Bioactive Lipids Thiab Fatty Acids Profile Of Cistanche Phelypaea

Yog xav paub ntxiv:ali.ma@wecistanche.com

Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, thiab al

Abstract

Roj rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag qus ntawmCistanche phelypaeatau soj ntsuam rau nws cov fatty acid, sterol, hydrocarbon, thiab tocopherol ntsiab lus. Tag nrho cov lipids (TL) cov ntsiab lus yog 10 g / kg (raws li qhov hnyav hnyav). Feem ntau ntawm cov fatty acids yog cov unsaturatedtype (50.4 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov fatty acids), thaum cov saturated (feem ntau palmitic acid) yog li ntawm 43.2 feem pua tag nrho fatty acids. Oleic acid yog qhov tseem ceeb fatty acids ua raws li palmitic thiab linoleic acids. Feem ntau ntawm cov sterols tau pom nyob rau hauv cov roj nrog lub ntsiab tivthaiv b-sitosterol. Lwm cov phytosterols (xws li stigmasterol, D7-avenasterol, thiab D5-avenasterol) muaj nyob ntawm kwv yees li sib npaug (6-9 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov sterols). Qhov tseem ceeb txheeb xyuas cov hydrocarboncompounds yog C21, C26, thiab C32 uas yog kwv yees li 61.2 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov hydrocarbons. Me me ntawm C12, C18, thiab C22, txawm li cas los xij, kuj tau kuaj pom. Tocopherollevels tau siab nyob rau hauv cov roj (3.36 g / kg roj), whereinb-tocopherol yog cov khoom tseem ceeb raws li bya-isomer. Ob qho tocopherol Cheebtsam suav nrog ntau dua 87 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov vitamin E cov ntsiab lus hauv cov roj. Tsis tas li ntawd, c- thiab d-tocopherols tau kuaj pom cov nyiaj tsawg hauv cov roj suav txog 14-16 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov vitamin E cov ntsiab lus. Cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tam sim no yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv zaub mov thiab chemotaxonomy ntawmCistanchephelypaa ua.

Ntsiab lus: Cistanchephelypaa ua, Roj, Fatty acids, Sterols, Hydrocarbons, Tocopherols

cistanche deserticola d

Nyem rau Cistanche extract txiaj ntsig Cistanche cov khoom

1 Kev Taw Qhia

Lub genus Cistanche uas belongs rau tsev neeg Orobanchaceae suav nrog 16 hom. Lawv tsim ib pab pawg neeg ntxim nyiam ntawm cov kab mob phanerogamic hauv paus.Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov genus yog txwv rau qee thaj tsam thiab ib nrab arid ntawm Africa, Asia, thiab thaj chaw Mediterranean suav nrog thaj chaw ntawm SouthernEurope. Tsev neeg Orobanchaceae sawv cev rau ob hom Cistanche thiab Orobanche. Lub genus Cistanche yog sawv cev hauv tebchaws Iziv los ntawm peb hom npe C. phelypaea (Fig. 1), C. tubulosa, thiab C. violacea raws li Tackholm (1974). Muaj ntau yam siv tau thiab tshuaj siv tau los ntawm cov genus no. Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag ntawm Cistanche tubulosa yog siv rau kev kho mob hauv Pakistan raws li kev kho mob raws plab thiab mob (Kobayashi li al. 1987). Tua thiab stems ntawm Cistanche hom tuaj yeem siv rau kev siv zaub mov thiab asa tonic hauv tshuaj suav tshuaj rau lub raum tsis txaus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv rau kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv tsov ntxhuav thiab lub hauv caug, poj niam sterility, thiab cem quav vim dryness ntawm lub plab nyob rau hauv lub senile (Mabberley 1997; Namba 1994). Lub genusOrobanche (Orobanchaceae) muaj txog 100 hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag holoparasitic. Beack-Mannagetta (1930) tau npaj ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm cov genus hauv plaub ntu: Gymnocaulis Nutt., Myzorrhiza(Phil.) Beck., Trionychen Wallr. thiab Osproleon Wallr.Cov tom kawg yog paub tam sim no raws li ib tug sect. Orobanche raws li cov cai ntawm International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter 1988). Ntau yam kev ua haujlwm bio-logical tau tshaj tawm rau qee hom ntawm tsev neeg no suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (Endo li al. 1982), antispasmodic, cov leeg nqaij du (El-Shabrawy li al. 1989), thiab kev ua haujlwm cardio (Pennacchio li al. 1969). Tsis tas li ntawd, Orobanche tau noj, zoo li asparagus, raws li tau hais tsis ntev los no los ntawm Rubiales li al. (1999).

