuam.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob-pab extraction tau ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv tsev. Nws muaj FuGHCK-200-2000 capacitor (FuG Elektronik GmbH, Rosenheim, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) thiab qhov sib txawv (18.5 kV OG75, Perkin-Elmer Optoelectronics, GMBH, Wiese baden, Lub teb chaws Yelemees). Cov khoom siv PEF tau tsim cov khoom lag luam exponential decay pulses nrog qhov dav ntawm 0.96 µs thiab amplitude ntawm 18 kV. Lub plexiglass kho chamber nrog qhov ntev (L × H × W) 20 × 8 × 2.5 cm, nrog qhov luv tshaj nyob deb ntawm cov phaj electrodeswas siv kho cov kev ncua nrog 8 kV / cm hluav taws xob teb ntawm 1.2 Hz rau 10 min.

HW-extracts tau npaj los ntawm cua sov lub ncua kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug beaker nyob rau hauv ib tug thermostatic dej da dej thiab khaws cia ntawm 95 ◦C rau 45 feeb. Rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab kev kho cua sov, cov kev ncua tau raug kho PEF thiab muab tso rau hauv lub beaker, rhaub hauv dej da dej, thiab khaws cia ntawm 95 ◦C rau 45 min.

3.3.2. Conductivity, pH thiab ntsuas kub

Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab pH ntawm seaweed suspensions tau ntsuas tom qab soaking thiab tom qab cov kev kho mob extraction, nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, siv pH meter (OrionStar ™ A215 pH / Conductivity Benchtop Meter, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) nruab nrog ib tug conductivity sensor thiab pH / ARC triode ua ke electrode. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kub thiab txias hloov vim kev kho mob raug kaw.

3.4. Spectral Profiles ntawm Seaweed Extracts

UV-VIS absorption spectra ntawm cov seaweed sib txawv tau ntsuas rau qhov ntau ntawm 200 txog 450 nm siv ob lub teeb Thermo Scientific Evolution 350 UV Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) nrog 1 cm quartzcuvettes. Peb scans tau ua rau txhua seaweed extract.

3.5. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Tag Nrho Cov Ntsiab Lus Polyphenolic

Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus phenolic (TPC) hauvseaweedCov extracts tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv Folin-Ciocalteu reagent tom qab ib qho kev hloov kho me ntsis piav qhia los ntawm Zhang [92] siv aMultiskan Sky Microplate Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Qhov ntim ntawm 20 µL ntawmseaweedExtract los yog serial standard tov yog tov nrog 100 µL ntawm Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (10 feem pua ​​​​hauv dej distilled). Tom qab 5 feeb, 80 µL ntawm 7.5 feem pua ​​(v/w) sodium carbonate tov ntxiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov yog incubated ntawm chav tsev kub thiab tsaus rau 30 min. Absorbance tau ntsuas ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 760 nm. Cov dej distilled tau siv los ua qhov khoob. Tus qauv nkhaus ntawm gallic acid tau siv los txiav txim siab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus phenolic thiab qhia tias yog µg ntawm gallic acid sib npaug (GAE) ib gram ntawm cov khoom qhuav (µg GAE / g dw).

3.6. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus Flavonoid

Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus flavonoid (TFC) hauvseaweedcov extracts tau txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj kev piav qhia los ntawm Kamtekar [93] thiab hloov mus rau 96-zoo microplates. Luv luv, ib lub ntim ntawm 25 µLof seaweed extract los yog serial standard tov yog tov nrog 100 µL ntawm sodium nitrite (0.375 feem pua ​​w/v). Tom qab 5 feeb, 25 µL ntawm txhuas chloride (3 feem pua ​​​​w / v) tau ntxiv rau qhov sib tov thiab incubated rau 6 min ntawm chav tsev kub. Tom qab ntawd, 100 µL ntawm sodium hydroxide (2 feem pua ​​​​w / v) tau ntxiv rau qhov sib tov thiab sib xyaw. Tam sim ntawd, absorbance tau ntsuas ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 510 nm. Cov dej distilled thiab ethanol tau siv ua qhov khoob. Ib qho qauv nkhaus ntawm quercetin (solved hauv ethanol) tau siv los txiav txim siab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus phenolic thiab nthuav tawm raws li µg ntawm quercetin equivalents (QE) ib gram ntawm cov khoom qhuav (µg QE / g dw).

3.7. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus Carbohydrate

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov piam thaj dawb tau ntsuas raws li txoj kev piav qhia los ntawm [94], nrog kev hloov kho me ntsis. Ib 50 µL ntawm phenol daws (4 feem pua) thiab 250 µL ntawm sulfuric acid (96 feem pua) tau ntxiv rau 100 µL ntawm cov qauv lossis cov qauv tshuaj. Tom qab 10 min ntawm incubation ntawm chav tsev kub, lub absorbance ntawm cov sib tov tau nyeem ntawm 490 nm. Tus qauv nkhaus ntawm qabzib tau siv los txiav txim siab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate thiab qhia tias yog mg ofglucose equivalents (GluE) ib gram ntawm cov khoom qhuav (mg GluE / g dw).

