Cov teebmeem ntawm Cistanche Tubulosa Aqueous Extract Ntawm Lub plab Microbiota Ntawm cov nas nrog plab hnyuv

Hu rau: Audrey Hu Whatsapp / hp: 0086 13880143964 Email:audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Cov kab mob ntawm lub plab microbiota yog txuam nrog ntau yam kab mob. ua aqueousrho tawmlos ntawmCistanche tubulosa(CT), atraditional suav tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab, tau tshaj tawm los ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv tib neeg txoj hnyuv. Txawm li cas los xij, me ntsis paub txog nws cov teebmeem ntawm lub plab microbiota. * e txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau ua los txiav txim siab seb CT aqueousrho tawmtuaj yeem hloov kho lub plab microbiome hauv cov nas uas muaj cov kab mob hauv plab. Peb pom tias cov kab mob plab hnyuv puas uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev kho mob nrog cefixime tuaj yeem cawm tau siv covCTaqueous extract. *e kev sib piv ntawm microbial ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov nas kho nrog covCTextract thiab tswj cov nas kuj tau qhia tias qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub zej zog microbiome ntawm cov qauv pab pawg tuaj yeem rov qab los ntawm kev kho mob nrog cov siab thiab nruab nrab concentrations.CTaqueous extract. Kev kho mob nrog cefixime ua rau txo qis hauv cov kab mob lactic acid; txawm li cas los xij, qhov supplementation ntawm lubCTaqueous extract tau zoo rov qab los ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid no. Tsis tas li ntawd, CT aqueousrho tawmNws tuaj yeem txo qis cov kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub plab microbiome raug ntxias los ntawm cefixime. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau muab kev pom zoo rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm CT aqueous extract ntawm plab microbiota, thiab lawv kuj tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj cuam tshuam yav tom ntej.