Fig. 1 Cov nroj tsuag zoo nkauj yog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg broomrape (Orobanchaceae) tab sis muaj cov duab lupine, tsib-lobed ob-lipped paj, thiab tuaj yeem loj hlob ib nrab ntawm ib lub 'meter' siab.

Cov nroj tsuag muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm constituents uas muaj xws li phenylethanoid glycosides (qee zaus hu ua phenylpropanoids), iridoids (Xiong li al.1996), thiab polysaccharides (Naran li al. 1995). Theamino acids tau txiav txim siab thiab txheeb xyuas hauvCistanche solesa (Jiao li al. 1989). Fatty acid tau tshaj tawm thiab tocochromanols muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov noob ntawm Orobanche tsev neeg tau tshawb xyuas tsis ntev los no (Velasco li al. 2000). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lipid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawmCistanchephelypaa uaTxawm li cas los xij, tsis txaus thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj tsis tiav. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv profilipids hauvCistanchephelypaa uauas yuav ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj lom neeg ntxiv thiab kev ntsuas kev noj haus ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab.

2 Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1 Cov khoom siv

Tag nrho cov qus nroj tsuag ntawmCistanchephelypaa uatau sau los ntawm South Sinai (Egypt) thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2008.Cov nroj tsuag tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Prof. Dr. El Hadidy, Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, Cairo University, Egypt.Herbarium specimens tau khaws cia ntawm Departmentof Agricultural Biochemistry, Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb, Zagazig University. Cov qauv siv rau sterols characterization, cholesterol, b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, D5-avenasterol, thiab D7-avenasterol tau yuav los ntawm Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Cov qauv siv rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm vitamin E (a-, b-, c-, thiab d-tocopherol) tau yuav los ntawm Merck (Darmstadt, Lub teb chaws Yelemees).Tag nrho cov reagents thiab tshuaj siv yog cov siab tshaj plawspurity muaj.

Cistanche phelypaea

2.2 Cov txheej txheem

2.2.1 Extraction tag nrho lipids (TL)

Cov nroj tsuag tsis huv tau qhuav thiab hauv av. Tag nrho cov lipids tau muab rho tawm los ntawm roj av ether ntawm 60-80 C siv Soxhlet apparatus. Cov kuab tshuaj tau evaporated todryness ntawm lub evaporator teb ntawm 40 underreduced siab.

2.2.2 Gas kua chromatography tsom xam fatty acidmethyl esters

Fatty acids tau hloov mus rau hauv methyl esters los ntawm kev ua kom sov hauv borontrifluoride (10 feem pua cov tshuaj hauv methanol, Merck, Darmstadt, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) raws li cov txheej txheem qhia los ntawm Metcalfe li al. (1966). Fattyacid methyl esters (FAME) tau txheeb xyuas ntawm aShimadzu GC-14A nruab nrog lub nplaim ionizationdetector thiab C-R4AX chromatopac integrator (Kyoto, Nyiv). Tus nqi ntws ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide (helium) yog 0.6 mL / min thiab tus nqi sib faib nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 40 tau siv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm 1 lL tau txhaj rau ntawm a30 m 9 0.25 hli 9 0.2 g zaj duab xis thickness Supelco SPM-2380 (Bellefonte, PA, USA) kab capillary. Theinjector thiab detector kub tau teem rau ntawm 250degree.Qhov thawj kab kub yog 100degreeprogrammed 5degree/ min kom txog 175 degree thiab khaws cia rau 10 feeb ntawm 175degreetiam 8,degree/ min mus txog 220degreethiab khaws cia 10 feeb ntawm 220degree. Kev sib piv ntawm cov sij hawm khaws cia ntawm cov qauv nrog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA; 99 feem pua purity tshwj xeeb rau GLC), khiav ntawm tib kem nyob rau hauv tib yam kev mob, tau ua kom yooj yim rau kev txheeb xyuas. Qhov kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm txhua fatty acid tau ua los ntawm kev sib piv thaj tsam ntawm nws cov methyl ester nrog cov methyl nonadecanoate yam tsis tau siv cov kev kho kom raug.