3.8. Antioxidant Properties ntawm Seaweeds Extracts

3.8.1 ib. 2,2 Diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Dawb Radical Scavenging Assay

Covantioxidantkev ua haujlwm (DPPH) ntawmseaweedrho tawm tau txiav txim raws li txoj kev piav qhia yav dhau los [94] nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho. Luv luv, 200 µLof 10.825 × 10-5 M DPPH tov tau ntxiv rau 100 µL ntawm cov qauv (1: 1 hauv methanol) hauv 96- zoo phaj. Tib lub ntim ntawm DPPH tau tov nrog 50 µL tus qauv ntxiv rau 50 µL methanol.Tom qab ntawd cov qauv thiab cov qauv raug muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw tsaus ntawm chav tsev kub rau 30 min. Lub absorbance yog ntsuas ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 517 nm. Cov dej distilled tau siv ua ib qho khoob. Lub peev xwm txhawm rau txhawm rau DPPH radical tau suav nrog siv qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:

Cov nyhuv pov tseg (%)=(1 − (A qauv − Ib qho qauv dawb)/(A tswj − Amethanol blank)) × 100 (1)

qhov twg Acontrol yog qhov nqus ntawm kev tswj (DPPH tov tsis muaj qauv), tus qauv A yog qhov nqus ntawm cov qauv kuaj (DPPH tov ntxiv rau cov qauv kuaj), tus qauv A yog qhov nqus ntawm cov qauv nkaus xwb (piv txwv tsis muaj DPPH tov) thiab Amethanol dawb paug yog qhov nqus ntawm methanol nkaus xwb. Kev lag luamantioxidants (ascorbic acid, gallic acid thiab -tocopherol) tau siv los ua kev tswj xyuas zoo.

cistanche yog cov tshuaj antioxidants

3.8.2 ib. Ferric Ion Txo Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Kev Tshawb Fawb

Kev ua FRAP tau ntsuas raws li txoj kev ntawm Benzie thiab Strain [95]. Luv luv, acetate buffer (300 mM, pH 3.6), 2,4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) 10 mM hauv 40 mM HCl, thiab FeCl3·6H2O (20 mM) tau sib xyaw hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 10: 1: 1 kom tau txais FRAPreagent ua haujlwm. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw yog incubated ntawm 37 ◦C rau 10 min. Ib qho piv txwv 50 µL los ntawm txhua qhov extract yog tov nrog 150 µL ntawm kev ua haujlwm FRAP tov rau 8 min ntawm chav tsev kub.Qhov absorbance ntawm cov khoom xim, Ferrous-TPTZ tau ntsuas ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 593 nm. FRAP qhov tseem ceeb ntawmseaweeds extracts tau qhia raws li µM ntawm trolox equivalents (TE) ib gram ntawm qhuav khoom.

3.8.3 ib. 2,2 Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid) (ABTS) Assay

Kev tsom xam tau ua tiav siv ABTS decolorization raws tu qauv [76] nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho. Ib qho ABTS radical cation (ABTS. ntxiv) yog tsim los ntawm reacting ABTS (66 mg) nrog 10 mL ntawm cov tshuaj potassium persulphate (2.45 mM). Qhov sib tov tau muab tso rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm chav tsev kub rau 12-16 teev ua ntej siv. ABTS. Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tau diluted nrog dej rau qhov nqus ntawm 0.700 ntawm 734 nm. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw (200 ul) raug xa mus rau amicroplate, 50 µL ntawm cov qauv ntxiv thiab tom qab ntawd 150 µL ntawm cov tshuaj reagent. Lub phaj tau shaken rau 10 s ntawm nruab nrab ceev, thiab lub absorbance yog ntsuas ntawm 734 nm tom qab 5 min ntawm incubation ntawm chav tsev kub. Tus qauv nkhaus tau npaj los ntawm kev npaj qhov kev txwv tsis pub ntawm A734nm ntawm Trolox cov qauv ua haujlwm ntawm lawv cov concentrations. Lub TroloxequivalentantioxidantLub peev xwm (TEAC) tus nqi ntawm cov qauv tau suav nrog qhov sib npaug tau los ntawm cov kab rov tav ntawm tus qauv nkhaus hloov ntawm A734nmvalues ​​rau txhua tus qauv:

TEAC (µM)=(piv txwv inhibition A734nm − intercept)/slope (2)

CovantioxidantKev ua haujlwm tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm TEAC concentration, µmol / g dryweight algae.