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1. Taw qhia

Cov kab mob hauv plab feem ntau colonize lub plab hnyuv thiab mucosal txheej thiab sib koom nrog cov khoom siv thiab lub zog sib pauv, hloov pauv, thiab lwm yam txheej txheem [1].Covy yog cov chaw taw qhia uas sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb, xws li kev noj zaub mov, nrog cov cim caj ces thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, yog li cuam tshuam rau tus tswv tsev metabolism, tiv thaiv kab mob, paj hlwb, thiab teb rau cov kab mob [2]. Feem ntau, muaj qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab cov tswv; Txawm li cas los xij, plab dysbiosis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev noj qab haus huv / kab mob sib npaug, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab ntau yam kab mob [3]. Kev hloov pauv hauv cov gutmicrobiota yog qhov txaus rau tus tswv tsev; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tseem tuaj yeem muab txoj hauv kev los nthuav tawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv lwm yam hnyav, xws li bacteriophages, bacteriocins, thiab oxidative stress [4].Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov ethanol extract ntawmCistanche tubulosa(CT), ib hom tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab, tuaj yeem tswj cov plab hnyuv microbial muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov nas [5], thiab tag nrho glycosides ntawm CT kho cov kab mob gutmicrobiota [6]. Cistanche hom, uas feem ntau parasitizeon cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Tamarix hom, kuj hu ua "ginseng ntawm cov suab puam," thiab ib tug tonic muaj xws li stems ntawm Cistanchedeserticola (CD) thiabCistanche tubulosa(CT) yog siv los ua tshuaj ntsuab [7].CovCov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm CTphenylethanol glycosides (PHGs), uas yog cov tshuaj antioxidant [8, 9], tau pom los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev [10], inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation, thaiv qhov kev coj ua ntawm kev taw qhia txoj hauv kev hauv TGF- 1 / SMAD [ 11], thiab tiv thaiv bovine serum albumin-inducedhepatic fibrosis hauv nas [12]. Ntawm ntau tshaj 100 yam hauv CT, polysaccharide kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb nrog cov ntsiab lus ntau [13, 14]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias C. deserticola polysaccharides induce melanogenesis hauv melanocytes, txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab[15], alleviate kev txawj ntse tsis ua hauj lwm los ntawm regulating antioxidant thiab anti-inflammatory txheej txheem nyob rau hauv nas [16], tiv thaivPC12 hlwb tiv thaiv OGD / RP-induced raug mob [17] , enhanceechinacoside absorption nyob rau hauv vivo, thiab cuam tshuam rau lub plab microbiota [18].Probiotics yog nyob nonpathogenic microorganisms uas muaj kev noj qab haus huv cov kev pab cuam thiab muab cov microbial tshuav nyiaj li cas nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ib ntsuj av tau thaum noj nyob rau hauv txaus [19].Covy tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tsis muaj zog tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua kom cov macrophages, natural killer (NK) hlwb, thiab antigen-specificcytotoxic T lymphocytes thiab tso tawm ntau yam cytokinesin ib hom kab mob tshwj xeeb thiab koob tshuaj raws li [20]. Probiotic hom txhim kho cov khoom ntawm txoj hnyuv epithelium ntawm TJ kev hloov pauv, thiab cov tshuaj probiotic strainshave tau pom los tswj cov mucin qhia, yog li cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov mucus txheej thiab indirectly tswj lub plab tiv thaiv kab mob [21]. Cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawmlactic acid (LAB) thiab Bifidobacterium yog cov kab mob loj heev uas tau siv rau ntau qhov chaw [22–26].ThCov txiaj ntsig eirhealth muaj ntau heev, nrog rau lawv cov antioxidant muaj peev xwm ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv lawv txoj haujlwm kev noj qab haus huv [27]. Probiotics tuaj yeem chelate hlau ions los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm catalyzing oxidation [28, 29]; Lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant [30, 31], tsim ntau yam metabolites nrog antioxidant kev ua haujlwm [32, 33], kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant [34-36], thiab tswj cov enzymes uas tsim cov pa oxygen hom (ROS) thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm txoj hnyuv. Cov kab mob oxidative kev nyuaj siab[37].Txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias polysaccharidesof CD tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob lactic acid, uas tuaj yeem pab tib neeg noj qab haus huv [38]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus ntawm polysaccharides hauv CD yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hauv CT [7, 39], thiab qhov sib txawv no yuav ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm hais tias CD polysaccharides tuaj yeem txo cov kev ntxhov siab oxidative los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm NRF2 / HO-1 txoj hauv kev [15], qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib leeg polysaccharide tuaj yeem txawv ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw hauv CT.Thpeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txhais cov teebmeem ntawm CT aqueous extracts ntawm plab hnyuv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, PHGs tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv oxidative kev nyuaj siab [40] thiab txo qis lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory teb los ntawm kev ua kom lubKeap1/Nrf2/HO-1 txoj kev [41].CovYog li ntawd, txiav txim siab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CT aqueous extract yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm aqueousCD extract ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab plab hnyuv flora qhia tau hais tias qhov kev tiv thaiv rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab tej zaum yuav correlated nrog plab hnyuv flora hloov. CTaqueous extract ntawm lub plab microbiota ntawm nas nrog cov kab mob plab hnyuv. Cov txiaj ntsig no yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig txog cov txheej txheem ua tau los ntawm CTchanges lub plab hnyuv flora thiab confers plab tsis kam tooxidative kev nyuaj siab.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1. Kev sim tsiaj.

