Kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv ntawm Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Magnetic Fields Ntawm Cov Kab Mob Neurological Part 2

Nyob rau hauv lub cell membrane, receptors los yog channel proteins kuj ua hauj lwm raws li levers los yog antennae, qhib los ntawm resonance phenomena. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov ntsiab lus molecule them tuaj yeem hais txog "tsis yog tshwj xeeb" los ntawm qhov tsim nyog zaus ntawm EMF (Fig. 1).

Lub cell membrane yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell thiab ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev sau cov cim xeeb. Lub cell membrane yog ib zaj duab xis nyias uas muaj ob txheej ntawm lipid molecules uas nyob ib puag ncig thiab tiv thaiv ntau yam organelles thiab tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cell. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia cov khoom siv sab nraud rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud ib puag ncig ntawm tes thiab tseem muaj feem xyuam nrog tib neeg kev nco.

Lub cell membrane tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog qhia cov tshuaj mus rau hauv lub cell, tab sis kuj xa cov cim ntawm ib qho neuron mus rau lwm tus los ntawm neurotransmitters. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb channel rau neurotransmission thiab yog ze ze rau tib neeg kev kawm thiab nco. Tib neeg nco tau piav qhia los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab neuroscience. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev, nws tsuas yog tso siab rau kev hloov pauv hauv morphology thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm synapses hauv lub paj hlwb cortex.

Kev nco zoo sib txuas nrog cov neurons vim tias kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons tsim lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm peb lub cim xeeb. Lipids, proteins, thiab lwm yam sib txuas hauv cell membrane ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub postsynaptic membrane, cov proteins nyob rau hauv lub cell membrane ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Lawv txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm neurotransmitters thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neurotransmitter receptors ntawm postsynaptic cell membrane.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sib txuas neuronal, lub cell membrane tseem tuaj yeem sau lub cim xeeb los ntawm cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb oscillatory signals. Piv txwv li, tag nrho cov peev xwm sib txawv tuaj yeem siv los paub txog kev xav thiab nco txog cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cim xeeb. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cell membranes nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb yog ze ze rau tib neeg nco qab neurology, yog li tswj cell membrane muaj nuj nqi thiab stability yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv tib neeg nco noj qab haus huv.

Hauv lub neej niaj hnub, kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov cell membranes yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv nco. Kev noj zaub mov kom tsim nyog, kev tawm dag zog tsis tu ncua, pw tsaug zog txaus, thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub hlwb yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los tswj cov cell membrane. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, noj cov zaub mov uas muaj cov roj fatty acids uas tseem ceeb (xws li ntses thiab txiv ntoo) thiab ntxiv cov khoom noj kom raug thiab cov khoom noj muaj fiber ntau tuaj yeem pab tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cell membranes. Cov cwj pwm no tsis yog tsuas yog zoo rau lub cev kev noj qab haus huv xwb tab sis kuj pab tswj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg kev nco. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab tiv thaiv kev laus, uas tuaj yeem pab txo qis oxidative thiab inflammatory tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb, yog li tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv. paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kho cov paj hlwb, yog li txhim kho kev sib txuas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural networks. Cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev nco, kev kawm muaj peev xwm, thiab kev xav nrawm, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative.

Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv

Ua raws li cov kauj ruam ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no, cov tub txib theem nrab yog elicited thiab qhov no pib "classical" txoj hauv kev [38, 41, 60].Secondary, downstream txheej xwm yog elicited, piv txwv li, ntawm receptor tyrosine kinases, PIP2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5- ), PIP3 (Phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-triphosphate) thiab lipid Phosphatase PTEN (Phosphatase thiab Tensin homolog).

PIP3 tuaj yeem taw qhia ntxiv ntawm Akt thiabAkt nws tus kheej yog qhov chaw ntawm ntau lwm txoj hauv kev taw qhia (1): rau cov protein synthesis ua rau kev loj hlob, kev sib txawv, kev tsiv teb tsaws, thiab lwm yam. Cov Ca++ kwj elicited los ntawm VGCC tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem.

Cov khoom sib nqus ntawm EMF tuaj yeem ua rau kev tsim tawm radical thiab hauv nruab nrab nrog cov pa oxygen kuj tseem nyob ntawm hom radical oxygen (ROS). Tsis tas li ntawd, byspin-triplet reorientation kuj yog ib qho kev taw qhia tivthaiv tuaj yeem raug ntxias. Cryptochromes (CRY) tuaj yeem ua rau qhov no thiab ua rau ROS ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, mitochondria tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw ntawm ROS ntau lawm nrog rau nitric oxygen (NO).

Tsis muaj andROS nyob rau hauv lem kuj tuaj yeem ua rau peroxynitride (ONOO-). Qhov no tig yuav qhib IκB thiab NFκB thiab qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov cellreactions, piv txwv li, ua rau ib hom "pre-conditioning" thiab kev tiv thaiv.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Tertiary tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob qhia lossis kev tswj cov noob ncaj qha, ua rau (2) Redox homeostasis, cell survival, thiab loj hlob lossis (3) hloov cov noob qhia lossis, piv txwv li, hloov pauv hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes.

Raws li cov neeg xa xov, TSIS MUAJ thiab ROS kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm Nrf2 antioxidant txoj hauv kev thiab tiv thaiv cov teebmeem [61, 62] nrog txo cov cell thiab oxidativedamage biomarkers.

Hais txog TSIS MUAJ ntau lawm, Chinon etal. [63] pom tias tsis muaj qib nce ntxiv hauv cov neeg mob stroke tom qab TMS cuam tshuam nrog neural nitric oxide synthetase (nNOS) thiab / lossis endothelial NOS (eNOS) cov dej num, tab sis tsis nrog inducible NOS (iNOS) qhia. Cho thiab al.

Qhov tsis sib xws, kev ua kom nNOS thiab eNOS yog nyob ntawm cov calcium ions thiab muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ELF-EMF muaj feem xyuam rau kev tswj cov calciumchannels [64].

Yog li ntawd, txoj kev pom zoo ntawm kev nce NO tiam thiab cov metabolism hauv tej zaum yuav txuam nrog calcium-ion flux.Amplification ntawm calcium flux kuj yuav muab ameans los ntawm cov membrane-mediated teebmeem ntawm EMFscould nqa mus rau hauv lub cell [41, 57]. Lub chaw cellular ntawm F-actin-based Ca2+ cia yog nyob rau hauv submembranecytoskeleton [38].

Ca2+ thauj mus rau hauv lub cell tuaj yeem ua rau ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov kab mob organelles.Lwm cov xwm txheej hauv cellular yog elicited ntawm receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphate (PIP2), Phosphatidylinositol 3,4, { {6}}triphosphate (PIP3), andlipid Phosphatase thiab Tensin homolog (PTEN).

PIP3 tuaj yeem qhib txoj hauv kev los ntawm serine / threonine kinase Akt, thiab Akt nws tus kheej yog qhov chaw ntawm ntau yam kev taw qhia txoj hauv kev.Li no, cov teeb liab cascades tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau los ntawm ntau lub tswv yim [38] (Daim duab 1).

Yao et al. [65] kuj tau qhia tias cov teebmeem PEMF tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev qhia txog noob caj noob ces raws li lawv pom, hauv vitro, PEMF txhawb kev sib txawv ntawm oligodendrocyte precursor hlwb.

Epigenetic kev hloov pauv kuj tau raug tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv TMS tau siv rau ntawm lub hauv ntej cortex ntawm awakenedmice induce dopamine D2 receptor-dependent persistent hloov ntawm CDK5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) thiabPSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95-ib tug tswv cuab ntawm membrane-associated guanylate kinase) cov qib protein tshwj xeeb hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb [66].

Cov kev hloov kho no tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm histoneacetylation hauv lawv thaj av txhawb nqa noob thiab qhov kev tshwm sim no tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm histone deacetylase inhibitor. Consoles thiab al. [67] tau nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv epigenetic tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus lub hlwb stimulation thiab TMS nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si Parkinson cov neeg mob thiab neurons los ntawm txawv sim tsiaj qauv.

