Anti-aging Science: Qhov tshwm sim, Kev Saib Xyuas, Thiab Txhim Kho Ntawm Txoj Cai Tshooj 1

Thov hu rauoscar.xiao@wecistanche.comyog xav paub ntxiv

Abstract

Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas archival, tsab xov xwm no taug qab qhov tshwm sim, kev saib xyuas, thiab txhim kho biogerontology raws li kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Thaum xub thawj, biogerontologists 'kev sim los tswj tib neeg kev laus raug suav hais tias yog ib qho kev xav tsis thoob vim yog: kev nkag siab tias lawv cov kev siv zog tau cuam tshuam nrog cov keeb kwm ntev ntawm charlatanic, anti-aging kev kho mob; lub tswv yim hais tias kev tiv thaiv kev laus yog "kev txwv tsis pub tshawb fawb" kev ncaj ncees thiab kev tshawb fawb; thiab kev nkag siab tias thaj teb yog kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj zog thiab kev tshawb fawb tshiab.cistanche salsa extractKev sib tw nyuaj ntawm National Institute on Aging, kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv noob caj noob ces thiab biotechnology, thiab "ua haujlwm ciam teb" los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tau tso cai rau biogerontology kom vam meej thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov koom haum pab nyiaj, thiab hauv kev xav hauv pej xeem. Tshwj xeeb, kev tshawb fawb txog noob caj noob ces thiab kev laus tau txhim kho lub siab thiab kev cog lus ntawm kev qhuab qhia los ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm kev tshawb fawb trajectory uas piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem kev laus, tsis yog tsuas yog piav qhia xwb, tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Ntxiv mus, yog tias biogerontologists 'kev siv zog los tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg kev laus ua tiav, qhov kev coj ua no muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau peb txoj kev xeeb tub ntawm kev laus, thiab rau yav tom ntej ntawm ntau lub koom haum kev sib raug zoo.

Thov nias ntawm no kom paub ntxiv

ambitions thiab sim tswj kev laus yog ib feem ntawm tib neeg kab lis kev cai txij li thaum ntxov civilizations (Gruman, 2003). Kev xav nrog kev tsis txawj tuag yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv Babylonian cov lus dab neeg txog vaj ntxwv Gilgamesh uas kav yav qab teb Mesopotamia nyob rau hauv 3000 BC Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb caug xyoo BC, adherents ntawm lub Taoist kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tsim ib tug systematic kev pab cuam tsom mus rau lub neej ntev (Olshansky & Carnes, 2001).cistanche qiaLos ntawm ntau pua xyoo, ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kev laus tau rov muaj dua. Ntawm lawv tau alchemy, kev siv cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig (piv txwv li, raws li cov khoom siv noj) uas tau hloov los ntawm cov zaub mov hauv qab; "shamanism" lossis "globy" (cavorting nrog cov ntxhais hluas); grafts (los yog txhaj tshuaj) los ntawm cov noob qes, zes qe menyuam, los yog qog ntawm ntau hom tsiaj; kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm tes los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov menyuam mos los yog cov tsiaj feral; noj elixirs, tshuaj pleev, tshuaj, tshuaj hormones, noj tshuaj, thiab cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb; cryonics; thiab rejuvenation los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab raug rau ntau yam khoom xws li ntxhia thiab thermal springs (Gruman 2003; Hayflick, 1994).

Cistanche tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev laus

Kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab kev mob siab rau niaj hnub no, tej zaum ntau dua li yav dhau los, hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm (1) kev lag luam thiab chaw kho mob uas muaj cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev laus, kev tswj hwm, thiab kev kho mob; thiab (2) kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho ntawm biogerontologists-cov kws tshawb fawb uas kawm txog biology ntawm kev laus. Tseeb, kev tiv thaiv kev laus tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog ib qho ntawm cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ntawm 19th World Congress of Gerontology thiab Geriatrics hauv Paris hauv 2009 (International Association of Gerontology thiab Geriatrics, 2007). Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb biogerontologists tseem nrhiav kom ua tiav qhov keeb kwm keeb kwm Gerald Gruman (2003) tau hu ua "pro-longevity" - qhov tseem ceeb txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm tib neeg lub neej expectancy thiab/los yog lub neej ntev tshaj plaws yam tsis muaj kev txom nyem thiab kev mob nkeeg.