Tag nrho ntawm 18 SPF-chav kawm txiv neejC57BL/6J nas, hnyav 18–22 g, tau yuav los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsiaj Chaw ntawm Xinjiang Medical Universitywith daim ntawv tso cai tus lej SCXK (tshiab) 2018-0003.Covy tau muab tso rau hauv tawb raws li cov qauv txheej txheem: 12 h lub teeb / tsaus photoperiod, qhov kub ntawm 23 ± 2 degree, thiab av noo ntawm 55 ± 5 feem pua.Covtsiaj txhu tau noj zaub mov noj (51 feem pua ​​​​ntawm nitrogen-free extract, 25 feem pua ​​crude protein, 4.6 feem pua ​​crude fat, 6.5 feem pua ​​crude tshauv, 4.0 feem pua ​​crude fiber, thiab 8.9 feem pua ​​cov dej noo) thiab kais dej.Covcov tsiaj raug kho raws li cov lus pom zoo tau piav qhia hauv Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Saib Xyuas thiab Kev Siv Cov Tsiaj Looj Mem ntawm National Institutes of Health.

2.2. Extraction ntawm Aqueous Extract.

Dried slices of C.tubulosa,muab los ntawm Hotan Dichen PharmaceuticalBiotechnology Co., Ltd., tau muab tso rau hauv cov hmoov, thiab cov granules nrog qhov loj me ntawm 20 thiab 40 meshes raug xaiv.CovCov txheej txheem rho tawm tau raws li hauv qab no: cov khoom ua kua sib piv ntawm 1:19, qhov kub ntawm 80 degree, lub sijhawm microwave ntawm 6 min, lub sijhawm ultrasonic ntawm 16 min, lub zog microwave ntawm 400 W, thiab lub zog ultrasonic ntawm 400 W.CovCov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov aqueous extract tau ntsuas los ntawmHPLC (Agilent 1260 Infinity II, California, USA). Hauv luv luv, cov qauv tshuaj ntawm echinacoside (0.2 mg / mL) thiab acteoside (0.2 mg / mL) tau yaj hauv 50 feem pua ​​​​methanol los ua cov tshuaj siv tshuaj.Covn, 1 g ntawm CTaqueous extract tau yaj hauv 100 mL 50 feem pua ​​​​methanol thiab sab laug rau 30 feeb.CovCov tshuaj extract tau kho nrog ultrasound ntawm 250 W thiab 35 kHz rau 10 min thiab tom qab ntawd centrifuged ntawm 12, 000 rpm / min.Covsupernatant tau lim los ntawm {{0}}.45 μm microporous lim membrane. Cov tshuaj siv tshuaj thiab cov filtrate tau kuaj pom los ntawm HPLC hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: octadecylsilane bonded silica gel li muab tub lim, methanol li mobile theem A, thiab 0.1 feem pua ​​formic acid li mobile theem B.CovQhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov kab tau teeb tsa li 30 degree, qhov kev tshawb pom wavelength tau teem li 330 nm, thiab qhov ntim txhaj tshuaj yog 10 μL.

2.3. Kev sim.

Tom qab ib lub lim tiam ntawm kev hloov kho, 18 micewere random muab faib ua rau pawg: A (ib txwm nrog nruab nrab koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract ntxiv), B (ib txwm tsis muaj CT aqueous extract), C ( qauv tsis muaj aqueousextract), D ( qauv nrog high- koob tshuaj CT aqueous extractadded), E (qauv nrog nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous extractadded), thiab F (qauv nrog tsawg-dose CT aqueous extractadded).CovCov pab pawg tau kho raws li hauv qab no: cov pab pawg ib txwm raug dej los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsev ib txwm, cov qauv pawg tau drenched los ntawm cefixime (30 mg / kg, Shiyao Group OuyiPharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Tuam Tshoj) thiab cov tshuaj normalsaline, cov pab pawg neeg siab tau drenched. los ntawm cefiximeand 221.14 mg / kg ntawm CT aqueous extract, nruab nrab-dosegroup tau drenched los ntawm cefixime thiab 165.54 mg / kg ntawm theaqueous extract, thiab cov pab pawg tsawg tau drenched bycefixime thiab 110.57 mg / kg ntawm aqueous extract.CovAgroup tau drenched nrog 165.54 mg / kg ntawm aqueousextract, thiab tsis muaj cefixime ntxiv. Cefixime yog2 pov thawj-raws li cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab lwm yam tshuaj noj txhua hnub ntawm 12:00 h, thiab lwm yam tshuaj tau siv txhua hnub ntawm 15:00 h. Thaum qhov kev sim, pawg C, D, E, thiab F tau khaws cia rau hauv lub xeev tus qauv ntawm kev mob plab hnyuv.CovCov quav tau sau txhua txhua xya hnub rau ntawm lub rooj ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab khaws cia ntawm -20 degree.

