Anti-Fatigue Effect Ntawm Prunus Mume Vinegar nyob rau hauv High-Siv siv zog nas

1 Department of Food Science thiab Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Kauslim; kimjeoho90@gmail.com (J.-HK); kdmoon@knu.ac.kr (K.-DM)

* Cov ntawv sau: kseo@dau.ac.kr; Tel.: plus 82-51-200-7565

Hu rau:joanna.jia@wecistanche.com/ WhatsApp: 008618081934791

Abstract

Niaj hnub no, hom tshiab ntawm vinegar tau tsim los siv ntau yam khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem biotechnological. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm Prunus mume tau nthuav dav hauv East Asia thiab siv los ua cov tshuaj pej xeem rau kev qaug zog. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, Prunus mume vinegar (PV) tau tsim los ntawm ob-kauj ruam fermentation thiab tau soj ntsuam rau nws cov kev tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm C2C12 myoblasts thiab kev siv zog siv nas. Kev tswj hwm ntawm PV tau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm siab thiab glycogen tsub zuj zuj hauv lub siab thiab cov leeg ntawm PV ntxiv cov nas piv rau cov pab pawg tswj hwm sedentary. Tsis tas li ntawd, PV supplementation elicited qis qaug zog-txog cov ntshav biomarkers, piv txwv li, ammonia, inorganic phosphate, thiab lactate. PV tswj cov nas pom muaj ntau dua lactate dehydrogenase kev ua haujlwm thiab glutathione peroxidase kev ua haujlwm, thiab txo qis creatine kinase kev ua haujlwm thiab qib malondialdehyde. Tsis tas li ntawd, phenolic compounds hauv PV tau txheeb xyuas siv HPLC tsom xam. Cov phenolic acids soj ntsuam hauv PV yog protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, thiab nws cov derivates. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias kev tswj hwm ntawm PV nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidative pab txhawb kev txhim kho kev qaug zog rov qab rau cov nas qaug zog. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tias PV muaj ntau yam bioactive constituents tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm kev siv zog ntau.

Ntsiab lus: Prunus mume; vinegar; tiv thaiv qaug zog; kev siv zog ntau; phenolic acid

1. Taw qhia

Prunus mume Sib. thiab Zucc., uas yog hu ua maesil, ume, thiab meizi, tau cog qoob loo hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim, Nyiv, thiab Tuam Tshoj thiab tau siv sijhawm ntev los ua tshuaj rau kev zom zaub mov, nqhis dej, ntxuav tawm, ntuav, thiab kub cev [1 ]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm maesil tau tshawb xyuas tias nws yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov dawb radical scavengers, uas yog tus inhibitor ntawm tus kab mob khaub thuas A thiab lub zog ntawm Helicobacter pylori, thiab raws li ib tug pro-inflammatory mediator, nrog rau nws lub peev xwm. txhawm rau txhim kho ntshav fluidity [1–3]. Tsis tas li ntawd, maesil extract tau pom tias muaj zog tiv thaiv kev qaug zog hauv cov nas uas tau kawm [4]. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb siv maesil extract, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom noj uas siv maesil tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho. Li no, txoj kev tshawb no tsom los tsim ib qho vinegar siv maesil thiab tshawb xyuas nws cov haujlwm tiv thaiv kev qaug zog. Vinegar yog ib yam khoom alkaline uas tau ntev tau siv los ua ib qho kev nyiam thiab ib txwm siv tshuaj [5]. Tsis ntev los no, ntau hom vinegar tau tsim los siv cov peev txheej thiab cov thev naus laus zis los ua kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Vim hais tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm vinegar tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev, piv txwv li, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperglycemic, thiab antimicrobial teebmeem, nws tau nrov thoob ntiaj teb [6-9]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias kev tswj hwm ntawm acetic acid nce glycogen repletion hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg pob txha ntawm cov nas thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab qhov ncauj ntxiv acetate induces nqaij glycogen synthesis tom qab siv zog hauv nees [10,11]. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia tias tsis tu ncua ntxiv vinegar elicits muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog ua kom muaj peev xwm thiab rov qab los ntawm lub cev qaug zog. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev nyob hauv qab ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm maesil vinegar tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho.