3.9. Anti-Enzymatic Activities ntawm Seaweeds Extracts

3.9.1 ib. Collagenase Inhibition Assay

Ib qho khoom siv collagenase kev ua haujlwm colorimetric kuaj (MAK293), yuav los ntawm Sigma Aldrich, tau siv los txiav txim siab collagenase inhibition ntawmseaweedsrho tawm. Cov khoom siv ntsuas collagenase kev ua haujlwm siv hluavtaws peptide (FALGPA) uas ua raws li cov qauv collagen. Cov txheej txheem tau ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov khoom siv.

3.9.2 ib. Elastase Inhibition Assay

Qhov inhibition ntawm elastaseseaweeds extracts tau tshawb xyuas hauv TRIS tsis daws nrog cov kev hloov kho raws li tau piav qhia ua ntej [96]. Luv luv, 100 µL ntawm 0.1 M TRIS buffer tov (pH 8.0), 25 µL ntawm elastase (1 U / mL hauv TRIS tsis) thiab 25 µL cov qauv rho tawm tau sib xyaw thiab ua rau 15 feeb ntawm 30 C ua ntej ntxiv cov substrate los pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tom qab lub sij hawm incubation, 50 µL ntawm 2 mM AAAPVN tov tau ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd, qhov absorbance ntawm 420 nm tau saib xyuas rau 20 min siv lub microplate nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas kub tsis tu ncua ntawm 30 C. Thaum kawg, elastase inhibition tau suav nrog feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev siv qhov sib npaug:

feem pua ​​Inhibition=[(∆Abs/min tswj − ∆Abs/min qauv)/∆Abs/mincontrol] × 100 (3)

qhov twg Abscontrol yog qhov absorbance ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siv qhov tsis es tsis txhob inhibitor (piv txwv) thiab Abs qauv yog qhov nqus ntawm cov qauv rho tawm. Quercetin tau siv los ua kev tswj xyuas qhov zoo. TRIS tsis yog siv los ua qhov khoob.

teebmeem ntawmcistanche extract:anti-aging

3.9.3 ib. Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay

Tyrosinaseinhibitory assay tau ua raws li txoj kev tau piav qhia yav dhau los los ntawm [66] siv L-DOPA ua substrate. 20 μL ntawm cov qauv, 10 μL ntawm ncebtyrosinasetov (50 U / mL hauv phosphate buffer) thiab 80 µL ntawm phosphate buffer (pH=6.8) sib tov nyob rau hauv ib lub microplate thiab pre-incubated ntawm 37 ◦C rau 5 min. Tom qab ntawd, 90 µL ntawm L-DOPA (2 mg / mL) tau ntxiv. Qhov tsim ntawm dopachrome tau soj ntsuam tam sim ntawd rau 20 min ntawm 475 nm hauv microplate nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 37 ◦C. Qhov feem pua ​​​​inhibition ntawmtyrosinaseenzyme tau suav nrog kev sib npaug:

feem pua ​​Inhibition=[(∆Abs/mincontrol − ∆Abs/min sample)/∆Abs/mincontrol] × 100 (4)

qhov twg Abs tswj yog qhov absorbance ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siv qhov tsis siv cov inhibitor (piv txwv) thiab Abs qauv yog qhov nqus ntawm cov qauv rho tawm. Quercetin tau siv los ua tus tswj qhov zoo. Phosphate tsis yog siv los ua qhov khoob.

3.9.4 ib. Hyaluronidase Inhibition Assay

Hyaluronidase inhibitory kev ua haujlwm tau ntsuas raws li yav dhau los tau piav qhia los ntawm [66] nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho. Ib ntim ntawm 100 µl ntawm hom-1-S bovine testes hyaluronidase (2100 U/mL) yaj hauv 0. 1 M acetate buffer (pH 3.5) yog tov nrog 100 µL ntawm extract thiab incubatedat 37 ◦C rau 20 min. Ib lub ntim ntawm 200 µL ntawm 6 mM ntawm calcium chloride tau ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tom qab ntawd cov sib tov tau muab tso rau ntawm 37 ◦C rau 20 min. Qhov Ca2 plus activated hyaluronidase no tau kho nrog 250 µL ntawm sodium hyaluronate (1.2 mg / mL) yaj hauv 0.1 M acetate tsis (pH 3.5), thiab tom qab ntawd incubated hauv da dej ntawm 37 ◦C rau 40 min. Ib 50 µL ntawm 0.9 M sodium hydroxide thiab 100 µL ntawm 0.2 M sodium borate tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw thiab tom qab ntawd incubated hauv dej npau npau rau 5 feeb. Tom qab txias rau chav sov, 250 µL ntawm ρ-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DAMB) tov tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov. Cov tshuaj DAMB tau npaj los ntawm dissolving 0.25 gof DAMB hauv 21.88 mL ntawm 100 feem pua ​​​​acetic acid thiab 3.12 mL ntawm 10N hydrochloric acid. Pab pawg tswj hwm tau kho nrog 100 µL ntawm 5 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov dej es tsis txhob rho tawm. Lub absorbance tau ntsuas ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 585 nm tom qab 45 min. Qhov feem pua ​​​​enzyme inhibition raug xam los ntawm kev sib npaug hauv qab no:

feem pua ​​inhibition=[(Abscontrol − Abssample)/Abscontrol] × 100 (5)

qhov twg Abs tswj yog qhov absorbance ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siv qhov tsis siv cov inhibitor (piv txwv) thiab Abs qauv yog qhov nqus ntawm cov qauv rho tawm. Tannic acid yog siv los ua tus qauv siv.

3.10. Kev txheeb cais

Qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tsom xam triplicate ntawm txhua qhov kev rho tawm tau suav thiab siv los nrhiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov qauv sib txawv rau txhua pawg (n {{0}}). Cov qauv kab qauv dav dav (GLM) rau cov xwm txheej ruaj khov tau siv los ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ob txoj hauv kev ntawm cov kev sim (hom thiab cov txheej txheem rho tawm) ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, ANOVA thiab Tukey-Kramer xeem tau siv los txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb (p <0.05) qhov="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" pawg.="" pearson="" correlation="" tau="" siv="" los="" ntsuas="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" ntawm="" qhov="" sib="" txawv.="" tus="" thawj="" saib="" xyuas="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" (pca)="" tau="" siv="" los="" txheeb="" xyuas="" cov="" qauv="" hauv="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" ntawm="" kev="" ntsuas="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" thiab="" qhov="" kev="" sim.="" thepca="" txo="" cov="" ntaub="" ntawv="" voluminous="" mus="" rau="" ib="" qho="" me="" me="" ntawm="" cov="" kab="" sib="" txuas="" ntawm="" cov="" sib="" txawv="" (ie,="" yam)="" raws="" li="" cov="" qauv="" ntawm="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" ntawm="" cov="" thawj="" qhov="" sib="" txawv.="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" linearattribute="" ua="" ke="" tuaj="" yeem="" siv="" rau="" kev="" ua="" kom="" pom="" cov="" yam="" ntxwv="" tshwj="" xeeb="" ntawm="" cov="" khoom="" lag="" luam="" raws="" li="" qhov="" hloov="" pauv="" tau="" kawm.="" txhua="" qhov="" kev="" txheeb="" xyuas="" txheeb="" cais="" tau="" ua="" tiav="" siv="" ncss="" 2020="" statisticalsoftware="" (2020)="" (ncss,="" llc.,="" kaysville,="" ut,="">

Anti-aging cistanche extract

4. Cov lus xaus

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim thawj zaug no tau pom tias muaj peev xwm ntawm peb Icelandicseaweedhom los ntawm kev muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Txoj kev siv tshuaj ntsuab tau tsim los siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob aqueous pulsed tau nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws rau kev rho tawm cov dej kub ib txwm, uas qhia ntau yam zoo xws li nws qhov tsis muaj cua sov thiab lub sijhawm rho tawm luv dua (10 min vs. 45 min). Ntawm peb hom algal, cov xim av macroalgae A. esculenta pom cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm TPC thiab TFC kuj nthuav tawm qhov loj tshaj plaws.antioxidantLub peev xwm Ntxiv mus, A. esculenta dej extracts nthuav tawm cov dej num zoo dua hauv kev tiv thaiv ntau dua li P. palmaria thiab U. lactuca ntawm collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase thiab hyaluronidase yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.seaweedhom tshuaj tiv thaiv enzyme zoo heev rau lawv siv hauv daim tawv nqaij dawb,anti-agingthiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Interestingly, theA. esculenta extracts uas tsim los ntawm PEF txoj kev qhia tau hais tias collagenase inhibition ntawm 91 feem pua, siab dua qhov inhibition kev ua qhia los ntawm cov tsoos dej kub extraction thiab txawm siab tshaj qhov inhibitor muab los ntawm cov khoom siv coj mus muag. Hauv kev xaus, peb qhov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej qhia tias Icelandicseaweed-raws li extracts, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov extracts los ntawm brownmacroalgae A. esculenta, ua los ntawm aqueous pulsed hluav taws xob teb-pab extraction yog muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm cov khoom xyaw uas yuav siv tau raws li active tebchaw rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab cosmeceutical formulations nyob ze yav tom ntej.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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ntoo khaub lig

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