2.4. Histopathological Observation ntawm nas Colon.

Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, cov nas raug tua los ntawm cervicaldislocation, thiab lawv cov plab hnyuv siab raum tau sau rau ntawm lub rooj ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab khaws cia ntawm −80 degree; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qog nqaij hlav qog tau kho hauv 10 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov tshuaj formalin.Covn, cov qauv no tau dehydrated siv gradient concentration ntawm ethanol, hyalinized siv xylene, embedded inparaffin, sectioned, thiab stained nrog hematoxylin-eosin.Morphological hloov nyob rau hauv lub colonic mucosa tau soj ntsuam thiab muab piv nrog ib tug optical microscope. Villus lengthand crypt qhov tob hauv txoj hnyuv tau ntsuas, thiab qhov piv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntev rau crypt qhov tob (V / C tus nqi) raug xam (51).

2.5. DNA Extraction thiab Library Tsim.

DNA raug rho tawm los ntawm cov quav siv EZNA ®Soil DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA) raws li tus neeg tsim khoom tus txheej txheem. DNA zoo tau txiav txim siab siv lub fluorometer (QuantiFluor™–ST, Promega Corporation, USA). Paired primers nyob rau hauv V3-V4 cheeb tsam ntawm 16s rDNA tau tsim los kom nthuav dav thaj av thiab tsim 466 bp DNAfragments.Covrau pem hauv ntej primer yog 341F (-5-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3-), thiab rov qab primerwas 806R (-5-GGACTACHVGGGTATCTAAT-3-). TxhuaPCR ntim yog 25 μL, muaj 2.5 μL ntawm 10 × PCR tsis, 2 μL ntawm dNTPs, 1 μL ntawm txhua primer, thiab 20-30 ng ntawm template DNA. Tom qab ntawd, cov indexed adapters tau txuas mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov amplicons los tsim cov tsev qiv ntawv sib txuas. Cov tsev qiv ntawv tau lees paub siv Quantifluor ™ fluorometer thiab ntsuas rau 10 nmol.

2.6. 16s rRNA Gene Sequencing thiab Microbial CommunityAnalysis.

Lub Illumina platform (Illumina MiSeq) tau siv kom tau 2 × 250 bp ua khub-kawg cov ntaub ntawv. Kev ua haujlwm taxonomicunits (OTUs) tau txais siv Uparse software los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog 97 feem pua ​​​​zoo sib xws. Lub naive Bayesianassignment algorithm ntawm RDP classifier tau siv los kho OTUs nrog Greengene database Release 13.5 thiab ua hom lus piav qhia. Qhov sib txawv ntawm alpha ntawm gutmicrobiota tau suav nrog siv Shannon thiab Simpsonindices, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg tau txheeb xyuas los ntawmLinear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). Kev sib txawv ntawm beta tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tus thawj tswj hwm (PCoA) ntawmBray-Curtis dissimilarities. PICRUST2 tau siv los kwv yees themicrobial metabolic muaj peev xwm ntawm lub plab microbiome [42].

2.7. Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv.

SPSS 20 tau siv rau ib-txoj kev ANOVA, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sim tau qhia raws li X ± S; X qhia tus nqi nruab nrab, thiab S qhia qhov txawv txav.

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Cov nyhuv ntawm CT Aqueous Extract ntawm Colon Morphology.

Cov neeg sawv cev sib txuas (echinacoside thiab acteoside) thiab lawv cov concentrations ntawm CT extract tau raug lees paub los ntawmHPLC (Daim duab S1). Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm aqueousextract ntawm lub plab, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov ntev ntawm txoj hnyuv villiand qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw so tom qab kev kho mob nrog CTaqueous extract.Covcolon villi nyob rau hauv ib txwm thiab high-dosegroups (A, B, thiab D) ntev thiab zoo li ntiv tes, whereas thecolon villi nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab qis-dose pawg (C thiab F) yog luv, thiab cov lus qhia ntawm txoj hnyuv loj tau tawg ( Daim duab 1).Raws li, high-dose CT aqueous extract tau nce qhov ntev ntawm cov nyuv villi thiab txo qis qhov tob hauv cov nas uas muaj cov kab mob hnyuv piv nrog lawv cov qauv hauv pawg qauv (P < 0.01).="" hauv="" qhov="" sib="" piv,="" qhov="" ntsuas="" qhov="" tob="" tsis="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" cov="" neeg="" mob="" siab="" thiab="" pab="" pawg="" ib="" txwm="" muaj="" (p=""> 0.05) (Table S1). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias qhov koob tshuaj siab ntawm CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kab mob hauv cov hnyuv ntawm cov nas hauv plab hnyuv.

3.2. Cov nyhuv ntawm CT Aqueous Extract ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm Gut Microbiota.

Peb tau ua 16s rRNA gene sequencing los tshawb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov morphological hauv cov nyuv thiab tshawb xyuas cov kev hloov hauv gutmicrobiota tom qab kev kho mob nrog CT aqueous extract.Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 100,553 cov cim zoo, xws li 77,734 txog 125,144, tau txais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyoos. (Table S2).Covsetags tau muab faib ua 4932 OTUs (Table S3). Peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub plab microbiota raws li cov OTUs no. Lub Shannon thiab Simpson indexes tsis pom qhov txawv ntawm pawg A (ib txwm nrog CT aqueousextract) thiab B pawg (ib txwm tsis muaj CT aqueous extract) (Daim duab 2(a)). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias, hauv cov nas uas tsis muaj kev kho mob cefixime, CT aqueous extract yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv lossis muaj kev phom sij rau kev sib txawv ntawm lub plab microbiota. Txawm li cas los xij, -diversity nyob rau hauv cov qauv pawg (C) tau pom ib qho kev poob qis dua piv rau hauv cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj. Cov nas uas tau kho nrog qhov siab thiab nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous extracts pom cov tsos mob ntawm -diversity rov qab, whereas xws li ib qho tshwm sim tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nas uas tau kho nrog cov tshuaj qis CT aqueousextract (Daim duab 2(a)). Lub caij no, PCoA tau tshaj tawm tias cov pab pawg tsis zoo (A thiab B) thiab cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv tau tswj hwm cov koob tshuaj siab (D) thiab nruab nrab koob (E) CTaqueous extracts nyiam muaj qhov sib txawv luv dua li cov hauv pawg qauv thiab hauv cov koob tshuaj qis. CTaqueous extract pab pawg (F) (Daim duab 2(b)). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev sib txawv ntawm lub plab microbiota hauv cov nas hauv plab hnyuv.

3.3. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Gut Microbiota kho nrog CT Aqueous Extract.

* e microbiota compositionprofiles tau muab piv nrog cov pab pawg sib txawv. Nyob rau theem thephylum, qhov txheeb ze ntawm cov Proteobacteria nyob rau hauv pawg qauv yog siab dua li ntawm lwm pab pawg (Daim duab 3(a)). * e nce hauv Proteobacteria qhia tias microbiome ntawm cov qauv nas tau hloov pauv los ntawm cefixime thiab tias CT aqueous extract yuav pab tau cov hnyuv microbiota vim tias qhov nce ntxiv ntawm Proteobacteria yog ahub cim ntawm cov kab mob plab hnyuv loj [43-45]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau theem genus, qhov txheeb ze ntawm Lactobacillus nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg tau txo qis piv nrog rau cov pab pawg li qub thiab cov koob tshuaj ntau; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nce ntxiv nrog rau hauv pawg nruab nrab thiab qis qis (Daim duab 3(b)). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias cov koob tshuaj ntau CTaqueous extract tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob los ntawm genus Lactobacillus.Differential microbiota ntawm pawg kawm tau txiav txim siab ntxiv raws li kev tshuaj xyuas LEfSe. *isanalysis pom tau tias, tom qab kev kho mob nrog cefixime, cov txheeb ze muaj ntau ntawm Turicibacter, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteriales, thiab Chloroflexi nce ntxiv, qhov txheeb ze ntawm Lactobacillus, Eubacterium_}nodatum, {9}groups, thiab lwm yam. Christensenellaceae_R-7_ pab pawg poob qis dua piv nrog cov nyob hauv ib pab pawg (Daim duab 4(a)). Strikingly, thaum pawg qauv tau ntxiv nrog cov tshuaj CT aqueous extract, cov txheeb ze ntawm Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Kineosporiaceae, Eubacterium nodatum pawg, thiab Pedobacterwere ho nce ntxiv piv rau cov hauv pawg qauv. Lub caij no, cov txheeb ze ntawm Rhodobacter, Ruminococcaceae UCG_013, Roseburia, Ruminiclostri dium_9, thiab Candidatus Stoquefichus poob qis dua piv rau cov hauv pawg qauv (Daim duab 4(b)).

3.4. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab microbiota ntsig txog kev kho mob nrog CT Aqueous Extract.

Peb siv PICRUST2 software los kwv yees cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub plab microbiota, thiab cov pab pawg ib txwm tau siv los ua ib qho kev siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv lwm pab pawg. Raws li kev kho mob cefixime, kev sib raug zoo ntawm ethylbenzene degradation, biosynthesis ntawm siderophore pawg nonribosomal peptides, thiab metabolism ntawm xenobiotics los ntawm cytochrome P450 pathwaysincreased; Tom qab kev kho mob nrog high- thiab nruab nrab-doseCT aqueous extracts, lawv cov txheeb ze abundance rov qab tonormal theem. Meanwhile, tus txheeb ze abundance ntawm thecyanoamino acid metabolism txoj kev txo nyob rau hauv kev kho mob cefixime; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nce ntxiv tom qab kev kho mob nrog cov koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract. Tsis tas li ntawd, ingeneral, cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem metabolite sib txawv tom qab kev kho mob nrog cefixime yog qhov tseem ceeb piv nrog cov neeg hauv ib pab pawg; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm CTaqueous extract tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntau dhau (Daim duab 5).