Txawm hais tias tsis muaj tseeb thoob ntiaj teb, ib yam uas ua rau ob qho tib si tam sim no thiab yav dhau los kev tiv thaiv kev laus yog lawv txoj kev xav rau pej xeem raws li ib yam dab tsi ib txhij seductive thiab xav tau, tab sis kuj transgressive, suspicious, thiab txawm txaus ntshai. Xws li, niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb los tiv thaiv kev laus yog ib hom "kev paub txwv tsis pub" (Kempner, Perlis, & Merz, 2005) - thaj chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas yog, qee txoj hauv kev, suav tias yog kev txwv rau ntau yam, feem ntau coj ncaj ncees, yog vim li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb los tiv thaiv kev laus tsis yog tsuas yog tinged nrog cov lus nug txog kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog "natural" txheej txheem ntawm kev laus, tab sis nws kuj tau tshwm sim los ntawm keeb kwm tainted uas science nws tus kheej tau suav tias yog marginal thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntau. . Cov keeb kwm no tau nthuav tawm cov lus nug txog seb peb puas yuav tsum ua raws li kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab seb peb puas tuaj yeem tswj kev laus (Moody, 2001/2). Vim cov no

cov lus nug, daim teb tseem yog me ntsis mired los ntawm nws keeb kwm marginal thiab txwv tsis pub muaj xwm txheej, txawm tias nws tau lees paub los ntawm cov koom haum nyiaj txiag loj thiab lwm tus tam sim no muaj npe nrov thiab ntu ntu ntawm kev tshawb fawb.

Thaum xub thawj, cov kws tshawb fawb kev sim los tswj tib neeg kev laus raug suav tias yog ib qho kev nug uas xav tau vim yog: kev nkag siab tias lawv cov kev siv zog tau cuam tshuam nrog cov keeb kwm ntev ntawm charlatanic, kev coj noj coj ua los tiv thaiv kev laus; lub tswv yim hais tias kev tiv thaiv kev laus yog "kev txwv tsis pub tshawb fawb" kev ncaj ncees thiab kev tshawb fawb; thiab kev nkag siab tias thaj teb yog kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj zog thiab kev tshawb fawb tshiab. Lub zog-tawm tsam ntawm National Institutes on Aging, scientific advancements in genetics and biotechnology, and conformed "border work" los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tau tso cai rau biogerontology kom vam meej thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov koom haum pab nyiaj, thiab hauv kev xav hauv pej xeem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no tau ceev faj txog kev tiv thaiv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm biogerontology, uas tseem yog me ntsis puas.

Kab lus no taug qab qhov tshwm sim, kev saib xyuas, thiab txhim kho biogerontology raws li kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb uas tau mob siab rau kev nkag siab txog biology ntawm txoj kev laus. Peb cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thib ob ntawm keeb kwm ntawm (bio) gerontology, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas sau txog kev tsim ntawm National Institute of Aging, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho ntawm biogerontologists cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog keeb kwm thiab lub xeev ntawm kev qhuab qhia. Cov kev tshawb fawb archival coj peb los xav txog kev xav txog kev xav los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb los piav txog biogerontologists cov dej num thiab kev npaj siab thaum lawv ua hauj lwm los tsim thiab txhawb lawv txoj cai raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab ntxiv rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsim nyog ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag thiab kev txhawb nqa pej xeem. Siv cov txheej txheem inductive, peb toggled rov qab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshawb xav los tsim peb qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm biogerontology.cistanche tubulosa cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev phivThaum kawg ntawm daim ntawv, peb xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm biogerontology hauv kev tsim peb cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev laus thiab nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm biogerontology raws li kev qhuab qhia scientific