Kev qaug zog, ib qho tsos mob tshwm sim hauv cov zej zog feem ntau uas ntau tus neeg tau ntsib, suav tias yog qhov nyuaj hauv kev pib lossis tswj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev tawm dag zog [12]. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias ntau yam tseem ceeb thaum xav txog kev qaug zog thiab kev tawm dag zog. Piv txwv li, kev tawm dag zog siab ua rau qaug zog yog cuam tshuam nrog kev qaug zog uas qhia tau hais tias cov leeg nqaij ua haujlwm tau raug puas tsuaj loj [13]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tawm dag zog siab ua rau txo qis ntawm lub zog, piv txwv li, daim siab thiab cov leeg nqaij glycogen, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov metabolites, suav nrog lactic acid, inorganic phosphorus, thiab ammonia uas ua rau cov leeg qaug zog los ntawm intracellular acidosis hauv lub cev [12] , 14] ib. Yog li, kev rov qab los ntawm kev tawm dag zog ua rau qaug zog yuav tsum tau kho lub cev puas tsuaj thiab cov metabolites uas muaj nyob hauv kev tawm dag zog yuav raug tshem tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, oxidative kev nyuaj siab tau raug tshaj tawm los ua rau ntau yam kab mob, xws li, mob nkees, tawv nqaij laus, mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab Alzheimer's disease [15–18]. Rau cov laj thawj no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas cov khoom siv ntuj tsim rau lawv lub peev xwm los txhim kho lub cev muaj peev xwm, xws li txo qis qaug zog thiab ua kom muaj zog ua kom muaj zog nrog ob peb cov kev mob tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, vinegar muaj qib siab ntawm cov organic acids thiab amino acids tau tsim los ntawm ob-kauj ruam fermentation siv maesil supplemented nrog pear kua txiv ua substrate. Cov kev ua ub no los tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm Prunus mume vinegar (PV) tau kwv yees raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cell viability thiab glycogen tsub zuj zuj hauv vitro thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev qaug zog biomarkers hauv vivo.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab Mkev cai

2.1. Khoom siv

Prunus mumejuice (PJ) yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev Cho et al. [19]. P. mume txiv hmab txiv ntoo (maesil) tau los ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim Lub Koom Haum Maesil (Suncheon, Kauslim). Maesil tau txheeb, ua tib zoo ntxuav nrog dej, crushed ces reacted nrog 0.1 feem pua ​​(w/v) pectinase (Pectinex Ultra AFP, Novozyme, Switzerland, 10,000 Pectu/ g) cuam tshuam cov phab ntsa cellular ntawm 40 ◦C rau 2 teev. Tom ntej no, lub reacted maesil tau centrifuged ntawm 3500 × g rau 15 min ntawm 4 ◦C. Lub supernatant tau lim siv cov ntawv lim (Whatman No.2, 8 µm) thiab concentrated los ntawm rotary evaporator ntawm 30 ◦C mus txog 56–60◦Brix. Lub pear extract tau txais los ntawm ESfood Co. (Gunpo, Kauslim Teb), ces khaws cia ntawm 4 ◦C los khaws nws cov khoom zoo. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog raws li nram no: 69◦Brix, pH 3.4–3.6, thiab 0.52–0.61 feem pua ​​acidity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11306 thiab Acetobacter aceti KCCM 12654 tau txais los ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim Chaw Saib Xyuas Kab Mob (Seoul, Kaus Lim Qab Teb).

2.2. Production PV

2.3. Physicochemical Properties ntawm PV

2.3.1. Tag Nrho Acidity, Alcohol Content, and Sugar Content in PV

Cov ntsiab lus cawv ntawm PV tau ntsuas los ntawm Gay-Lussac hydrometer. Luv luv, 100 mL PV tau muab los ntawm lub hwj thiab centrifuged rau 10 min ntawm 1800 × g kom tshem tawm Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11306. Tom ntej no, lub supernatant tau distilled thiab hloov mus rau 100 mL nrog dej distilled. Qhov kub ntawm cov distillate tau txias kom txog thaum nws mus txog 15 ◦C, tom qab ntawd cov ntsiab lus cawv tau txiav txim siab siv lub ntsuas dej cawv. Cov ntsiab lus qab zib ntawm PV tau ntsuas los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm tes (Atago hnab tshos PAL-3, Atago Co., Fukaya, Saitama, Nyiv). Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov acidity ntawm PV tau soj ntsuam los ntawm titrating tus qauv diluted nrog 0.1 N NaOH txog pH 8.3 thiab qhia raws li ib tug ntau ntawm acetic acid.