4. Kev sib tham

Colon morphology tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm kev loj hlob, kev zom zaub mov thiab kev nqus, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev kho mob plab hnyuv [46–50]. * e V / C piv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev zom zaub mov ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab yog ncaj qha proportional rau lub plab zom mov thiab nqus tau ntawm lub plab [51, 52]. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, villi thiab recessesbiopsy thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais tau pom tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob siab heev.rho tawmtuaj yeem txhim kho qhov tsis zoo morphology hauv cov nyuv.Kom tshawb xyuas seb cov aqueous li casrho tawmhloov gutmorphology thiab cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv microbiota, peb ua haujlwm rov qab los ntawm kev hloov hauv plab hnyuv. Peb pom tias cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm Proteobacteria, ib qho chaw cim ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv, nce hauv kev kho mob nrog cefixime piv rau qhov tsis muaj kev kho mob cefixime.*e txheeb ze ntawm lwm cov cim cim, Bacteroidetesand Firmicutes, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias cov pab pawg no muaj feem ntau hauv tib neeg lub plab; Qhov piv ntawm Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes tau pom tias yuav txo qis hauv cov neeg rog rog piv nrog rau cov neeg ntshiv, thiab qhov piv txwv no tau pom tias nce nrog qhov hnyav hauv tib neeg ntawm ob hom kev noj zaub mov qis [38, 41, 43–45, 48, 53, 54] ib. Lub caij no, Turicibacter, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev rog [55], tau nce siab hauv pawg qauv piv rau lwm pawg. Qhov tseem ceeb, ntau haiv neeg ntawm plab microbiota hauv cov qauv nas tau txhim kho los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm CTaqueous extract. Peb tau sau qee cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv hauv cov nas nyob hauv kev kho mob sib txawv; Piv txwv li, Lactobacillus thiab Muribaculaceae yog ob hom kab mob tseem ceeb uas tau nce hauv pab pawg kho nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob siab siab aqueous extract piv rau cov hauv pawg qauv (Daim duab 4). Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias polysaccharides ntawm CT aqueous extracts muaj cov haujlwm tseem ceeb antioxidant hauv vitro [56] thiab tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob lactic acid, uas tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv [43]. Nyob rau hauv parallel, Muribaculaceae yog cov kab mob probiotic txuas mus rau lub neej ntev [57]. Cov no tau qhia tias cov txheej txheem uas CT aqueous extract txhim kho lub plab microbiota yuav yog kev txhawb nqa lossis kev tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob probiotic. Lwm tus kab mob tsim nyog yuav tsum tau sau tseg yog tus kab mob YE57. Txawm hais tias cov koob tshuaj siab CTaqueous extract txhawb cov txheeb ze ntawm cov kab mob YE57 nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Daim duab 4), yav dhau los cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias nws abundance ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub cev gutthan uas nyob rau hauv lub plab kho nrog high-concentration herbaltea residue [58] thiab tias nws qhov kev nplua nuj tau txo qis tom qab kev cuam tshuam nrog Bacillus licheniformis ua ke nrog XOS (xylooligosaccharides) [59]. * peb, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob no hauv plab microbiota tsim nyog tau txais kev kawm ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov piv txwv me me hauv txoj kev tshawb no yuav ua rau qhov ntsuas qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, thiab yav tom ntej kev kawm txog cov qauv loj dua tau qhia kom siv tau cov cim kab mob.

CT dejrho tawmMuaj pes tsawg leeg yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nws cov teebmeem ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev ua haujlwm hloov hauv plab microbiota ntawm cov nas uas muaj cov kab mob hauv plab.PHGs yog cov khoom siv nquag pom hauv CD thiab CT, thiab echinacoside tau txheeb xyuas tias yog PHG loj hauv CT [60]. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, echinacoside tau pom tias muaj ntau yam tshuaj ua haujlwm, xws li kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev txhim kho ntawm lub plawv ua haujlwm, txo qis hyperlipidemia thiab hyperglycemia, thiab tiv thaiv kev rog rog vim ntshav qab zib thiab metabolic syndrome [53, 61-65]. Qhov tseeb, peb tau kuaj pom cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub plab microbiota.*e kev kho mob ntawm cefixime coj mus rau kev txhim kho cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog ethylbenzene degradation thiab biosynthesis ntawm siderophore pawg nonribosomal peptides, thaum kho nrog high- thiab nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous.rho tawmtuaj yeem txo cov kev hloov pauv no, qhia tau hais tias qhov kev tshem tawm no ua rau cov kab mob hauv zej zog cuam tshuam nrog cov haujlwm no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob loj zuj zus ntxiv uas cuam tshuam rau cyanoamino acid metabolism hauv kev kho mob nrog cov tshuaj aqueousextract siab thiab nws cov kev txo qis hauv cov qauv nas qhia tau hais tias CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem txhawb cov metabolism ntawm cyanoamino acid. * e kev hloov pauv hauv cov metabolites cuam tshuam tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj aqueous no nrog kev ua haujlwm tshuaj.

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