Keeb kwm ntawm biomedical tshawb fawb txog kev laus hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog ib zaj dab neeg classic ntawm kev qhuab qhia tshiab kev tawm tsam rau kev raug cai thiab nyiaj txiag. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ntev tau xav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshiab (Hedgecoe, 2003). Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov nyiaj pabcuam no yog lub tsev qhuab qhia yog kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv, thiab kev coj noj coj ua [saib (xws li (Abir-Am, 1985; Bud, 1993; Gieryn, 1983)]. Qhov kev qhuab qhia tshiab tuaj yeem tsim nyob ib puag ncig cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev tshawb pom, cov txheej txheem tshiab, lossis cov khoom tshiab ntawm kev nug. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb "qhov tseeb" ib leeg tsis txaus los tsim kev qhuab qhia tshiab. Cov tib neeg, pab pawg, thiab cov koom haum yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm rau kev tsim cai nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb loj thiab kev sib raug zoo, los ntawm kev txhawb nqa nom tswv, koom nrog lawv tus kheej nrog cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg siab thiab hwm thiab lwm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv zej zog, thiab txhawb cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig lawv (feem ntau los ntawm cov tswv yim hais lus) uas lawv txoj kev qhuab qhia yeej tsim nyog rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb (Abir-Am, 1985; Fujimura, 1996; Hedgecoe, 2003; van Lente & Rip 1998). Keeb kwm ntawm biogerontology qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho uas ua raws li tus qauv no raws li cov tswv cuab hauv thaj chaw sim tsim lawv txoj haujlwm raws li kev qhuab qhia raug cai. Zaj dab neeg no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb vim yog cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tsis zoo uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kev laus / kev ua neej ntev ntawm kev siv zog ntau xyoo ua ntej tsim teb. Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb los tiv thaiv kev laus tsis yog tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb tsis zoo xwb tab sis kuj yog thaj tsam ntawm "kev paub txwv tsis pub" (Kempner li al., 2005) ua rau kev sib ntaus los tsim kev qhuab qhia txhua qhov nyuaj.

Thaum txoj kev qhuab qhia tau tsim, biogerontologists nrhiav (thiab tseem nrhiav) los tswj thiab txhim kho kev qhuab qhia. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm los khaws lawv cov kev sib tw nyuaj los ntawm lwm yam kev thov-kev ua haujlwm-"ua haujlwm ciam teb"-qhov uas cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia tshiab sim cais lawv tus kheej los ntawm lwm pab pawg hauv tib qho kev sib raug zoo (Gieryn, 1983), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj tsawg credibility thiab stature tshaj lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm biogerontologists, lawv ciam teb ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob aims ua ob yam: 1) tsis muaj zog ciam teb ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab noob caj noob ces soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub biosciences thiab 2) ntxiv dag zog rau cov ciam teb ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab anti-aging practitioners thiab

ua lag luam. Kev koom tes nrog cov pab pawg tom kawg no tau xav los ntawm biogerontologists los hem lawv tus kheej kev ntseeg siab, thaum lub koom haum nrog cov kws tshawb fawb caj ces yog los txhawb lawv txoj kev ua haujlwm thiab txhawb nqa lawv cov kev tshawb fawb. Qhov nyuaj-yeej txoj cai, ua tiav ib feem los ntawm biogerontology kev koom tes nrog cov noob caj noob ces, cov duab niaj hnub thiab yav tom ntej (anti-) kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus, teeb tsa rau ntawm txoj hauv kev uas qhia txog kev nkag siab txog kev laus ntawm kev laus thiab nws cov kev cuam tshuam.

Niaj hnub nimno biogerontology: lub xyoo thaum ntxov Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov tswv yim hais txog "ntev ntev" Gruman pom tias cov ntsiab lus zoo li yog: relegated mus rau lub limbo reserved rau impractical tej yaam num los yog eccentric whims tsis heev tsim nyog ntawm loj scientific los yog philosophic xav. Ib qho laj thawj rau qhov kev tsis saib xyuas no yog tias muaj, hauv kev xav, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev ntseeg, kev thov txim ntev ntev, kev ntseeg tias kev ncua ntawm lub neej tsis muaj peev xwm los yog xav tau ... Lwm qhov laj thawj yog qhov tseeb tias muaj ob peb yam kev kawm. tau ua kom yuam kev ntau dua rau cov tsis ncaj ncees thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau cov neeg tsis paub qab hau; kev siv lub ntsiab lus no los ntawm cov xov xwm sensational thiab los ntawm kev kho mob quacks thiab charlatans yog paub zoo. (2003, pp. 6)

Hauv nws keeb kwm kev txhim kho ntawm tsoomfwv kev txhawb nqa rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus, "cov uas yuav tau kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntev ntev, kev tshawb fawb biomedical, nrhiav tus: ciav ntawm cov hluas... thaj chaw marginal... nrog me ntsis rov qab los ntawm cov zej zog scientific"(p.5).

Raws li Achenbaum (1995), Hayflick (1994), thiab Lockett (1983) nthuav dav, kev txhim kho thaum ntxov ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub ua lag luam hauv biology ntawm kev laus hauv Tebchaws Meskas, thiab hauv geriatrics zoo li, yog mus rau qib tseem ceeb txhawb nqa los ntawm Josiah Macy Foundation. Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1930s lig, nws tau txhawb nqa cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus thiab tau muab cov lus hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm Kev Laus: Biological and Medical Aspects (Cowdry, 1939) uas tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb.

kev paub thiab cov teeb meem hais txog yuav ua li cas kom lub neej ntev ntawm tib neeg thiab yuav ua li cas txo qis kev tsis taus thiab cov kab mob ntev hauv cov laus. Lub hauv paus tseem tau txais nyiaj ntau ntawm cov rooj sib tham ua haujlwm uas tau coj los ua ke cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau yam kev qhuab qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm uas tau tsim Club rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Laus uas thaum kawg tau los ua Gerontological Society of America.

Xyoo 1940, USSurgeon General, uas tau mus koom lub rooj sib tham ntawm Club, tau ua tus thawj coj hauv kev tsim ib qho kev tshawb fawb me me hauv gerontology raws li kev txhawb nqa ntawm US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias muaj kev loj hlob loj hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm gerontology nyob rau peb lub xyoos tom ntej no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm biomedical research enterprise nyob rau hauv gerontology stagnated. NIH intramural kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus nyuam qhuav tawm hauv av thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II vim nws tau hloov los ntawm kev tshawb fawb mob siab rau kev ua tsov rog. Nyob rau hauv 1948 nws tau raug xaiv los ua Gerontology ceg ntawm National Heart Institute, tau muab ib kab-khoom siv nyiaj, thiab ua kev tshawb fawb txog lub cev ntawm cov txiv neej laus.

Txawm hais tias NIH Gerontological Study Section rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv thov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1946, nws tau raug tshem tawm peb xyoos tom qab. Hauv xyoo 1950 thiab 1960, kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus tau txais me ntsis hauv NIH. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, hauv kev teb rau kev ntxhov siab los ntawm Congress, tsib lub chaw pabcuam hauv cheeb tsam rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev laus thiab kev cob qhia tau txais nyiaj los ntawm NIH txoj haujlwm txoj haujlwm mechanism. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw no (ntawm Duke University) thaum kawg tau muaj sia nyob, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas sab hauv NIH ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg txog qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb gerontological (Lockett, 1983). Lub caij no, Senate Subcommittee ntawm Cov Teeb Meem ntawm Kev Laus thiab Hnub Nyoog tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm "kev tsis pom zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb gerontologic" (Achenbaum, 1995, p. 200).

Thaum National Institute of Child Health thiab Human Development (NICHD) tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1963, NIH cov kev pabcuam rau kev laus tau los ua ib feem ntawm NICHD Cov Neeg Laus Kev Loj Hlob thiab Kev Laus. Txawm hais tias lub koom haum muaj ib pawg neeg saib xyuas sab nraud uas suav nrog cov npe sib txawv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb gerontological, nws tsuas yog tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv thov rau cov phiaj xwm kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia thiab kev txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm, tsis yog nyiaj pab tshawb fawb. Tshaj li kaum xyoo tom ntej no, gerontologists qhia lawv qhov kev poob siab nrog NICHD kev npaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov qis ntawm lub koom haum cov nyiaj tau los rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus (saib, piv txwv li, Eisdorfer, 1968).

Lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus

Los ntawm lig 1960s, ntxhov siab los ntawm NIH qhov tsis muaj peev nyiaj rau kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev laus, biogerontologists tau teeb tsa lub zog uas thaum kawg ua rau tsim kom muaj lub koom haum National cais ntawm Kev Laus txhawm rau txhawm rau xyuas kom meej tias cov nyiaj tau los rau kev tshawb fawb gerontological yuav. ua kom txaus.cistanche tubulosa extractLawv tau tsim ib daim nqi rau xyoo 1968 uas tau hu rau lub koom haum NIH tshiab nrog rau tsib lub xyoos kev tshawb fawb "los txhawb kev sib koom tes tshawb fawb txog cov keeb kwm ntawm kev laus" (Lockett, 1983, p.85). Gerontological Society of America, txawm li cas los xij, daim nqi no tau nthuav dav sai rau suav nrog kev kho mob, kev coj cwj pwm, thiab kev sib raug zoo (Binstock, 2003).

Thaum cov txheej txheem kev nom kev tswv tom ntej uas thaum kawg ua rau tsim NIA hauv xyoo 1974, cov ntsiab lus qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm biogerontology tsis tu ncua tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, tus neeg ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa kev ua tiav, Florence Mahoney, yog ib tus neeg mob siab nrhiav kev tiv thaiv kev laus. Nws txaus siab rau cov kev kho mob rejuvenation uas muaj los ntawm ib lub koom haum hauv Bucharest, Romania, thiab tau siv los kho cov ntshav qab zib uas tau qhia tias qeeb lossis tiv thaiv kev laus. Mahoney tseem yog ib tug muaj zog Washington "sab hauv" nrog kev sib txuas lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv, tus neeg tawm suab ntev ntev rau kev txhawb nqa tsoomfwv rau kev tshawb fawb biomedical. Raws li tau sau tseg hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, txawm li cas los xij, Mahoney qhov "qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib cais tiag tiag los ntawm charlatan [sic] science tsis meej; qee zaus nws txhawb nqa tus kws tshaj lij rejuvenation uas tau paub txog kev nce qib thiab mystique" (Robinson 2001, p.237). Vim Mahoney tus kheej txaus siab rau kev tiv thaiv kev laus, nws txoj kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim NIA yuav muaj kev nkag siab ntxiv ntawm biogerontologists 'ua hauj lwm nrog zoo li cov tshuaj charlatanic.

Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm kev cai lij choj ntev ntev ntawm NIA txoj kev tsim, los ntawm 1969 txog 1974, ntau tus neeg tawm tsam ntawm lub koom haum zoo li no tau hais meej txog lawv qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov zoo thiab kev cog lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb gerontological. Nyob rau hauv Senate lub rooj sib hais xyoo 1971, piv txwv li, tus pab tuav ntaub ntawv hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, Kev Kawm, thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv tau sib cav tias kev laus tsis tau siav rau kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov peev txheej tshiab vim nws tsis muaj "lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj peev xwm. cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, ntxiv rau cov kev tshawb fawb txaus, lossis cov tswv yim cog lus hauv thaj chaw los tawm tsam cov kws tshawb fawb kom ua tau zoo" (Lockett, 1983, p.98). Ib yam li ntawd, hauv Tsev Neeg Sawv Cev Lub Rooj Sib Tham hauv 1972, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm American Medical Colleges tau lees tias "muaj kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim siv tau hauv kev tshawb fawb kev laus" (Lockett, 1983, p.22). Thiab thaum ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm hauv xyoo 1972, ib tsab ntawv sau tseg los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas thiab Nyiaj Txiag rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Nixon tau hais kom nws tawm tsam nws - uas nws tau ua thaum kawg vim tias NIA "tuaj yeem tsim cov kev cia siab tsis tseeb uas cov txheej txheem kev laus tuaj yeem tswj tau thiab tswj los ntawm kev tshawb fawb biomedical" (Lockett, 1983, p. 139). Txawm hais tias Nixon txoj kev veto-thiab qhov kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua los ntawm qib siab NIH cov tub ceev xwm uas pom meej tias tsis xav kom muaj lub koom haum tshiab los ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm NIH appropriations (Lockett, 1983; USSenate Subcommittee on Aging, 1973)-Mahoney, ib tug tub ceev xwm ntawm gerontologists , thiab ntau tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm Congress tau mob siab rau lawv txoj kev siv zog. Nyob rau hauv 1974, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev hu rau nws impeachment, Nixon tau kos npe rau txoj cai tsim NIA (Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Aging Act of 1974,1974).

Lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm NIA muab rau biogerontology hom kev koom ua ke uas muab kev tshawb fawb thiab lub zog (Cozzens, 1990). Nws pib cov txheej txheem uas raug cai tshawb fawb txog kev laus ob qho tib si ntau ntawm "cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb" rau kev tshawb fawb txog biomedical dua li cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb dav dua tau saib nws, thiab yog thaj chaw tsim nyog uas yuav nqis peev ntau ntawm cov peev nyiaj pej xeem. Txij li thaum NIA pib ua haujlwm, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau qhib rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem lom neeg ntawm kev laus (saib Masoro & Austad, 2006). Ntxiv mus, tag nrho NIA pob nyiaj siv, uas tsuas yog kwv yees li $ 20 lab hauv nws thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm (Lockett, 1983), tau loj hlob ntau nyob rau 30 xyoo tom ntej kom ncav cuag ntau dua $ 1 nphom los ntawm xyoo nyiaj txiag 2007 (National Institute on Aging, 2007.

Txawm hais tias muaj, ntawm chav kawm, ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv European biogerontologists, tsis muaj dab tsi piv rau NIA tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Qee tus ntawm lawv saib mus rau USNIA rau kev tshawb fawb txhawb nqa thiab feem ntau ua tiav. Tab sis, raws li Warner (2007) qhia, uas tsis yog hauv Belgium thiab Denmark tsis tau muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv European lossis European Union los pab nyiaj tshawb fawb biogerontological ntawm kev laus.

Kev tawm tsam kom tswj tau qhov raug cai thiab xwm txheej

Parallel mus rau niaj hnub tshwm sim ntawm biogerontology raws li kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb tau tsim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus. Mykytyn (2006a) qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus raws li kev sib raug zoo hauv kev nkag siab tias nws koom nrog ib pab pawg neeg ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb hauv kev tawm tsam rau "qhov tseem ceeb" nrog, hauv qhov piv txwv no, lub ntsiab lus xa mus rau ob qho tib si mainstream biogerontology thiab tshuaj kho mob.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li lwm yam kev noj qab haus huv kev noj qab haus huv uas feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tiv thaiv biomedicine los ntawm sab nraud ntawm nws-piv txwv li, cov neeg mob, cov neeg tawm tsam, thiab cov koom haum hauv paus (saib xws li Epstein, 1996; Brown & Zavetoski 2004; Landzelius, 2006)-the anti-aging tshuaj social zog muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv loj ib feem ntawm nyob rau hauv biomedicine yog kab tias ib tug marginal tis ntawm biomedicine. Kev laus, ib pawg ntawm tib neeg cov xwm txheej thiab cov kev paub yav dhau los suav tias yog nonpathological, tau dhau los ua kev kho mob zoo li ntau lwm yam ntawm tib neeg tus mob (Clarke, Shim, Mamo, Fosket, & Fishman, 203). Qhov tshwm sim no tau raug sau tseg tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm gerontology raws li "biomedicalization of aging" (Estes & Binney, 1989) thiab chronicled nrog kev hwm rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev paub txog kev txawj ntse mus rau Alzheimer's disease (Fox, 1989). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txaus siab rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus yog txhawb los ntawm cov lus cog tseg thiab kev kwv yees ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog biomedical thiab scientific, xws li kev tshawb fawb qia cell, nanotechnology, thiab kev kho noob (Mykytyn, 2006b). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus yog xav tias yuav ua tau vim nws tso siab rau cov lus hais ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Biogerontologists, ib yam nkaus, tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thiab tau ua rau ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no uas zoo li muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua kom qeeb ntawm kev laus hauv tib neeg (saib Masoro & Austad, 2006). Raws li peb yuav sau, nws yog cov lus cog tseg ntawm biotechnological kev nce qib uas yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm ciam teb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas biogerontologists koom. Ntawm ib sab, lawv sim txo qis lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus thiab cov lus thov tiv thaiv kev laus. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv ua haujlwm txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev tshawb fawb biotechnology txhawm rau tswj hwm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tseem tsis yooj yim raws li kev qhuab qhia.

