Kev Kho Rau: Dilution Ntawm QuEChERS Extracts Tsis Muaj Kev Tu Kom Txhim Kho Cov txiaj ntsig hauv UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Analysis Ntawm Cov Tshuaj tua kab hauv Txiv lws suav

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) / δ belongs rau tsev neeg ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab lipid-activated nuclear receptors hauvbioflavonoids lub ntsiab lus, uas koom nrog hauv cov metabolism ntawm cov saw ntev fatty acids, cholesterol, thiab sphingolipids. Zoo ib yam li PPAR- thiab PPAR-, PPAR- / δ, bioflavonid kuj ua raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lipids thiab cov ligands endogenous, xws li cov saw ntev saturated thiab polyunsaturated fatty acids, thiab xaiv cov khoom noj lipid metabolism, xws li eicosanoids, leukotrienes. , lipoxins, thiab hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Ua ke nrog lwm cov PPARs, PPAR- / δ qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog retinoid X receptor (RXR).

cistanche extract

Feem ntau, PPARs tau pom tias tswj cov cell diferentiation, proliferation, thiab kev loj hlob thiab signifcantly modulate qabzib, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi, thiab biogenesis. PPAR- / δ zoo li ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem infammatory thiab vim nws cov proangiogenic thiab anti-/pro-carcinogenic zog, cov receptor no tau raug suav tias yog lub hom phiaj kho mob rau kev kho mob metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, carcinogenesis, thiab ntshav qab zib. Txog tam sim no, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv cov kab mob peripheral, thiab txawm hais tias nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb hlwb thiab nyob rau hauv ntau lub hlwb, nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv neurodegeneration thiab neuroinflammation tseem tsis to taub.cistanche cov txiaj ntsigntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog npaj los piav qhia txog kev nkag siab tsis ntev los no ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm PPAR- / δ thiab nws cov agonists tshiab ntawm neuroinflammation thiab neurodegenerative disorders, suav nrog Alzheimer's thiab Parkinson's, Huntington's kab mob, ntau yam sclerosis, mob stroke, thiab raug mob. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom tau txais kev nkag siab tshiab kom nkag siab zoo dua cov kev cai noj zaub mov thiab tshuaj kho mob ntawm PPAR- / δ thiab nrhiav cov tswv yim kho mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tuaj yeem txo cov kab mob neurological.

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig

Kev taw qhia txog Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) belongs rau tsev neeg ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab lipid-activated nuclear receptors ntawmcistanche cov txiaj ntsig, uas koom nrog hauv cov metabolism ntawm cov cholesterol, sphingolipids, thiab fatty acids. Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm PPARs paub tias yuav koom nrog ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes nrog rau kev sib txawv ntawm tes, kev loj hlob, thiab kev loj hlob (Hong et al. 2019). Cov receptors no heterodimerize nrog retinoid X receptor (RXR), thiab lub dimer tswj cov noob qhia nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau kev noj haus-derived fatty acids nrog rau exogenous agonists. Kev ua kom cov receptors no los ntawm endogenous lossis exogenous ligands tuaj yeem ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cim thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lipoproteins, coactivators, lossis corepressors (Evans and Mangelsdorf 2014; Varga et al. 2011). PPARs tsis tsuas yog ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswj cov lipid metabolism thiab teeb liab rau cistanche lub cev tsim, tab sis kuj rau kev saib xyuas cov carbohydrates thiab qabzib homeostasis. Zoo ib yam li PPAR- thiab PPAR- hauv tsev neeg no, PPAR- / δ, uas tseem hu ua PPAR-δ, tau cloned los ntawm nas genome thiab txheeb xyuas tias yog ib tug menyuam ntsuag nuclear receptor nyob rau hauv 90s (Hong et al. 2019). Tom qab ntawd, ob lub isoforms uas twb muaj lawm ntawm cov protein no tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm lwm txoj kev sib txuas ntawm cov noob.