Hauv peripheral bloodmononuclear hlwb ntawm cov neeg mob AD, Capelli li al. [28] kuaj lub peev xwm ntawm Tsawg Zaus-PEMF los hloov cov noob qhia hauv cov haujlwm ntawm tes uas yog dysregulated hauv AD (ie, BACE1). Lawv tau pom tias LF-PEMF tuaj yeem txhawb nqa kev tswj hwm ntawm epigenetic mediated los ntawm miRNAs, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev sib npaug ntawm txoj hauv kev deregulated hauv lub xeev pathological.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm qib molecular yog qhov tsim nyog hais txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kab mob epigenetic thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev phom sij.

AD nas tau pom qhov ua tsis taus ntev ntawm kev paub thiab kev nco tom qab PEMF raug thiab qhov no ua rau cov tsos mob AD hauv cov nas no [68]. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau sib cav tias EMF tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab qhov no yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog pom hauv cov tsiaj. Ntau dua MHz zaus thiab lub sijhawm ntev ntawm autophagy tuaj yeem ua rau demyelination hauv nas hlwb [69].

Hauv kev sib piv, ua raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm EMFwindows thiab kev siv zog, Marchesi li al. [70] pom tias autophagy yog qhov zoo hloov kho nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov neuroblastomacells los ntawm kev raug ncaj qha mus rau qhov tsawg zaus electromagnetic teb.

Raws li cov txheej txheem tau hais tseg, cov kws sau ntawv hais txog invitro qhov kev qhia ntawm microRNA ib ntus uas cuam tshuam txog kev mob ntshav qab zib hauv Beclin1, ib qho kev qhia ntawm autophagy-relatedgene 6 thiab BEC-1, qhia.

Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tham txog qhov zoo cytoprotective nyhuv ntawm autophagy hauv kev tshem tawm cov protein ntau hauv cov hlwb hauv cov kab mob xws li AD.

Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntau ntxiv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces 24 teev tom qab sib cuam tshuam Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS) piv rau sham TBS tau pom nyob rau hauv tus qauv humanneuron zoo li cell [71].

Cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb no muab kev txhawb nqa rau cov txheej txheem plasticity dav hauv qab ntawm iTBS cuam tshuam rau tib neeg cortex excitability.ROS ntau lawm yog lwm qhov txuas molecular txog kev sib nqus stimulation.

Kev hloov pauv hauv cellular ROS theem, tshwm sim los ntawm PEMF cov cuab yeej, tuaj yeem piav qhia lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kho. Interestingly, cov concentrations ntawm ROS induced los ntawm xws li cov cuab yeej muaj tsawg dua cov induced los ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab [72, 73].

Paradoxically, ROS plays lub luag haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab kho txoj hauv kev, thiab cov teebmeem kev kho mob ntawm PEMF tau sau tseg hauv ntau cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev [74].

PEMF tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nrawm nrawm ntawm ROSin mammalian hlwb [72]. Tom qab raug PEMF, kev loj hlob ntawm tes yog qeeb, thiab ROS- teb cov noob raug ntxias [72]. Cov teebmeem no yuav tsum muaj lub xub ntiag ntawm cryptochrome, ib tug putative magnetosensor, uas synthesizesROS.

Cryptochromes yog ubiquitously qhia flavoproteins uas tau hloov pauv thiab tsim cov khub aradical nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub teeb los yog sib nqus teb [75, 76]. Hloov pauv, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev sib nqus teb tau raug tshaj tawm thaum qaug dab peg hauv Drosophilalarvae [77].

Ib yam li ntawd, cov nyhuv no yog nyob ntawm cryptochrome qhia txog qhov sib nqus rhiab heev, photochemical radical khub cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cryptochrome uas hloov cov theem ntawm neuronal excitation. Thaum kawg, kev rov ua dua TMS ntawm qhov qis qis ua rau axon outgrowth thiab synaptogenesis uas tuaj yeem kho lub neural circuit hauv vivo thiab ex vivo xws li postlesion axonal outgrowth thiab olivocerebellarreinnervation hauv nas.

Qhov kev kho no nyob ntawm cov qauv biomimetic complex ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb, thiab muaj cryptochrome [78].

Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no hais txog ROS cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau ELFPEMF-induced ROS ntau lawm hauv tib neeg osteoblasts yam tsis muaj kev txo qis hauv cov cellular glutathione [79].

Kev rov ua dua rau PEMF, txawm li cas los xij, txo qis ROS qib qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab. Kev tshem tawm ntawm cov kab mob radical txo qis cov nyhuv PEMF ntawm osteoblastfunction [73].

Yog li, nws tau txiav txim siab tias PEMF elicited nontoxic npaum li cas ntawm ROS thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau ROS generatedby PEMF kuj yuav ua rau preconditioning rau cov hlwb [81].

7. Cov lus xaus

Qhov kev tso ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib nqus thiab EMF stimulation nyob rau hauv cov kab mob neurological pleev xim rau ib daim duab complex, vim muaj ntau yam variations nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, siv, resonance los, raws li zoo raws li qhov rais los. rau coupling low-frequency electromagnetic teb tau los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam.

Ntawm lwm yam, lub peev xwm so ntawm kev ntxhov siab, mob, lossis kev cuam tshuam cov hlwb tuaj yeem pib qhov kev hloov no thiab ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo dua rau cov neeg mob no nrog cov kab mob neurologic [81].

Charge-sensitive receptors thiab channels embedded nyob rau hauv lub cell membrane tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam kev taw qhia cascades ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov cellular thiab cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv xws li proteinsynthesis, kev loj hlob, kev tsiv teb tsaws, thiab kev sib txawv. Peb kuj tseem hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ROS tiam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm mitochondria nrog lawv cov peev txheej sab nrauv siab heev.

Cov organelle no yuav tsum tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob uas tuaj nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob ua rauROS thiab TSIS MUAJ ntau lawm. Ob tus neeg xa xov, nrog rau cov teeb liab sib cuam tshuam, muaj peev xwm ntawm inducingepigenetic thiab genetic alterations uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob caj noob ces uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cell ciaj sia taus, redox homeostasis, thiab ntau lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cellular.

Piv rau hluav taws xob coupling, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm "magnetic interactions" tseem muaj teeb meem. Tus tshiab nrhiav pom cov magnetosensor, cryptochrome, muaj peev xwm hloov pauv qhov tsom mus rau EMF, PEMF, thiab TMS cuam tshuam rau lawv cov khoom sib nqus. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas biophysics, thiab lwm yam kev qhuab qhia, tshawb xyuas thequantum radical khub mechanism thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cryptochromes [82, 83].

Nrog rau ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw no hauv xyoo tas los no, tam sim no peb tab tom pib nkag siab zoo txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas EMF rau cov xwm txheej lom neeg.

Hallet [8] tau sau tseg tias TMS yog cov cuab yeej muaj zog rau cov kws kho mob neurophysiologist tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob neurological. Txij li feem ntau ntawm cov teebmeem no me me thiab feem ntau tsis ntev, kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv yog tsim nyog kom nkag siab txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov teebmeem EMF.

Kev nkag siab zoo dua yog qhov tsim nyog hais txog lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv sab hauv ntawm lub cell, xws li cov organelles thiab biomolecules ntawm mitochondriausing nano-pebble sensors los txiav txim siab lub tswv yim rau kev nthuav dav ntawm sab hauv, cellular hluav taws xob teb. Los ntawm kev tsim cov kev ntsuas EMF meej hauv lub cell sab hauv, cov kev txwv ntawm EMF-magnetic thiab TMS kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua.

8. Sau cov nyiaj pab

MF muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv physics thiab magnetic therapy rau cov kab mob cuam tshuam.RHWF piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus lom neeg ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum thiab electromagnetic cuam tshuam thiab kev kho mob.RHWF ua qhov kawg ntawm cov ntawv sau.

9. Kev pom zoo ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab kev tso cai los koom

Tsis siv tau.

10. Kev lees paub

Cov haujlwm tau hais hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog ib feem nyiaj txiag los ntawm Saxonian Ministry of Science thiab Education, GWT, HZDR, thiab TUD (project NeuroMaX).

11. Nyiaj txiag

Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis tau txais nyiaj txiag sab nraud.

12. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb

Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj kev sib cav txog kev txaus siab

13. Cov ntaub ntawv

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