Kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj suav tshuaj Export Trade

Abstract: Cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuajtau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauvtiv thaiv thiab khoCOVID-19Cov kab mob sib kis hauv Suav teb, thiab "tawm mus" cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj hauv Suav teb tau nyiam thoob plaws cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev. Covcov ntaub ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj hauv Suav tebLos ntawm 2002 txog 2022 tau raug xaiv los ua ib qho kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj xa tawm los ntawm cov kev xav ntawm export nplai, qauv, kev ua lag luam, thiab kev sib tw. Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj tau ua tiav qee qhov txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam tshuaj hauv Suav teb, kev xa tawm tseem ntsib teeb meem xws li cov qauv tsis tsim nyog, kev lag luam teeb meem, kev nkag mus rau txawv teb chaws siab, thiab tsis yog tus qauv HS coding classification. Muab cov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab teeb meem ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj xa tawm hauv Suav teb, kev tawm tsam thiab cov lus pom zoo tau npaj los txhim kho kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb yav tom ntejkev sib tw ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj hauv Suav teb.

Ntsiab lus: Cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj; nplai; qauv; xa tawm

TCM tshuaj ntsuab rau lub raum thiab kev sib deev kev noj qab haus huv

1 Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam xa tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj

1.1 Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov nplai export

Txij li thaum koom nrog WTO, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj tau tsim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nce los ntawm US $ 676 lab hauv xyoo 2002 txog $ 6.352 nphom hauv xyoo 2022, nce ntau dua 9 zaug, nrog qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 11.85%. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev xa tawm tau nce los ntawm US $ 516 lab rau US $ 4.634 billion, thiab kev xa tawm tau nce los ntawm US $ 160 lab rau US $ 1.718 billion.

Kev lag luam tawm nyiaj tau pom tseeb thiab qhia tau tias muaj kev nthuav dav zuj zus. Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj suav nrog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam txawv teb chaws, thiab nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj suav thoob ntiaj teb tau sib sau ua ke ntxiv. Zuag qhia tag nrho, qhov ntsuas ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus xa tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj tau hloov pauv thiab nce ntxiv.

Xyoo 2013, Txoj Kev Siv Txoj Kev Siv thiab Txoj Kev tau npaj los tsim kom muaj "Healthy Silk Road". Kev lag luam ntawm Suav cov khoom lag luam tau maj mam dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam kev koom tes nrog cov teb chaws raws txoj kev. Nrog rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm ntau txoj cai ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev xa tawm, kev xa tawm txawv teb chaws tau nce ntxiv, cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev xa tawm mus rau ASEAN thiab lwm qhov chaw yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas, tom qab ntau tshaj 10 xyoo ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb, nws tau nce siab thawj zaug hauv 2015, nrog rau kev xa tawm ntawm US $ 3.552 billion. Nyob rau hauv 2016, lub export ntim tau txo los ntawm 11.66% xyoo-rau-xyoo, uas yog thawj qhov kev loj hlob tsis zoo txij li thaum 2002. Tej zaum nws yuav yog vim muaj kev lag luam loj thiab nyuaj rau txawv teb chaws thiab kev lag luam tsis sib haum xeeb. Tom qab xyoo 2017, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li thaum muaj tus kabmob tshiab kis tus kabmob tshiab thaum xyoo 2020, cov khoom lag luam xa tawm ntawm Suav cov khoom lag luam tau nce ntxiv, uas yog theem kev loj hlob sai tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm. Cov tshuaj suav ntxiv tau nthuav tawm nws cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb thiab nyiam thoob ntiaj teb. Nws txoj kev tsim kho kev lag luam kuj tau ua rau cov hauv kev tshiab. Nws cia siab tias nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov cai tswjfwm, kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv Suav teb yuav ua rau lub ncov tshiab (Daim duab 1).