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig

NR1C 2. PPAR- / δ muaj cov qauv canonical domains uas muaj rau lwm tus neeg hauv tsev neeg hauv tsev neeg, suav nrogmicronized purified flavonoid feemcov amino-terminal AF-1 trans-activation domain, DNA-binding domain, thiab dimerization thiab ligand-binding domain nrog ligand-dependent trans-activation muaj nuj nqi AF-2 ntawm thaj av carboxy-terminal ( Azhar2010). Cov amino-terminal AF-1 trans-activation domain yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua kom transcriptional. Nws muab ib qho kev ua kom muaj nuj nqis tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm ligand binding. Lub DNA binding domain (DBD, domain C), uas yog muaj ob lub zinc-fnger motifs, koom nrog DNA paub thiab protein-protein sib cuam tshuam. Thaum lub pob khawm (domain D) ua tiav los ntawm C-terminal Ligand-binding domain (LBD, domains E/F), uas tsis tsuas yog lub hnab ris ligand-binding nkaus xwb tab sis kuj thaj tsam tseem ceeb rau dimerization thiab AF{{7} } ua domain.micronized purified flavonoid feemxav tias yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv AF-2 domain, tso cai rau kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov proteins uas tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom transcriptional, yog li ua haujlwm hloov mus qhib PPARs (Brunmeir thiab Xu2018). Txog tam sim no, tsuas yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hloov pauv rau PPAR- / δ tau paub. Koo thiab cov npoj yaig tau pom tias PPAR- / δ SUMOylation ntawm K104 raug tshem tawm los ntawm SUMO-Specific Protease 2 (SENP2) thiab qhov no txhawb nqa kev qhia ntawm FAO noob hauv cov leeg (Koo li al.2015). PPAR- / δ yog suav nrog 441 amino acids nrog qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 49.9 kDa. Raws liphytochemicalCov protein no tau nthuav dav thiab pom hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg, suav nrog lub hlwb, pancreas, siab, thiab lub plawv (Hong et al.2019). Txawm hais tias PPAR- / δ tau qhia hauv cov hlwb hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub hlwb, cov neurons zoo li muaj qhov qhia siab tshaj plaws.

Warden et al. (2016) ua qauv qhiacistanche extractnyob rau hauv cov neeg laus nas thiab tib neeg lub hlwb (Fig.1). Siv ntau PCR thiab ob chav immunofluorescence microscopy, ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm lub hlwb qhov chaw qhia tau hais tias qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm mRNA thiab cov proteins nyob rau hauv lub prefrontal cortex (Warden li al.2016). Hauv lub hlwb, txawm hais tias tag nrho PPAR isoforms tau kuaj pom hauv neuronal thiab astrocytes, PPAR- / δ tau tshwm sim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsawg hauv microglia piv nrog rau lwm cov tswv cuab PPAR. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm subcellular localization qhia tiascistanche extract Hauv cov neurons muaj nyob hauv cytoplasm thiab nucleus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov chaw nyob hauv lub cev tuaj yeem hloov pauv nyob ntawm cov kab mob pathophysiological thiab siv kev kho mob (Gamdzyk li al.2018). Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, kev tshawb fawb txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm PPAR- / δ tau ua tiav nrog cov kab mob peripheral / cov ntaub so ntswg (Phua et al.2020). Nws qhia tau pom nyob rau theem pib ntawm embryogenesis, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob no ua rau tuag taus vim muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm placental. Knockout tsiaj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab rog rog, thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub hlwb. PPAR- / δ zoo li ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm embryo, thiab nws qhov kev tshem tawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tuag ntau nyob ib puag ncig embryonic hnub 10.5 (E10.5) (Hall et al.2008; Nadra et al.2006). Nyob rau lub sijhawm no ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev qhia ntawm PPAR- / δ tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv txhua cheeb tsam hauv hlwb, suav nrog cerebral cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, thiab lub hlwb, thiab ncav cuag qib siab ntawm E 13.5 thiab E 15.5 (Gofot li al.2007; Braissant thiab Wahli1998). Kev qhia ntawm PPAR- / δ tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, thiab tsis ntev los no, kuj nyob rau hauv microglia hlwb (Schnegg thiab Robbins.2011; Carniglia et al.2013). HauvTsis tas li ntawd, cov receptor no kuj tau hais tawm hauv lub hlwb capillary endothelial hlwb, qhia txog kev koom tes hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov ntshav / hlwb teeb meem (Akanuma li al.2008). Cov kev tshawb fawb siv cov noob hloov pauv PPAR- / δ null nas qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv lub hlwb qhov hnyav, thiab concomitantly, lub cev qhov hnyav kuj tseem me dua piv rau cov kev tswj dav dav (Peters li al.2000). Cov kev tshawb fawb histological tau pom muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv myelination hauv corpus callosum, ntau zaus hauv cov poj niam piv rau cov txiv neej (Markham et al.2009).