2.3.2. Organic Acids thiab Dawb Amino Acids Cov ntsiab lus hauv PV

Cov organic acid muaj pes tsawg leeg tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab ua kua chromatography (Shimadzu Co. Model Prominence, Kyoto, Nyiv). Kev sib cais ntawm cov organic acids tau ua tiav siv PL Hi-Plex H kem (7.7 × 300 mm, Agilent Co., Santa Clara, CA, USA) ntawm 65 ◦C. Cov theem ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes muaj 5 mM H2SO4 thiab tus nqi ntws tau ruaj khov ntawm 0.6 mL / min. Lub ncov chromatographic coinciding nrog txhua cov organic acid tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sib piv lub sijhawm tuav nrog txhua tus qauv. Cov amino acid cov ntsiab lus pub dawb tau txheeb xyuas siv cov amino acid autoanalyzer (L-8900, Hitachi, Tokyo, Nyiv) nrog cov kab sib pauv ion uas ntim nrog Hitachi kev cai ion pauv resin (2622 SC PF, 4.6 × 60 mm). Kem tau khaws cia ntawm 50 ◦C hauv lub qhov cub thiab qhov kub ntawm lub reactor yog 135 ◦C. Rau lub sijhawm txawb, ib lub teeb tsis muaj (PF-1, PF-2, PF-3, PF-4, PF-6, PF-RG, R{ {25}} thiab C1, Kanto Co., Tokyo, Nyiv) tau siv nrog tus nqi ntws ntawm 1 mL / min. Txhua cov amino acid pub dawb tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sib piv lub sijhawm khaws cia nrog cov amino acids sib xyaw cov qauv tshuaj hom AN-II thiab B.

(FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Osaka, Nyiv).

2.4. Cytotoxicity thiab Glycogen Accumulation hauv Vitro

2.4.1. Cell Culture thiab Differentiation

C2C12 hlwb (nas myoblasts) tau yuav los ntawm American Hom Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, ND, USA). Cov hlwb raug coj los ntawm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) ntxiv nrog 10 feem pua ​​​​fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 IU/mL), thiab streptomycin (100 µg/mL) (Gibco, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Cov hlwb C2C12 tau tsim nyob rau ntawm 37 ◦C nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw humidified nrog 5 feem pua ​​​​ntawm CO2 mob. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev sib txawv, 70 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov hlwb sib txuas tau raug coj mus rau hauv DMEM ntxiv nrog 2 feem pua ​​​​ nees ntshav (HS) thiab 10 µg / mL ntawm insulin rau 3 hnub nrog kev hloov pauv nruab nrab txhua ob hnub.

2.4.2. Kev ntsuam xyuas Sulforhodamine B (SRB).

Lub cell proliferation tau soj ntsuam los ntawm sulforhodamine B (SRB, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) assay. C2C12 hlwb tau noob ntawm 1 × 104cells/zoo nyob rau hauv 48-zoo daim hlau thiab sib txawv los ntawm kev hloov nruab nrab. Tom qab ntawd cov hlwb tau incubated nrog 0.1–0.4 µg/mL ntawm PV rau 3 hnub ntawm 37 ◦C hauv 5 feem pua ​​CO2 humidified incubator. Tom qab kev kho mob, qhov nruab nrab raug muab pov tseg thiab cov hlwb raug stained nrog SRB tov ntawm chav tsev kub rau 1 teev thiab ntxuav tsib zaug siv 1 feem pua ​​​​acetic acid. Txhua qhov dej tau solubilized nrog 10 mM Tris thiab ntsuas ntawm 540 nm los ntawm tus nyeem ntawv microplate (Molecular Devices, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA)

2.4.3. Hauv Vitro Glycogen Cov ntsiab lus

2.5. Tsiaj Experimental Design

2.5.1. Tsiaj txhu thiab khoom noj

Plaub lub lis piam txiv neej Sprague-Dawley (SD) nas tau yuav los ntawm Hyo-Chang Science Inc. (Busan, Kauslim). Cov nas tau muab faib ua ib tus zuj zus rau hauv cov tawb acryl thiab nyob ntawm 22 ± 2 ◦C ntawm lub voj voog 12 h lub teeb-dub. Txhua tus nas tau noj pellets ntawm kev lag luam chow rau lub sijhawm sim. Cov nas ces tau muab faib ua tsib pawg (n=6): sedentary control (SC), exercised control (EC) thiab cov nas siv tau nrog 3 feem pua ​​condensed Prunus mume juice (PJ), 5 feem pua ​​PV diluted nrog distilled. dej (PV5) thiab 7.5 feem pua ​​PV diluted nrog dej distilled (PV7.5). Txhua pab pawg tau ntxiv los ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm qhov siab ntawm 7 mL / kg lub cev qhov hnyav rau lub sijhawm sim, suav tias yog qhov ntim txhua hnub hauv tib neeg. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov siab ntawm acetic acid tuaj yeem ua rau mob plab hnyuv hauv nas. Lub PV7.5 tau siv los ua qhov siab siab rau qhov kev sim [12]. SC thiab EC nas tau muab cov tshuaj sib npaug ntawm cov dej distilled. Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho cov nas raug tshem tawm kom khiav ntawm lub treadmill. Thaum lub sijhawm sim, nas tau nkag mus rau zaub mov thiab dej dawb mus txog rau 12 teev dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm sim, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov zaub mov raug txwv. Txhua tus nas tau raug kho raws li txoj cai ntawm Dong-A University cov lus qhia rau kev saib xyuas thiab siv cov tsiaj kuaj (DIACUC-17-1).

2.5.2. Gradual Loaded Exercise Program thiab Running Endurance Test

Txhua tus nas uas tsis suav nrog SC pab pawg tau raug cob qhia los ntawm kev ua haujlwm maj mam ua haujlwm ntawm 09:00 txog 13:00, 6 hnub hauv ib lub lis piam rau 4 lub lis piam siv lub treadmill (Daejong Instrument Industry, Seoul, Kauslim) . Qhov kev zov me nyuam cuam tshuam nrog kev siv zog ntxiv nrog kev khiav ntawm 20 m / min rau 10 min, 25 m / min rau 20 min, 30 m / min rau 20 min, thiab 35 m / min rau 30 min los ntawm lub lis piam 1 txog 4, raws li. Thaum cov nas qaug zog thiab tsis tuaj yeem khiav tau, lub rooj tsavxwm hluav taws xob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub treadmill tswj lawv kom khiav.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm sim, nas (n=6) tau raug yuam kom khiav ntawm 40 m / min kom txog thaum tag nrho, thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv khiav tau raug sau tseg los txiav txim siab khiav. Tag nrho cov nas raug txheeb xyuas tias qaug zog thaum lawv nyob ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm hluav taws xob ntau tshaj 10 s. Lwm tus (n=6) tau muab tso rau ntawm lub treadmill nrog ceev ntawm 40 m / min rau 60 min. Tom qab qhov kev sim, nas tau txi nrog ethyl ether thiab cov ntshav kuaj tau sau los ntawm cov vena cava qis dua thiab muab tso rau hauv chav sov li 2 teev, thiab tom qab ntawd centrifuged ntawm 2500 × g rau 20 min kom cais cov ntshav kuaj. Lub siab thiab gastrocnemius cov leeg tau sau thiab yaug nrog saline. Tag nrho cov qauv tau muab khaws cia ntawm −80 ◦C hauv lub freezer tob.

2.6. Biochemical Parameters

2.6.1. Biomarkers Muaj feem xyuam rau qaug zog

Cov qib ntawm cov piam thaj inorganic phosphate thiab ammonia raug soj ntsuam siv Biovision Inc. (Milpitas, CA, USA). Cov qib lactate hauv cov ntshav tau txiav txim siab siv cov khoom ntsuas lactate (Bioassay Systems, Hayward, CA, USA).

2.6.2. Kev tsom xam ntawm Glycogen qib hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg

Cov ntsiab lus glycogen tau txheeb xyuas raws li txoj kev piav qhia los ntawm Cho et al. [5]. Luv luv, 0.2 g ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm daim siab thiab cov leeg tau hnov ​​​​mob nrog 400 µL ntawm 30 feem pua ​​​​poov tshuaj hydroxide tov, boil rau 30 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd txias ntawm 25 ◦C. Tom ntej no, 1 mL ntawm ethanol tau ntxiv rau qhov sib tov thiab nws tau centrifuged ntawm 6000 × g thiab 4 ◦C rau 15 min. Tom qab ntawd cov supernatant raug tshem tawm thiab cov pellet tau tov nrog 0.5 mL ntawm cov dej distilled, tom qab ntawd 0.2 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov tshuaj anthrone ntxiv rau hydrolyze cov piam thaj. Thaum kawg, qhov nqus tau raug ntsuas ntawm 620 nm nrog lub spectrophotometer

2.6.3. Cov dej num ntawm Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) thiab Serum Creatine Kinase (CK) Kev Ua Si

2.6.4 ib. Qib ntawm Malondialdehyde (MDA) thiab Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Kev Ua Haujlwm

Qib MDA thiab GPx kev ua haujlwm tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm homogenizing aliquots ntawm 0.1 g ntawm daim siab khov hauv phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Tom qab homogenization, cov qauv tau centrifuged ntawm 3500 × g ntawm 4 ◦C rau 10 min, ces cov supernatants tau siv rau kev tsom xam. Qib MDA thiab GPx kev ua haujlwm tau ntsuas nrog cov khoom siv xim xim (Biovision Inc., Milpitas, CA, USA).

2.7. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Tag Nrho Phenolic Cov Ntsiab Lus (TPC)

TPC ntawm PV tau txiav txim los ntawm Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric txoj kev nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho [19]. Luv luv, PV tau tshwm sim nrog Folin-Ciocalteu reagent thiab neutralized nrog sodium carbonate tov. Tom qab ntawd, qhov nqus ntawm cov xim xiav tau ntsuas ntawm 760 nm los ntawm spectrophotometer. Raws li tus qauv, gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, purity> 99 feem pua) tau siv thiab TPC tau qhia tias yog mg gallic acid sib npaug / g (mg GAE / g) PV.

2.8. Kev txheeb xyuas HPLC

2.9. Kev txheeb cais

3. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham

3.1. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Organic Acids thiab Dawb Amino Acids hauv PV

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv fermented vinegar muaj cov organic acids tsim los ntawm fermentation, nrog rau cov amino acids dawb uas tsim los ntawm hydrolyzation ntawm cov protein thaum fermentation [20]. PV muaj cov organic acids, acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid thiab lactic acid, ntawm 4034.46, 72.76, 1530.65, 1075.51, 140.95 thiab 390.87 mg feem pua, feem (Table). Tsis tas li ntawd, PV muaj ntau cov amino acids dawb, uas yog aspartic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine thiab arginine. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm aspartic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine thiab arginine yog 7.56, 5.46, 4.43, 32.93, 4.11 thiab 20.76 ppm, feem. Tom qab ob-kauj ruam fermentation, PV pom cov organic acids ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog acetic acid, thiab cov amino acid pub dawb tshaj PJ. Piv nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic acids hauv kev lag luam vinegar nrog sorghum muaj acetic acid (3600 mg feem pua), oxalic acid (16.62 mg feem pua), citric acid (49.7 mg feem pua), succinic acid (92.5 mg%), malic acid (27.83 mg feem pua) thiab lactic acid (820 mg feem pua) [21]. PV muaj cov amino acids qis dua li qej vinegar, uas muaj cov amino acids dawb (23.4 ppm), tyrosine (tsis kuaj pom), phenylalanine (313.9 ppm), histidine (4.6 ppm), lysine (460.3 ppm) thiab arginine (65.0 ppm). Na et al. (2013) tau tshaj tawm tias cov yam ntxwv zoo hauv fermented vinegar nyob ntawm cov khoom xyaw sib txawv thiab muaj feem xyuam nrog ntau dua ntawm citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tyrosine thiab histidine, thiab qis dua ntawm aspartic acid, phenylalanine, lysine thiab arginine, uas. tau pom nyob rau hauv PV piv nrog rau lwm yam fermented vinegar [22]. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias PV fermented nrog PJ fortified nrog pear extract muaj ntau cov organic acids thiab ntau yam dawb amino acid ntsiab lus.

Table 1.Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic acids thiab cov amino acids dawb hauv Prunus mume vinegar (PV).

3.2. Kev txheeb xyuas thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm Phenolic Compounds hauv PV

TPC ntawm PV yog 25.86 mg GAE/g (cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia). Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov phenolic compounds tam sim no hauv PV, HPLC-PDA tsom xam tau ua. Protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid thiab cryptochlorogenic acid nrog concentrations ntawm 0 08, 0.22, 0.37, 0.82, thiab 1.36 mg/g, raws li, tau txheeb xyuas siv HPLC kev soj ntsuam los ntawm kev sib piv nrog txhua tus qauv phenolic acid (Daim duab 1). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias cryptochlorogenic acid thiab neochlorogenic acid yog lub ntsiab phenolic acids hauv PV. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj phenolic cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm, xws li antioxidant, tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav, thiab tiv thaiv ntshav qab zib [23-25]. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua los ntawm Yuan et al. (2019), polyphenol-nplua nuj Sonchus arvensis extract muaj chlorogenic acid, luteolin thiab chicoric acid txhim kho antioxidant enzyme kev ua ub no thiab glycogen synthesis nyob rau hauv ce-kawm nas [26]. Lub aqueous extract ntawm Abelmoschus esculentus Moench noob uas muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm polyphenols thiab flavonoids pom cov tshuaj antioxidant tseem ceeb thiab tiv thaiv kev qaug zog hauv cov nas tom qab qhov hnyav-loaded ua luam dej [27]. Tsis tas li ntawd, phenolic tebchaw suav nrog 5-HMF, neochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid thiab syringic acid tau txheeb xyuas hauv pectinase kho Prunus mume txiv hmab txiv ntoo concentrate uas tau nthuav tawm cov teebmeem inhibitory ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv plab [19]. Txawm hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem molecular tom qab cov haujlwm tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm cov phenolic tebchaw, qhov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias cov haujlwm tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm PV muaj feem xyuam rau nws cov phenolic tebchaw, xws li protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid thiab nws derivates.

Daim duab 1.Phenolic tebchaw hauv Prunus mume vinegar (PV) tau soj ntsuam los ntawm HPLC. Protocatechuic acid (205 nm, 8.774 min); syringic acid (216.8 nm, 23.857 min); chlorogenic acid (326.1 nm, 18.663 min); neochlorogenic acid (324.9 nm, 9.660 min); cryptochlorogenic acid (326.1 nm, 20.395 min).

3.3. Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm Cell Proliferation thiab Glycogen Accumululation hauv C2C12 Myoblasts

Cov leeg pob txha ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa lub zog hauv lub cev [27]. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 2, peb soj ntsuam cytotoxicity thiab glycogen tsub zuj zuj ntawm PV ntawm C2C12 myoblast. Txhawm rau ntsuas cytotoxicity ntawm PV, SRB kev soj ntsuam tau ua nyob rau hauv C2C12 myoblasts, thiab tom qab sib txawv, cov hlwb raug kho nrog ntau qhov ntau ntawm PV (0.1, 0.2, {{1{{ 12}}}}.3 thiab 0.4 µg/mL) rau 48 teev (Daim duab 2A). Lub cell viabilities ntawm C2C12 myoblasts kho nrog PV tau tshaj 95 feem pua, qhia tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb piv rau kev tswj hwm. Txhawm rau ntsuas glycogen cov ntsiab lus hauv C2C12 myoblasts, kev soj ntsuam glycogen siv cell lysates tau ua. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 2B, cov ntsiab lus glycogen hauv C2C12 myoblasts tau nce ntxiv los ntawm PV nyob rau hauv koob tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho mob ntawm PV ntawm ib koob ntawm 0.4 µg/mL tsis pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb piv rau 0.3 µg/mL ntawm PV. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias kev kho PV tuaj yeem txhim kho glycogen txuam nrog cov tsis muaj cytotoxic ntau hauv cov leeg pob txha.

Daim duab 2.Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm (A) cell proliferation thiab (B) glycogen tsub zuj zuj hauv C2C12 myoblasts. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nuj nqis raug qhia raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± SE (n=3). Cov tsiaj ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov bar yog qhov sib txawv (p <>

3.4. Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm Treadmill Running Time

Lub sijhawm khiav mus txog thaum qaug zog yog qhov cim ntawm kev tawm dag zog uas sawv cev rau kev qaug zog rov qab [5]. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, ib qho kev qhia tawm dag zog siv lub treadmill tau ua rau nas rau 4 lub lis piam. Tom qab kev tawm dag zog siab kom qaug zog, txhua pab pawg tau nthuav tawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab dua piv nrog SC nas, thiab PV7.5 tau sau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev tshaj plaws ntawm txhua pawg (Daim duab 3). Reidy & Rasmussen (2016) tau tshaj tawm tias kev ntxiv nrog cov amino acids nce kev tawm dag zog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein synthesis hauv tib neeg cov pob txha pob txha tom qab kev tawm dag zog [28]. Qhov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias PV tau ua kom muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo hauv cov nas siv zog siv zog.

Daim duab 3.Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm PV ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± SE (n {{0}}). SC: sedentary control, EC: ce tswj, PJ: Prunus mume kua txiv, PV5: 5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus, PV7.5: 7.5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus. Cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov bar yog qhov sib txawv (p <>

3.5. Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm Serum Biomarkers Muaj feem xyuam rau qaug zog

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev qaug zog yog txuas nrog lub zog tsis muaj zog thaum qoj ib ce. Vim tias muaj ntau lub zog, kua dej, thiab cov amino acids tau noj thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab, cov dej haus ua kis las tuaj yeem pab tswj kom muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kua dej thiab cov resynthesis ntawm cov protein [29]. Vim li no, PV tuaj yeem siv los ua kev haus dej haus cawv los txhim kho kev qaug zog los ntawm kev tawm dag zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, intracellular acidosis ua rau cov leeg qaug zog uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev txuam nrog lactate thiab inorganic phosphate [12]. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hnyav, cov ntshav biomarkers cuam tshuam txog kev qaug zog xws li ntshav ammonia, inorganic phosphate, thiab lactate accumulates ua rau cov leeg qaug zog vim yog intracellular acidosis [30]. Yog li, qhov txo qis ntawm kev nkag siab zoo rau kev qaug zog yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ua kom lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab txo qis zog biomarkers. Lub siab thiab cov leeg nqaij glycogen, uas yog qhov paub zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem rau glycolysis thiab lub zog tsim khoom, ua thawj zaug tiv thaiv lub zog poob [5]. Yog li ntawd, glycogen yog ib qho ntawm cov indexes ntawm qaug zog. Cov ntshav ammonia, inorganic phosphate thiab lactate qib ntawm PV7.5 pawg yog 64.57 ug / mL, 2.98 mM, thiab 1.21 mM (Daim duab 4A-C). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau txo qis los ntawm 28.22 feem pua ​​​​, 25.91 feem pua ​​​​thiab 18.24 feem pua ​​​​txog rau pawg EC, feem. Thaum piv nrog cov ntshav biomarkers hauv EC nas, SC thiab PJ nas pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Fushimi et al. (2001) tau tshaj tawm tias vinegar supplementation tseem ceeb txo cov ntshav lactate thiab ammonia tom qab kev tawm dag zog kom qaug zog hauv nas, thiab Stephens li al. (2008) tau tshaj tawm tias kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm acetate txhim kho qib ntawm cov ntshav lactate hauv npua [31,32]. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig no, cov qib siab ntawm cov organic acids thiab ntau yam amino acids dawb hauv PV tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tswj hwm ntawm ammonia, inorganic phosphate thiab lactate. Yog li ntawd, PV kev tswj hwm tau ua haujlwm zoo los tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm kev tswj kev qaug zog ntawm cov ntshav biomarkers hauv cov nas uas tau txais kev cob qhia.

Daim duab 4.Cov nyhuv ntawm PV ntawm cov ntshav (A) ammonia, (B) inorganic phosphorus, thiab (C) lactate nyob rau hauv cov nas tsuag. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± SE (n {{0}}). SC: sedentary control, EC: ce tswj, PJ: Prunus mume kua txiv, PV5: 5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus, PV7.5: 7.5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus. Cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov bar yog qhov sib txawv (p <>

3.6. Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm Kev Hloov ntawm Glycogen Accumulation

Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm daim siab thiab cov leeg glycogen tau pom hauv daim duab 5. Pawg EC tau pom cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm gastrocnemius nqaij glycogen, tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg SC thiab EC (Daim duab 5A). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce siab ntawm glycogen ntsiab lus (34.25 feem pua) tau pom muaj kwv yees rau EC thiab PV7.5 pawg. Lub siab glycogen cov ntsiab lus tseem nce ntxiv hauv cov lus teb rau kev ntxiv nrog PV7.5 txog li 24.21 feem pua ​​​​txog rau pawg EC (Daim duab 5B). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias qhov ncauj ntxiv ntawm acetic acid txhim kho glycogen synthesis hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg tom qab qoj ib ce hauv nas thiab nees [10,11,31]. Yog li, qhov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias kev nce siab hauv siab thiab cov leeg nqaij glycogen tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kev qaug zog hauv cov nas siv zog siv zog.

Daim duab 5. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm PV ntawm glycogen tsub zuj zuj ntawm (A) cov leeg nqaij thiab (B) daim siab hauv cov nas tsuag. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± SE (n {{0}}). SC: sedentary control, EC: ce tswj, PJ: Prunus mume kua txiv, PV5: 5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus, PV7.5: 7.5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus. Cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov bar yog qhov sib txawv (p <>

3.7. Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm Kev Hloov ntawm LDH thiab CK Kev Ua Si

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) yog ib qho oxidoreductase hauv glycolysis uas catalyzes hloov pauv ntawm lactic acid rau pyruvate [33]. Serum creatine kinase (CK) yog ib qho tseem ceeb enzyme uas qhia cov leeg nqaij [34]. Yog li, peb tau soj ntsuam cov leeg LDH thiab cov ntshav CK qib los ntsuas qib ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Gastrocnemius LDH theem ntawm EC nas tsis txawv qhov txawv thaum piv nrog SC pawg (Daim duab 6A). Kev ua LDH ntawm cov nas uas tswj hwm nrog PV7.5 tseem ceeb tau nce los ntawm 27.75 feem pua ​​​​piv rau pawg EC. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 6B, cov ntshav CK qib ntawm SC pawg yog 60.35 U / L. Tus nqi CK ntawm pawg EC yog 54.71 U / L, uas tsis txawv txav los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm pawg SC. Txawm li cas los xij, PV7.5 supplementation tseem ceeb txo qis CK qib los ntawm 35.66 feem pua ​​​​hauv kev sib piv nrog EC nas. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws, Prunus mume extract txhim kho kev qaug zog rov qab los ntawm kev nce hauv LDH kev ua thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj biomarkers hauv cov nas uas tau kawm, thiab nce cov ntshav CK hauv cov lus teb rau cov leeg nqaij puas tsuaj los ntawm cov leeg nruj, ua rau qaug zog [4,35]. Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tias PV kev tswj hwm tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov metabolism ntawm lactic acid hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab txo cov leeg nqaij los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov nas.

Daim duab 6.Kev cuam tshuam ntawm PV ntawm (A) lactate dehydrogenase thiab (B) creatine kinase kev ua ub no hauv cov nas qaug zog los ntawm kev tawm dag zog. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± SE (n {{0}}). SC: sedentary control, EC: ce tswj, PJ: Prunus mume kua txiv, PV5: 5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus, PV7.5: 7.5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus. Cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov bar yog qhov sib txawv (p <>

3.8. Cov teebmeem ntawm PV ntawm Kev Hloov hauv MDA Qib thiab GPx Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv Lub Siab

Cov leeg nqaij raug mob ua rau muaj kev hloov hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant thiab qib MDA [34]. MDA yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm lipid peroxidation tshwm sim los ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Txhawm rau soj ntsuam cov kev hloov pauv hauv antioxidant enzyme thiab lipid peroxidation, peb ntsuas MDA thiab GPx qib hauv daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm PV rau cov nas tawm dag zog. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev teb rau kev tswj hwm ntawm PV. Tshwj xeeb, MDA cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg EC poob 10 feem pua ​​​​txog rau pawg SC (Daim duab 7A). Kev tswj hwm ntawm PJ, PV5, thiab PV7.5 tau tshem tawm qhov txo qis hauv MDA cov ntsiab lus ntawm 18.35 feem pua, 20.36 feem pua ​​​​thiab 25.05 feem pua ​​​​, feem, ntsig txog pawg EC. Kev tswj hwm ntawm PV nyob rau hauv kev tawm dag zog hnyav uas ua rau muaj qhov tseem ceeb nce hauv GPx kev ua si (Daim duab 7B). Hauv daim siab, PV7.5 kev kho mob tseem ceeb nce GPx kev ua si los ntawm 19.65 feem pua ​​thiab 41.14 feem pua, txawm hais tias PV5 tsis pom qhov txawv piv rau EC nas. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, exogenous supplementation ntawm antioxidants thiab ib qho kev noj tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidative txo cov qib ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab hauv cov neeg ncaws pob tom qab kev tawm dag zog [36]. Kev tswj hwm ntawm antioxidants tiv thaiv cov leeg mob hauv tib neeg tom qab kev tawm dag zog [37]. Ntxiv mus, Suav dub vinegar induced antioxidant kev ua ub no los ntawm reactive oxygen hom inhibition, nrog rau kev nce hauv SOD thiab CAT kev ua ub no [38]. Ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias ntxiv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrog kev ua haujlwm antioxidant txhim kho kev qaug zog. Yog li ntawd, cov haujlwm tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm PV tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant hauv cov nas uas qaug zog.

Daim duab 7.Kev cuam tshuam ntawm PV ntawm (A) malondialdehyde thiab (B) glutathione peroxidase kev ua ub no hauv cov nas uas qaug zog los ntawm kev tawm dag zog. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± SE (n {{0}}). SC: sedentary control, EC: ce tswj, PJ: Prunus mume kua txiv, PV5: 5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus, PV7.5: 7.5 feem pua ​​Prunus mume vinegar haus. Cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov bar yog qhov sib txawv (p <>

4. Cov lus xaus

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, PV muaj ntau yam dawb amino acids thiab organic acids yog tsim los ntawm ob-kauj ruam fermentation txheej txheem thiab ntsuam xyuas los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm cytotoxicity thiab glycogen tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv C2C12 myoblasts raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv vivo los tiv thaiv qaug zog cov nas nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nas tom qab siab-siv. kev tawm dag zog. Cov qib siab ntawm glycogen tsub zuj zuj tau pom nyob rau hauv vitro, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm PV tau pab tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha qaug zog biomarkers thiab cov leeg nqaij raug mob hauv cov nas tas. Tsis tas li ntawd, phenolic tebchaw xws li protocatechuic acid, syringic acid thiab chlorogenic acid derivates hauv PV raug txheeb xyuas. Sib sau ua ke, PV tej zaum yuav xav tias yuav siv los ua cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm kev tawm dag zog siab.

Qhov no yog peb cov khoom rau kev qaug zog! Nyem rau daim duab kom paub ntau ntxiv!

Cov ntaub ntawv

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