Txhawm rau nkag siab ntxiv txog cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam tau coj los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv Suav teb, qhov kev tshawb fawb no siv cov khoom lag luam thoob ntiaj teb sib koom (MS) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. MSij feem ntau qhia txog cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom j hauv lub teb chaws kuv, thiab yog sawv cev los ntawm kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom ntim ntawm cov khoom xa mus rau tag nrho cov khoom ntim thoob ntiaj teb, uas yog, MSij {{0} } EXij/EXwj. Tom qab ntawd, MS Performance index ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj thiab cov khoom lag luam loj tau txais (Daim duab 2). Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias tag nrho MS Performance index hloov pauv thiab nce, uas zoo ib yam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm kev xa tawm, qhia tias kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Suav cov khoom lag luam yog maj mam txhim kho. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm pawg, Suav cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws MS Performance index, tab sis nws tau poob qis txij li xyoo 2014. Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas Suav cov khoom siv tshuaj yog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv "Good Agricultural Practices" (GAP), thiab cov khoom zoo yog tsawg [5]. Lawv nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus nqi saw. Hom khoom no tsis tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig tsawg tab sis kuj tau hloov tau yooj yim [6]. Qhov thib ob, MS Performance index ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tau nce los ntawm 6.91% mus rau 25.12%, thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau nce. Cov neeg nyiam rau cov khoom noj qab haus huv tau coj kev lag luam rau "lub sijhawm tseem ceeb". MS Performance index ntawm cov khoom noj qab haus huv yog qis thiab loj hlob qeeb. Thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam, nws nruab nrab tsuas yog 5.77%, thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm kev xa tawm yuav tsum tau txhim kho. Kev sib koom ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Suav patent tshuaj yog qhov tsawg heev. MS Performance index tshaj 1% tsuas yog hauv 2018 thiab 2022 thiab qis dua 1% hauv lwm xyoo.

1.2 Export Structure Analysis

Feem ntau, Tuam Tshoj cov khoom xa tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj muaj ntau ntau hauv cov khoom siv qis-nqi ntxiv lossis "thawj" cov khoom, thiab cov qauv xa tawm tsis tsim nyog. Qhov nruab nrab xa tawm ntawm Suav cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab cov nroj tsuag rho tawm los ntawm 2002 txog 2022 yog siab li 83.43%, thaum kev xa tawm cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo-ntxiv suav tshuaj patent thiab cov khoom noj qab haus huv suav nrog feem tsawg.

Txhawm rau kom nkag siab ntxiv txog kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb thiab pom tseeb qhov zoo sib piv ntawm cov khoom xa tawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv Suav teb, kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb (TC) thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib piv (RCA) indexes yog siv los txheeb xyuas qib kev sib tw ntawm txhua pawg ntawm cov khoom. Ntawm lawv, TCit Performance index qhia txog theem ntawm kev sib tw kom zoo dua ntawm lub teb chaws t cov khoom txheeb ze rau cov khoom t nyob rau hauv lub lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, thiab yog sawv cev los ntawm kev faib ua feem ntawm cov ntshuam thiab export txawv teb chaws cov khoom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntshuam thiab export ntim, uas. yog, TCit {{{0}}} (EXit - IMIT) / (EXit + IMIT), tus nqi ntawm TCit yog nruab nrab ntawm [-1, 1], qhov ze dua tus nqi yog {{5} }, qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm kev sib tw yog, qhov ze dua rau 0, qhov ze dua qhov kev sib tw yog mus rau qhov nruab nrab, thiab ze rau 1, qhov sib tw ntau dua; RCAij Performance index qhia txog kev sib piv zoo ntawm lub teb chaws j cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam, thiab yog sawv cev los ntawm qhov ratio ntawm cov proportions ntawm lub teb chaws j cov khoom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov export nqi thiab cov proportions ntawm lub ntiaj teb no j cov khoom nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no export tus nqi, uas yog. , RCAij =

(EXij/EXit)/(EXwj/EXwt), qhov loj dua tus nqi RCAij yog, qhov kev sib tw muaj zog dua. Qhov pom tseeb dua yog qhov sib piv kom zoo dua ntawm qee yam khoom ntawm Tuam Tshoj hauv kev lag luam exporting lub teb chaws.

TCM FUNCTIONS nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus kho mob niaj hnub

Suav tshuaj ntsuab yog cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Tuam Tshoj, tab sis nws qhov kev sib tw tau maj mam poob qis hauv xyoo tas los no [7]. Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb fawb, qhov nruab nrab xa tawm ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab yog 33.48%. Txawm hais tias nws yog me ntsis qis dua li cov khoom cog extract, qhov nruab nrab xa tawm ntawm 121190 (lwm cov nroj tsuag tsuas yog siv los ua txuj lom, cov khoom siv tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, fungicides, thiab lwm yam) nyob rau hauv qeb no mus txog 22.11% (Daim duab 3), ua rau nws cov loj tshaj export sub-category ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj khoom. Qhov no qhia txog qhov muaj zog tsoos zoo ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab. Nws kuj tseem qhia txog cov teeb meem uas HS code yog qhov dav dav hauv kev txhais cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshuaj ntsuab hauv Suav teb, muaj cov lej kev lis kev cai tsawg dhau, thiab cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab feem ntau tsis muaj cov cai HS ywj pheej (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 1 ntawm OSID kom paub meej) [ 2], uas ua rau lub fact tias ntau cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab tsuas yog tshaj tawm rau export nrog cov lus qhia no; Thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam, TC Performance index ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab ib txwm hloov pauv nyob ib ncig ntawm 70%, thiab RCA Performance index tau tshaj 2.5 ntau zaus, qhia tau hais tias Suav tshuaj ntsuab yog exported, nrog rau qhov zoo sib piv thiab tsis tshua muaj zog export kev sib tw. Nws yuav tsum tau taw qhia tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm TC thiab RCA cov qhab nia qhia tau hais tias txawm hais tias suav tshuaj ntsuab tseem ua rau muaj kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov txiaj ntsig sib piv, lawv tau poob qis hauv xyoo tas los no. TC thiab RCA indexes tau poob los ntawm 74% thiab 2.31 hauv 2015 mus rau 52% thiab 1.51 raws li (Daim duab 4).