Niaj hnub nimno anti-aging zog

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus niaj hnub no yog hmuv-taub hau hauv xyoo 1960 thiab 1970s hauv Tebchaws Europe. Ib tug Romanian biologist thiab tus kws kho mob, Anna Aslan, tau tsim ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv Bucharest uas muaj rejuvenation kev kho mob thiab ib tug elixir hu ua Gerovital (Robinson, 2001) uas yog tseem dav ua lag luam. Cov tswv cuab ntawm European thiab Asian cov neeg tseem ceeb, suav nrog Nikita Kruschev, tau mus xyuas lub koom haum kho mob, thiab Soviet Union tau tsim nws lub koom haum los kawm Gerovital thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam los tiv thaiv kev laus. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau yam German-hais lus los tiv thaiv kev laus zog yog coj los ntawm Johannes Huber, tus kws tshawb fawb Austrian, kws kho mob, thiab tus kws kho mob uas tsim kho, thiab muag cov tshuaj hormones, kev noj zaub mov, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas noob (Spindler hauv qhov teeb meem no). Thiab ntau yam kev kawm thiab cov chaw zov me nyuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus kuj tuaj yeem pom hauv Fabkis, Belgium, thiab Nyij Pooj, nrog rau cov koom haum European thoob plaws thiab Asian / Pacific ntawm no ilk (Robert, 2004).

Tib lub sijhawm uas Gerovital tau ua lag luam thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, Geritol - cov khoom zoo sib xws - tau ua lag luam hnyav hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Txawm hais tias ib txwm muaj kev txaus siab rau cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev laus, nws tsis yog txog li ob peb xyoos tom qab uas lub khw tau tawm mus. Kev siv cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev laus, tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom noj khoom haus, tau nce siab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau xyoo tom qab kev cai lij choj ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Kawm Txoj Cai ntawm 1994 uas tau txo cov kev cai ntawm cov khoom no (USGAO, 2001). Txij xyoo 1990 mus txog rau niaj hnub nim no, ntau pua phau ntawv tiv thaiv kev laus tau raug luam tawm, xws li You: Staying Young: Tus Tswv Phau Ntawv Qhia Kom Ntxiv Koj Qhov Kev Pov Hwm (Roizen & Oz, 2007). Cov kws sau ntawv, cov kws kho mob tseem ceeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas, feem ntau tshwm sim hauv Oprah TV qhia thiab lawv phau ntawv yog 23rd phau ntawv muag zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Amazon. com lub vev xaib tsis pub dhau peb lub hlis tom qab nws tso tawm (Amazon. com, 2008). Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb, Phau ntawv Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine (tom qab hloov npe hu ua Rejuvenation Research), tau pib luam tawm xyoo 1998 thiab ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas tsis muaj npe nrog cov npe zoo sib xws kuj tshwm sim. Ntau pua lub vev xaib xws li "Youngevity: Lub Tuam Txhab Anti-Aging" tau ua lag luam cov khoom lag luam xws li "Vilcabamba Mineral Essence" kom cov neeg ua neej nyob hauv lub xeev ntawm kev hluas" (Youngevity, 2003).

Tsis muaj cov txheeb cais nyuaj ntawm qhov loj ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam tiv thaiv kev laus hauv Tebchaws Meskas tab sis qee qhov kev kwv yees muaj. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb tau npaj los ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam, Inc. (2005) kwv yees tias kev lag luam tiv thaiv kev laus hauv Tebchaws Meskas ib leeg yuav ncav cuag li $ 72 nphom los ntawm 2009. Nws txhais cov lag luam raws li peb pawg (tsis suav nrog kev tawm dag zog thiab kev kho lub cev. ): cov khoom muag thiab kev pabcuam; tshuaj thiab tshuaj pab tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm kev laus; thiab cov khoom raws li "advanced technologies."Txawm qhov loj ntawm kev ua lag luam, nws zoo li yuav loj hlob ntxiv muab qhov kev siv zog thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam loj.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev laus uas tau tawm tsam ncaj qha rau cov zej zog gerontological tsim yog American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) uas txawm nws lub npe, yog thoob ntiaj teb. Founded hauv 1993, lub koom haum hais tias nws muaj 20, 000 cov tswv cuab los ntawm 90 lub teb chaws (Klatz, 2007). Qhov tseeb tshaj tawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm pej xeem cov nyiaj tau los qhia tias nws tau sau cov cuab tam ntawm $ 5.9 lab los ntawm 2005 thiab muaj $ 2 lab hauv cov nyiaj tau los xyoo ntawd (Guidestar, 2007).

Txawm hais tias A4M tsis raug lees paub los ntawm American Medical Association lossis American Board of Medical Specialties, nws tau tsim cov ntawv pov thawj hauv qab nws cov kev pabcuam rau cov kws kho mob, chiropractors, kws kho hniav, naturopaths, podiatrist, kws muag tshuaj, kws kho mob sau npe, kws kho mob, kws kho mob, kws kho mob, kws kho mob, cov kws noj zaub mov, kws qhia kis las thiab cov kws pab tswv yim qoj ib ce, thiab "cov chaw kho mob" (A4M, 2008). Lub koom haum tso rau peb lub rooj sib tham tiv thaiv kev laus txhua xyoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nrog rau cov rooj sib tham hauv tebchaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb.cistanche tubulosa tshuaj xyuasNws thawj "World Congress" ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus sab nraum Tebchaws Meskas tau muaj nyob rau hauv Paris hauv 2003 hauv kev koom tes nrog Fabkis, German, Nyiv, European, thiab Asian-Pacific anti-aging societies thiab cov koom haum (Robert, 2004). , hauv 2008 ib leeg, A4M tau teem sijhawm 12 lub rooj sib tham hauv cuaj lub tebchaws. A4M cov rooj sib tham tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev uas nyob rau xyoo 2007 lub koom haum tau muag 80 feem pua ​​​​ntawm nws lub rooj sib tham ua lag luam rau $ 49 lab rau London-based thoob ntiaj teb xov xwm tuam txhab, Tarsus Group (Wilson, 2007. A4M hais tias nws tsis muag lossis pom zoo ib qho twg. Cov khoom lag luam lossis txhawb lossis pom zoo ib qho kev kho mob tshwj xeeb, tab sis nws nquag thov thiab nthuav tawm ntau tshaj tawm hauv nws lub vev xaib rau cov khoom lag luam thiab cov kev pabcuam (xws li tshuaj pleev ib ce, lwm yam tshuaj, thiab kev kho mob), chaw kho mob tiv thaiv kev laus, khw muag tshuaj, thiab cov kws kho mob tiv thaiv kev laus thiab Cov kws kho mob, feem ntau ntawm lawv teev cov ntawv pov thawj los ntawm A4M.

Dab tsi A4M cov ntsiab lus "qhov kev lag luam ib txwm muaj, kev tsim kho gerontological" (Arumainathan, 2001) yuav tsis pom zoo nrog ntau lub koom haum cov lus thiab cov kev ntsuas nws txhawb nqa. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm A4M lub hom phiaj dav dav yog qhov pib zoo ib yam li cov kws tshawb fawb txog biomedical thiab cov kws kho mob hauv gerontology thiab geriatrics, raws li peb yuav qhia tom qab hauv kab lus no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm A4M tau teev tseg yog:

Kev nce qib ntawm cov cuab yeej siv los kuaj xyuas, tiv thaiv, thiab kho cov kab mob kev laus thiab txhawb kev tshawb fawb rau hauv txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv kev laus thiab txhim kho tib neeg txoj kev laus....A4M ntseeg tias kev tsis taus cuam tshuam nrog kev laus ib txwm muaj tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog uas muaj ntau yam. Cov xwm txheej yog ameliorable|sic rau kev kho mob, xws li tias tib neeg lub neej ncua sij hawm tuaj yeem nce ntxiv, thiab qhov zoo ntawm ib tus neeg lub neej zoo dua qub thaum ib tus loj hlob zuj zus (A4M, 2005)

Lub hom phiaj A4M no, qhov tseeb, zoo ib yam li ib feem ntawm NSA lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv NIA txoj kev npaj tswv yim yog "Xauv Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Laus, Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, thiab Ntev"; txoj kev npaj tshaj tawm tias "Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev siv zog no yog los tsim cov kev cuam tshuam los txo lossis ncua hnub nyoog cuam tshuam txog cov txheej txheem degenerative hauv tib neeg" (National Institute on Aging, 2001).

Kab lus no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm J Aging Stud. 2008 Kaum Ob Hlis 1; 22(4): 295–303 : kuv.