2.2.3 Gas-kua chromatography tsom xam ntawm sterols

Kev sib cais ntawm cov sterols (ST) tau ua tom qab kev soj ntsuam cov qauv roj (Ramadan thiab Morsel 2002a). Tom qab qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov roj cholesterol acetate (1.5 mg; Sigma, MO, USA) raws li cov txheej txheem sab hauvlipid (250 mg) kev sojntsuam tau refluxed nrog 5 mL ethanolic KOH daws (6 feem pua, w / v) thiab ob peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv granules rau 60. min. Lub unsaponifiable tau xub muab rho tawm peb zaug nrog 10 mL ntawm roj av ether. Cov extracts tau muab tso ua ke thiab ntxuav peb zaug nrog 10 mL ntawm nruab nrab ethanol / dej (1: 1, v / v) ces qhuav ib hmos nrog anhydroussodium sulfate. Cov extract tau evaporated nyob rau hauv arotary evaporator ntawm 25 degree nyob rau hauv lub siab txo, thiab ces cov kuab tshuaj yog kiag li evaporated nyob rau hauv nitrogen. Gas chromatographic tsom xam ntawm unsaponifiable tau nqa tawm siv Mega Series (HRGC 5160, Carlo Erba Strumentazione; Milan, Ltalis) nruab nrog FID. Cov kem yog ID theem DB 5, ntim nrog 5 feem pua phenylmethyl polysiloxane (J&W scientific; Falsom, CA, USA), 30 m ntev, 0.25 hli id1.0 pin zaj duab xis thickness nrog cov cab kuj roj (helium) flowrate 38 mL / min thiab splitless txhaj tshuaj. Lub detectorand injector tau teem rau ntawm 280degree. Lub qhov cub kub tau khaws cia tsis tu ncua ntawm 310degreethiab qhov txhaj tshuaj yog 2 l. Tag nrho cov ST homologs raug eluted nyob rau hauv 45 min thiab tag nrho cov tsom xam tau teem rau ntawm 60 min kom paub tseeb tias elution ntawm tag nrho cov ST. Kev ntsuas ntawm sterolcompounds tau ua tiav nrog cov roj cholesterol acetate sab hauv tus qauv thiab suav los ntawm kev siv cov lus teb ntawm sitosterol. Lub repeatability ntawm tus txheej txheem analytical raug sim thiab tus txheeb ze sib txawv ntawm peb rov qab tsom xam ntawm asingle qauv yog<5 %.="" quantitative="" analyses="" were="" performed="" with="" a="" shimadzu="" (c-r6a="" chromatopac;="" kyoto,="" japan)="">

2.2.4 Gas-kua chromatography tsom xam ntawm Hydrocarbons

2.2.4.1 Kev npaj ntawm cov teeb meem tsis tuaj yeem raug txiav txim siab raws li txoj hauv kev tau piav qhia hauv AOAC (2000). Ib qho hnyav ntawm cov roj (5 g) tau yaj hauv ethanol (30 mL), tom qab ntawd 1.5 mL cawv KOH (50 feem pua) tau ntxiv. Cov roj tau muab tso rau hauv ib da dej rau 30 feeb nyob rau hauv lub reflux cua condenser. Cov kua dej cawv yog concentrated thiab quantitatively pauv mus rau hauv ib lub separatorfunnel siv tag nrho ntawm 50 mL distilled dej thiab 50 mL roj av ether. Cov teeb meem tsis zoo tau muab rho tawm peb zaug nrog roj av ether, ntxuav ob peb zaug nrog cov dej distilled qhuav overanhydrous sodium sulphate, thiab tom qab ntawd lim rau hauv lub hwj uas hnyav. Cov kuab tshuaj tau evaporated siv cov dej kub da dej thiab lub raj mis qhuav ntawm 105degreemus txog qhov hnyav tas li.

2.2.4.2 Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov hydrocarbons los ntawm GLC Thehydrocarbon tebchaw raug txheeb xyuas siv PYEUNICAM PRO-GC roj chromatograph nruab nrog lub nplaim ionization ntes (FID). Cov kem siv rau kev sib cais cov teeb meem tsis zoo yog ib qho (OV-17)1.5 m 9 4 hli id fused silica capillary columncoated nrog methyl phenyl silicone kua. Cov xwm txheej hauv qab no tau ua tiav: Sib faib piv 1: 200, qauv loj 1 mL, cov pa roj nitrogen ntawm qhov ntws ntawm 1 mL / min, txhaj tshuaj kub 250degree, qhov cub programmed los ntawm 70degreerau 270degreentawm 5degree/min intervals ua raws li 20 min ntawm 270degree, ntsuas kub yog 300degree; auxiliary (detectormake up) gas nitrogen txaus tus nqi ntawm 30 mL / min, hydrogen thiab airflow tus nqi yog 33 thiab 330 mL / min, feem. Cov cheeb tsam ncov tau ntsuas siv Hewlett-Packard 3392 integrator.

phenylethanoid glycosides in Cistanche deserticola

2.2.5 Ib txwm theem siab ua kua dej chromatography (NP-HPLC) tsom xam ntawm tocopherols

2.2.5.1 Cov txheej txheem NP-HPLC raug xaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov qauv kho ntxiv (xws li saponification). Kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua tiav nrog kev xa khoom hnyav LC-9A HPLC (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Nyiv). Cov kab ke chromatographic suav nrog tus qauv 87.00 lub ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv thiab 250 9 4 hli id LiChrospher-Si 60, 5 lm, kem (Knauer, Berlin, Lub teb chaws Yelemees). Kev sib cais ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam yog raws li isocratic elution qhov twg cov kuab tshuaj txaus npaum li cas yog tswj ntawm 1 ml / min ntawm ib sab rov qab-siab ntawm txog 65-70 bar. Cov kuab tshuaj tau xaiv rau tocopherols elution yog isooctane / ethyl acetate (96: 4, v / v) nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm 295 nm. 20 lL ntawm diluted tov ntawm TL nyob rau hauv lub xaiv mobile theem tau ncaj qha txhaj rau hauv HPLC kem. Tocopherols tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sib piv lawv lub sijhawm khaws cia nrog cov qauv tseeb.

2.2.5.2 Kev npaj cov qauv nkhaus Standardsolutions ntawm tocopherols tau npaj los ntawm serial dilution mus rau qhov concentration ntawm kwv yees li 5 mg/mLof vitamin E. Cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem tau npaj txhua hnub los ntawm cov tshuaj hauv Tshuag uas tau khaws cia hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm -20 C. 20 lL tau txhaj tshuaj thiab thaj chaw ncov tau txiav txim siab los tsim cov ntaub ntawv nkhaus txheem.

2.2.5.3 Quantification Tag nrho cov quantitation tau ua los ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj qhov ntsuas siv ShimadzuC-R6A chronotopic integrator (Kyoto, Nyiv). Standard curves (concentration piv rau thaj tsam ncov) raug xam los ntawm rau qib concentrations los ntawm linearregression. Raws li cov txheej txheem chromatographic tsim, rov txhaj tshuaj ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv tocopherols tau ua peb zaug rau ntawm HPLC system. Tag nrho cov haujlwm tau ua tiav raws li lub teeb pom kev tsis zoo.Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsawg kawg peb qhov kev sim, uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (P [0}.05)) tau pom ntawm cov kev sim no.

3 Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov lipid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm genusOrobanche tsis tshua muaj. Tag nrho cov lipids rho tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag ntawm Orobanche tau pom tias yog 10 g / kgon qhov hnyav hnyav. Nov yog thawj zaug los kawm txog cov lipid profile ntawm genus Orobanche.

3.1 Fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj fatty acids tau sau tseg hauv Table 1.Ntawm tag nrho lipids tam sim no nyob rau hauvCistanchephelypaa ua, fatty acid profile evinces lipids raws li ib tug zoo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb linoleic acid, nyob rau hauv qhov ratio ntawm oleic acid rau linoleic acid yog txog 3: 2. Oleic acid (28.1 feem pua) yog cov dominatingfatty acid ua raws li palmitic acid (25.0 feem pua) andlinoleic acid (16.6 feem pua). Aurand et al. (1987) tau hais tias cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm linoleic acid yog vim nws cov metabolism hauv cov ntaub so ntswg uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones zoo li prostaglandins. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov prostaglandins no suav nrog txo qis ntshav siab thiab txo qis ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Feem ntau cov offatty acids yog unsaturated fatty acids (50.4 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov fatty acids), thaum saturated fatty acids (mainlypalmitic acid) yog hais txog 43.2 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov fattyacids. Cov fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm unsaturated fatty acids uaCistanchephelypaa uatshuaj ntsuab tshwj xeeb haum rau kev noj haus.

table 1

3.2 Sterols thiab hydrocarbons muaj pes tsawg leeg

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov dawb sterols muab cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj txog qhov zoo thiab tus kheej ntawm cov roj tshawb xyuas. Hauv cov roj ruaj khov, tsis muaj kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov kab tshiab los yog ib puag ncig yam tsis tau pom los hloov cov ntsiab lus thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dawb sterolssignificantly nyob rau hauv sib piv rau fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas tau hloov dramatically bybreeding cov kev pab cuam (Lechner li al. 1999; Ramadanet al. 2006) . Tsis tas li ntawd, sterols suav nrog cov feem ntau ntawm cov tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv ntau cov roj. Lawv txaus siab rau lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv. Tsis ntev los no, sterols tau ntxiv rau cov roj zaub ua piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (Ntanios 2001; Ramadanet al. 2009). Cov khoom no yog tam sim no muaj thiab tau raug tshawb fawb pov thawj los txo cov ntshav LDL cov roj cholesterol nyob ib ncig ntawm 10-15 feem pua yog ib feem ntawm kev noj qab haus huv (Jones et al. 2000). Cov ntsiab lus thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov sterols hauvCistanchephelypaa uaroj muaj nyob rau hauv Table 2. Cov qib siab sterols tau kwv yees hauv cov roj, uas ua rau 29.4 g / kg oil.b-sitosterol, D7-avenasterol, stigmasterol thiab D5-ave nasterol yog cov khoom tseem ceeb. . Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog b-sitosterol uas sawv cev rauca. 77.4 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus sterol. Lwm cov khoom xyaw, xws li stigmasterol, D7-avenasterol, thiab D5-avenasterol, muaj nyob ntawm kwv yees li qhov sib npaug (6-9 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov sterols).

table 1

Qhov profile ntawm hydrocarbonsCistanchephelypaa uakwv yees siv cov roj-kua chromatography hauv cov khoom tsis zoo thiab nthuav tawm hauv Table 3. Cov ntsiab lus txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus yog C21, C26, thiab C32 uas suav ua ke txog li 61.2 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov hydrocarbons. Qee qhov me me ntawm C12, C18, thiab C22 kuj tau kuaj pom hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawmCistanchephelypaa ua. Daim duab ntawm hydrocarbons tej zaum yuav muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv chemotaxonomy ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

table 3

3.3 Tocopherol muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cov khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb xws li tocopherols (vitamin E) txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov roj. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm vitamin E tau sau tseg hauv Table 4. NP-HPLCtechnique tau siv los tshem tawm cov teeb meem kab mob kab mob thiab tso cai rau kev siv cov lipidextraction dav dav rau kev sib cais ntawm tocopherols (Ramadan andMo¨rsel 2002b, 2003). Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, saponification ofoil qauv tsis tas yuav tsum tau, uas tso cai rau lub sij hawm luv luv thiab ntau dua vitamin stability thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam. Tag nrho cov tocopherol derivatives tau txheeb xyuas hauv ob qho tib si. Cov vitamin E ntau hauv cov roj (3.35 g / kg). b-Tocopherol yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ua raws li a-tocopherol. Ob leeg tocopherols isomers muaj ntau dua 87 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov vitamin E cov ntsiab lus hauv cov roj. c- thiab d-tocopherols tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv me me hauv cov roj accounting rau 14-16 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov vitamin E cov ntsiab lus. Cov qib siab ntawm cov vitamin E kuaj pom hauv cov roj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo rau oxidation.

table 4

4 Cov lus xaus

Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntuj thiab cov khoom txhawb kev noj qab haus huv yog qhov yuav nce ntxiv. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li qhov qhia txog lub peev xwm nutraceutical thiab kev siv nyiaj txiag ntawmCistanchephelypaa ua. Cistanchephelypa uaua eamuab cov roj yields tsawg tab sis yog ib qho chaw nplua nuj ntawm fattyacids tseem ceeb, sterols, thiab cov vitamins muaj roj-soluble.