Yog vim li cas tej zaum yuav yog tias kev xa tawm ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab tau ntsib ob qhov kev sib tw ntawm cov peev txheej hauv tsev tsis txaus thiab ua rau muaj kev lag luam txawv teb chaws tsis zoo: kev xa tawm loj thiab kev siv ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab hauv tsev tau ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab cov peev txheej, thiab cov peev txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau cov tshuaj ntsuab tau poob qis, lossis lawv tab tom ntsib txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj lossis kev ploj tuag hauv cov tsiaj qus [8]; kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev sib tw ib puag ncig yog qhov hnyav zuj zus, thiab cov teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb tab tom tsim kev lag luam ntsuab ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua tiav qib ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab hauv Suav teb yog tsawg thiab lawv yooj yim heev rau nqa cov kab mob lossis kab tsuag, uas ua rau tsis ua tiav ntawm ntau yam kev sim thiab ua rau lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau kev txwv kev lag luam ntsuab.

Kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev thov rau cov nroj tsuag rho tawm txuas ntxiv nthuav dav, thiab qhov xwm txheej export yog qhov zoo. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 2002 thiab 2022, tus nqi xa tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tau nce los ntawm US $ 177 lab rau US $ 2.983 billion, nce ntau dua 16 zaug, thiab tau dhau los ua cov khoom xa tawm loj tshaj plaws ntawm Suav cov khoom lag luam, suav txog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 49.95% ntawm cov khoom lag luam. tag nrho cov nqi xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj (Table 1). Tsis tas li vim muaj tsawg tus lej ntawm HS cov lej, ntau cov khoom siv cog qoob loo tau raug xa tawm nrog ob txoj cai: 293890 (lwm cov glycosides thiab lawv cov ntsev, ethers, esters thiab lwm yam derivatives) thiab 130219 (lwm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov extracts). Piv nrog rau lwm pawg, cov nplai ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tau nthuav dav sai. Cov laj thawj muaj peev xwm yog: ua ntej, piv nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj hauv Suav teb, kev paub txog thiab kev ua kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm nws cov khoom xyaw nquag tau yooj yim dua los ntawm kev ua lag luam, yog li kev lag luam maj mam nthuav mus rau lub ntiaj teb; Thib ob, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv Suav teb, kev sib dhos kab-style mechanized ntau lawm tau tsim, thiab cov nyhuv nplai yog qhov tseeb; thib peb, qhov zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag extracts xws li naturalness, tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab tsis muaj tshuaj residues tau hloov cov tshuaj tua kab mob, siv raws li pub additives, thiab kuj lug siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.

TCM FUNCTIONS IN TCM TERMS

Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm TC thiab RCA indexes kom pom kev sib tw thiab kev sib piv qhov zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm, qhov nruab nrab qhov ntsuas yog 62.53% thiab 1.46 raws li, thiab nws tau nce tsis tu ncua (Daim duab 3, Daim duab 4), qhia tias kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm. tau hloov ntawm nruab nrab mus rau qhov muaj zog, thiab qhov sib piv kom zoo dua yog maj mam tshwm sim. Nrog rau tib neeg txoj kev nyiam rau cov nroj tsuag ntuj, nws cia siab tias cov nroj tsuag extracts yuav txuas ntxiv mus ua pawg loj tshaj plaws ntawm Suav tshuaj xa tawm hauv Suav teb rau qee lub sijhawm tom ntej.

Table 1 Export tus nqi thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm ntau pawg ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj

Hauv kev sib piv, kev xa tawm ntawm Suav cov tshuaj patent thiab cov khoom noj qab haus huv tau tsim qeeb qeeb. Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav, qhov nruab nrab ntawm ob hom khoom lag luam hauv kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj yog 11.14% thiab 5.57%, feem. TC index tau poob qis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Suav patent tshuaj poob los ntawm 25% mus rau -6%, thiab cov khoom noj qab haus huv poob los ntawm 53% mus rau -17% (Daim duab 3), qhia tias tus nqi ntshuam ntawm ob hom khoom no. tau nce thiab lawv feem ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam tau nce. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam. Kev faib ua feem ntawm Suav patent tshuaj thiab khoom noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lag luam tau nce los ntawm 37.38% thiab 23.53% nyob rau hauv 2002 mus rau 53.39% thiab 70.21% nyob rau hauv 2022, raws li, uas tag nrho qhia tau hais tias kev lag luam kev sib tw ntawm ob hom khoom no tsis muaj zog thiab poob. Cov laj thawj yog vim li cas qhov kev nkag mus rau txawv teb chaws yog siab, cov npe ntawm Suav patent tshuaj thiab cov khoom noj qab haus huv yog tag nrho ntawm kev nce thiab nqis, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los qhib kev lag luam kho mob los ntawm Western tshuaj [9].

1.3 Export kev lag luam tsom xam

Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam xa tawm rau cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj suav tshuaj feem ntau yog tsom rau hauv cov tebchaws lossis thaj chaw xws li Tebchaws Meskas, Nyiv, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, thiab Hong Kong, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo xa tawm ntau dua 50% (Table 2), suav txog ib nrab ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus export lag luam ntawm tsoos suav tshuaj cov khoom. Hong Kong Chaw nres nkoj yog qhov chaw nres nkoj ntuj nyob hauv Suav teb thiab yog ib lub ntiaj teb nto moo tshaj plaws chaw nres nkoj txawv teb chaws. Nws yog lub chaw faib khoom tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam rov xa tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab xa tawm ntawm 17.5%. Nws yuav tsum tau taw qhia tias qhov ntsuas ntawm kev xa tawm mus rau Hong Kong, Tuam Tshoj, tau txuas ntxiv poob txij li xyoo 2017. Qhov no yuav yog vim qhov kev poob qis ntawm nws qhov txiaj ntsig zoo li qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa tawm rov ua lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj, thiab ntau thiab ntau tus neeg yuav khoom nyiam kev yuav khoom ncaj qha los ntawm keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tus kabmob tshiab no, lub ntiaj teb kev thov rau cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj tau nthuav dav, thiab cov khoom lag luam rov xa tawm kuj tau nce ntxiv. Hong Kong, Tuam Tshoj, tau dhau los ua tus lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws hauv 2022; Tebchaws Asmeskas, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam xa tawm, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev xa khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag rho tawm tsis tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam kev lag luam thiab kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb ntawm COVID-19 kev sib kis. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua ntawm kev sib kis ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab kev lees txais siab ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos, tau ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov nroj tsuag rho tawm. Muaj kev thov ntau dua rau cov khoom siv lub cev.

Hauv xyoo 2020, Tuam Tshoj cov khoom xa tawm ntawm cov khoom cog cog rau Tebchaws Meskas yog US $ 578 lab, suav txog 27.41% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xa tawm ntawm cov khoom no. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev, lub tebchaws United States tseem yuav yog Tuam Tshoj tus loj tshaj plaws export lag luam rau cov nroj tsuag extracts; Nyiv ib txwm yog Tuam Tshoj tus thawj lossis thib ob loj tshaj plaws kev lag luam xa tawm rau cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj, nrog qhov nruab nrab xa tawm ntawm 13.51%. Tib lub sijhawm, Nyiv kuj tseem yog Tuam Tshoj tus xa khoom loj tshaj plaws rau cov tshuaj suav tshuaj. 70% mus rau 80% ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau nws cov Kampo npaj yog tuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias Tuam Tshoj, qhov chaw yug ntawm tsoos suav tshuaj, tseem nyob rau hauv qis kawg ntawm cov tsoos suav tshuaj kev lag luam tus nqi saw; Kaus Lim Qab Teb yog lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam xa khoom loj tshaj plaws rau cov tshuaj suav tshuaj. Lub teb chaws uas tsis yog Tuam Tshoj qhov twg cov tshuaj tsoos tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj Western nyiam tib txoj cai raws li txoj cai kuj tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam suav tshuaj rau Suav teb, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab xa tawm ntawm 6.7%.

Table 2 Export tus nqi thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm sab saum toj tsib suav tshuaj cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam