Lub hom phiaj ntawm Kev Ntsuas Metabolomics los nthuav qhia kev hloov pauv tshuab ntawm Cistanche Deserticola Active Compounds Thaum Steaming thiab ziab

Cistanche deserticola yog ib qho ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws, ib txwm ua raws li Suav tshuaj, thiab tsis ntev los no tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab zaub mov noj qab haus huv. Steaming thiab ziab yog ob kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev ua ntawm Cistanche deserticola.

Hmoov tsis zoo, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg hloov pauv ntawm Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm ua thermal yog txwv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, ultra-performance kua chromatography-tandem huab hwm coj spectrometry (UHPLC-MS / MS)-raws li dav tsom metabolomics tsom xam tau siv los soj ntsuam lub transformation mechanism ntawm Cistanche deserticola active compounds thaum lub sij hawm steaming thiab qhuav txheej txheem. Tag nrho ntawm 776 metabolites tau txheeb xyuas hauv Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thermal, ntawm cov uas, 77 metabolites tau tswj hwm qhov sib txawv (p < 0.05) nyob rau hauv 39 tau upregulated (UR) thiab 38 tau downregulated (DR). Plaub caug xya (17 UR, 30 DR) thiab 30 (22 UR, 8 DR) cov metabolites sib txawv tau txheeb xyuas thaum lub sij hawm ua kom qhuav thiab ziab, raws li.

Qhov feem ntau variation ntawm cov tshuaj tau pom thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem ntawm steaming. Metabolic txoj kev tsom xam qhia tau hais tias phenylpropanoid, flavonoid biosynthesis, thiab alanine metabolism tau pom thaum lub sij hawm steaming, thaum glycine, serine, thiab threonine metabolism, thiamine metabolism, thiab unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis tau pom thaum ziab. Cov txheej txheem ua tau ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thermal kuj tau muab los ntawm Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes thiab Genomes (KEGG) txoj kev tsom xam. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov blackening ntawm cov tsos ntawm Cistanche deserticola feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub steaming theem es tsis yog lub qhuav theem, uas yog txuam nrog cov metabolism ntawm cov amino acids. Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev tsim cov tshuaj nquag thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Cistanche deserticola feem ntau tshwm sim hauv theem steaming.

nyem cistanche tubulosa ntxiv cov khoom siv

Taw qhia

Cistanche deserticola, belongs rau tsev neeg Orobanchaceae, yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tonic nto moo tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau yog muab faib rau hauv thaj chaw sov thiab kub kub hauv ntiaj teb, xws li Tuam Tshoj, Iran, Is Nrias teb, Mongolia, thiab lwm yam (1-3). Cistanche deserticola yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv tshuaj ntsuab rau kev kho mob raum tsis muaj zog, impotence, poj niam infertility, morbid leucorrhea, profuse metrorrhagia, thiab senile (4, 5). Kev tshawb fawb tshuaj niaj hnub pom tau tias Cistanche deserticola muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev qaug zog, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab txhim kho kev kawm thiab kev muaj peev xwm nco tau (6). Raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv no, Cistanche deserticola tshuaj yej ua los ntawm nws cov qia tubers tau tsim los ua cov khoom noj ntxiv thiab tau txais kev nyiam los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm Cistanche deserticola yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws cov haujlwm tshuaj (7). Qee cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv Cistanche deserticola, xws li phenylpropanoids (piv txwv li phenylethanoid glycosides), flavonoids, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, iridoids, thiab lignans tau tshaj tawm hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (6, 8).

Vim lub perishable thiab raws caij nyoog nta, tag nrho cov xyoo puag ncig mov ntawm tshiab Cistanche deserticola yog tsis muaj, raws li, cov txheej txheem Cistanche deserticola ua lub ntsiab noj daim ntawv. Qhov zoo ntawm Cistanche deserticola yog nyob ntawm ntau yam, xws li kev nyab xeeb, thaj chaw, cov tswv tsev, lub sijhawm sau qoob loo, kev siv thev naus laus zis, thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag, ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb (4). Steaming thiab ziab yog ob kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev ua ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Feem ntau, cov qoob loo Cistanche deserticola rhizome tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub boiler steaming ntawm 93◦C rau 30 min thiab ces qhuav ntawm 60◦C kom txog thaum cov dej noo ntawm 10 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov hauv paus ntub (wb) (9).

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias steaming tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv Cistanche deserticola, xws li phenylethanoid glycosides, soluble qab zib, thiab polysaccharides, nrog rau blackening ntawm tsos xim (9-11). Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tsom mus rau qee qhov sib txuas tshwj xeeb, thiab kev tshawb fawb tsawg heev yog hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj sib txuas thiab cov txheej txheem metabolite hloov pauv thaum ua. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia meej txog cov kev hloov pauv metabolite ntawm Cistanche deserticola hauv cov txheej txheem sib txawv.

Metabolomics feem ntau yog siv rau kev soj ntsuam zoo thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm tag nrho cov me me molecules (xws li, tsom thiab tsis sib txuas) pom hauv cov qauv (12). Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg thaum lub sijhawm ua zaub mov yuav pab kom nkag siab tob txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg hauv kev ua zaub mov (12). Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, metabolomics kuj tau siv rau kev kawm ntawm Cistanche deserticola rau kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm ntau qhov chaw (11) thiab ntau hom Cistanche deserticola (13).

Kev tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem ntawm metabolites hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no feem ntau yog ua raws li cov hom phiaj thiab tsis yog hom phiaj metabolomics. Ntawm lawv, cov phiaj xwm metabolomics yog raws li cov khoom lag luam, nrog cov ntaub ntawv siab thiab kev ntseeg tau, txawm li cas los xij, txwv kev pab cuam ntawm metabolites. Targeted metabolomics yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb metabolomics, nws yog lub hom phiaj thiab kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tsom xam ntawm cov pab pawg metabolite tshwj xeeb, tsis yog txhua yam hauv cov qauv. Cov txheej txheem metabolomics uas tsis yog hom phiaj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab zoo ntawm cov metabolites raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, nrog kev pabcuam siab ntawm cov tebchaw, txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb tsawg. Cov metabolites tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau lees paub los ntawm cov khoom txheem (14). Cov phiaj xwm metabolomics dav dav yog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab uas sib koom ua ke qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog lub hom phiaj thiab cov phiaj xwm metabolite tshawb pom cov thev naus laus zis kom ua tiav cov kev pabcuam dav dav, siab dhau, thiab rhiab heev (15).

Yog li ntawd, cov cuab yeej siv no tau siv dav hauv kev kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, xws li cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv cov khoom noj uas siv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib txawv (16), flavonoids thiab phenylpropanoids compounds hauv Suav dej txiv ntoo ua tiav nrog ntau txoj kev (17) , nplej yellowing mechanism thaum lub sij hawm yellowing txheej txheem (18), thiab tsim mechanism ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas tsis yog-volatile chemical constitutes thaum lub sij hawm oolong tshuaj yej manufacturing txheej txheem (19). Yog li ntawd, nws yog theoretically ua tau los siv dav lub hom phiaj metabolite technology los kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag thaum ua tiav ntawm Cistanche deserticola.

Yog li, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog (1) muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv hauv Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm ua kom qhuav thiab ziab cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev siv ultraperformance kua chromatography-tandem huab hwm coj spectrometry (UHPLC-MS / MS) ua ke nrog cov phiaj xwm metabolomic. mus kom ze; (2) txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites thiab lawv cov kev cai, thiab nthuav tawm txoj hauv kev hloov pauv tau hauv Cistanche deserticola thaum ua. Txoj kev tshawb no yog, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau muab cov kev siv theoretical rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm Cistanche deserticola zoo.

KHOOM PLIG THIAB MENYUAM Cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj

Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos: Cov qauv tshiab Cistanche deserticola tau txais los ntawm Hetian cheeb tsam hauv Xinjiang Xeev ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Cov qauv tau ua tib zoo xaiv nrog tib qhov loj me (qhov nruab nrab ntev, txoj kab uas hla, thiab qhov hnyav yog 11.7 ± 1.1 cm, 7.0 ± 1.1 cm, thiab 360 ± 8.9 g, raws li txoj cai). Cov qauv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv chav tsev kub hauv qhov chaw tsaus ntuj nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av noo ntawm 78.56% ± 3.47%. Ua ntej qhov kev sim, Cistanche deserticola cov qauv raug ntxuav nrog cov kais dej kom tshem tawm cov plua plav ntawm qhov chaw. Cov dej ntau dhau ntawm nws qhov chaw raug tshem tawm los ntawm daim ntawv blotting.

Tshuaj: Methanol, acetonitrile, thiab formic acid yog kua-chromatography mass spectrometry qib (LC-MS) thiab yuav los ntawm Merck (Sigma Aldrich, MO, USA). Lwm cov qauv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau nthuav tawm qhov purity siab dua 98 feem pua ​​(Sigma Aldrich, MO, USA).

Kev sim tsim

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke faib tsis sib xws nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntev ntawm Cistanche deserticola (1). Yog li ntawd, kom tau txais tib cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke hauv txhua tus qauv, hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tag nrho cov kev xaiv Cistanche deserticola raug txiav rau hauv peb qhov sib npaug rau cov pab pawg tshiab (A), steamed yam tsis ziab pawg (B), thiab qhuav tom qab steaming pawg. (C), feem, los ntawm longitudinal segmentation nrog longitudinal symmetry axis li qhov chaw (20).

Rau pawg B, cov qauv tau ua tiav steamed rau 8 feeb raws li kev sim ua ntej. Lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus tsev vacuum (tus kheej tsim los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Agricultural University, Beijing, Tuam Tshoj) tau siv rau kev kho mob ntawm Cistanche deserticolas tshiab. Steamed samples tau qhuav hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum freeze-dryer (LGJ-25C, Si Huan Scientific Instrument Factory Co., Beijing, China). Cov phaj cua sov thiab qhov txias txias yog 30 thiab -60 ◦C, raws li. Rau pab pawg C, cov qauv tau ua tiav steamed siv cov khoom siv lub tshuab nqus tsev rau 8 min thiab ziab hauv cov cua kub cua tshuab ziab khaub ncaws (tus kheej tsim los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Agricultural University, Beijing, Tuam Tshoj) kom txog rau thaum cov dej noo kawg ntawm 10 feem pua ​​(wb). Qhov ntsuas cua thiab qhov kub thiab txias tau teeb tsa ntawm 6 m / s thiab 60 ◦C, raws li, xa mus rau cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb ntawm Zou et al. (11). Tag nrho cov qauv raug khaws cia ntawm −20◦C tsis pub dhau 7 hnub ua ntej kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov tshwm sim xim ntawm Cistanche Deserticola

Cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm Cistanche deserticola ua ntej thiab tom qab txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm thermal tau ntsuas los ntawm kev ntsuas xim (SMY2000SF, Shengming Yang Co., Beijing, Tuam Tshoj), thiab cov xim dub tau pom los ntawm tus nqi L ∗.

Qauv Npaj thiab Extraction

Cov metabolite extraction tau ua raws li txoj kev qhia yav dhau los los ntawm Chen li al. (21) nrog qee qhov kev hloov kho me me. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, cov qauv qhuav tau crushed siv ib tug tov khoom zeb (MM 400, Retsch Company, Haan, lub teb chaws Yelemees) nrog ib tug zirconia hlaws rau 2 min ntawm 60 Hz. Tom qab ntawd 50 mg hmoov (sifted los ntawm 65 mesh sieve) ntawm txhua tus qauv raug hnyav, hloov mus rau Eppendorf raj, thiab muab rho tawm nrog 1 ml methanol / dej sib tov (v: v=3: 1). Tom qab 30 s vortex, cov sib tov yog homogenized ob zaug ntawm 35 Hz rau 4 min, sonicated rau 15 min nyob rau hauv ib tug dej khov da dej, thiab ces co thaum hmo ntuj ntawm 4◦C. Tom qab centrifugation ntawm 12, 000 rpm rau 15 min ntawm 4◦C, lub supernatant tau sau thiab lim los ntawm 0.22-µm membrane, ces cov extract tau raug xa mus rau 2 ml iav vials thiab khaws cia. ntawm −80◦C kom txog thaum UHPLC-MS/MS tsom xam.

Metabolite Analysis los ntawm UHPLC-MS UHPLC Cov Cai

Kev sib cais UHPLC tau ua tiav siv EXIONLC system (Sciex Technologies, Framingham, MA, USA). Cov kev ntsuas ntsuas tau raws li hauv qab no: kem: Dej ACQUITY UHPLC HSS T3 C18 (1.8µm, 2.1 × 100 mm); Cov kuab tshuaj: mobile theem A (0.1 feem pua ​​formic acid nyob rau hauv dej) thiab mobile theem B (acetonitrile muaj). Qhov kev pab cuam gradient: 98 feem pua ​​A / 2 feem pua ​​B ntawm 0 min, 50 feem pua ​​A / 50 feem pua ​​B ntawm 10 min, 5 feem pua ​​A / 95 feem pua ​​B ntawm 11 min, 98 feem pua ​​A / 2 feem pua ​​B ntawm 13.1 min, thiab 98 feem pua ​​A/2 feem pua ​​B ntawm 15 min. Tus nqi ntws: 0.40 ml / min; Kem kub: 40 ◦C; txhaj tshuaj ntim: 2 µl; Tsis siv neeg txhaj tshuaj kub: 4◦C.

ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS Cov Cai

Triple quadrupole (QQQ)-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTRAP, API 6500 QTRAP UHPLC-MS/MS) ntxiv rau QQQ spectrometer nruab nrog ESI turbo ion-spray interface (Sciex Technologies, Framingham, MA, USA) tau thov rau MS tsom xam. Cov kev ntsuas ntsuas tau raws li hauv qab no: ion spray voltage: ntxiv rau 5,500 V (zoo ion hom) / −4,500 V (tsis zoo ion hom), kab hlau rhuav roj: 35 psi, qhov kub: 400◦C, ion qhov chaw roj 1: 60 psi, ion qhov chaw roj 2: 60 psi, declustering peev xwm: ± 100 V. QQQ scans tau txais raws li ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kev soj ntsuam (MRM) thwmsim nrog kev sib tsoo roj (nitrogen) teem rau 5 psi.

Qualitative thiab Quantitative Analysis ntawm metabolites

Kev soj ntsuam zoo thiab ntau yam ntawm cov metabolites tau ua raws li txoj hauv kev los ntawm Liu li al. (18). Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab theem nrab pawg spectrometry tau soj ntsuam zoo raws li tus kheej tsim tib neeg metabolome database (MWDB) (Metware Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Wuhan, Tuam Tshoj) thiab cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem. Lub caij no, txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm qee yam khoom, cuam tshuam los ntawm kev rov ua dua cov cim ntawm Na ntxiv, NH ntxiv 4, K ntxiv, thiab ions, thiab rov ua dua cov cim ntawm cov ions uas tau los ntawm lwm cov molecules loj thiab isotope cov cim tau raug tshem tawm thaum lub sijhawm. kev txheeb xyuas. Metabolite structural tsom xam tau ua rau pej xeem databases (Mass Bank, KNApSAcK, HMDB, MoTo DB, thiab METLIN).

Metabolite quantification tau ua tiav siv MRM hom ntawm QQQ huab hwm coj spectrometry. Hauv MRM hom, cov ions precursor (niam txiv ions) ntawm cov hom phiaj tshuaj thiab tsis suav nrog ions sib raug rau lwm yam khoom uas muaj qhov sib txawv molecular hnyav tau tshuaj xyuas ua ntej siv tus pas nrig quadrupole kom pib tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam. Lub precursor ions tom qab ntawd tawg los ntawm kev sib tsoo chamber los tsim ntau cov fragment irons tom qab ionization, uas tau lim los ntawm QQQ los xaiv ib qho fragment ions nrog cov yam ntxwv xav tau thaum tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hom phiaj ions. Thaum kawg, tom qab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv metabolite loj spectrometry ntawm cov qauv sib txawv, qhov loj spectrum peaks ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tau muab tso ua ke, thiab cov huab hwm coj spectrum peaks ntawm tib cov metabolite hauv cov qauv sib txawv tau sib xyaw ua ke thiab kho siv Multi Quant version 3.0 .2 (ABSCIEX, Concord, Ontario, Canada). Cov txheeb ze sib txheeb cov ntsiab lus metabolite tau sawv cev raws li chromatographic ncov cheeb tsam sib xyaw.

Kev ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas

Cov ntaub ntawv metabolic tau ua tiav siv orthogonal ib feem tsawg squares-discriminant tsom xam (OPLS-DA) thiab hierarchical pawg tsom xam (HCA). OPLS-DA tau siv los cais txhua pawg; nws yog qhov rhiab ntau dua li lwm txoj hauv kev txheeb cais rau qhov sib txawv nrog kev sib raug zoo (17). Cov qauv OPLS-DA tau raug lees paub los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas permutation (200 zaug). Tus qauv tau txiav txim siab ruaj khov thaum cov qauv tsis sib xws (R2 thiab Q2) yog ob qho tib si ze rau 1.

Qhov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv (VIP) qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov metabolites raug xam. Txhua yam metabolite nrog VIP tus nqi ntau dua 1.0 thiab p-values ​​tsawg dua 0.05 raug xaiv los ua biomarkers rau txhua qhov sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal sib txawv ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov metabolites sib txawv tau pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub roob hluav taws. Metabolite tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov qauv sib txawv tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev siv R pob (www.rproject.org/). Daim duab Venn tau tsim raws li qhov program web-based smart diagram R (https://cloud.smartdraw.com/). Kev lag luam databases, xws li Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/), Pub Chem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/), the Me Molecule Pathway Database (SMPDB) (https://smpdb.ca/), thiab HMDB (https://hmdb.ca/), tau siv los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites thiab nrhiav txoj hauv kev metabolic.

TAM SIM NO THIAB KEV PAB CUAM CEEB TOOM Kev hloov xim ntawm Cistanche Deserticola Thaum Thermal Processing

Qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsos xim ntawm Cistanche deserticola ntawm cov qauv tshiab, steamed, thiab qhuav yog sawv cev rau hauv daim duab 1. Los ntawm cov qauv tshiab mus rau qhuav mus rau theem ua, cov tsos xim ntawm cov qauv hloov los ntawm daj-xim av mus rau xim dub. , thiab qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm cov xim tau dhau los ua pom tseeb (qhov sib thooj L ∗ tus nqi raug txo los ntawm 50.26 rau 24.90). Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm Cistanche deserticola feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem steaming. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Maillard, thaum lub sij hawm uas cov suab thaj ua rau cov amino acids nyob rau hauv thermal tej yam kev mob (22), yuav ua tau heev lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tsos tsaus nti xim ntawm cov txheej txheem rhizomes ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov tshuaj precursors tau hloov mus rau hauv cov xim thiab tsim cov tshuaj nrog cov xim tsaus nti hauv Maillard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (23). Cov kev tshawb pom zoo sib xws kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los rau kev sib xyaw ntawm Polygonum multiflorum (24) thiab rhizomes ntawm Polygonatum cystoma (25). Qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm cov qauv steamed tau ntxiv tob dua tom qab ziab. Qhov tshwm sim no yog tshwm sim vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov txo qis hauv cov xim xim thaum lub sijhawm ziab.

Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Metabolites hauv Raw thiab Thermal Processed Cistanche Deserticola Samples

Tag nrho cov ion chromatogram (TIC) ntawm cov qauv tswj kev ua tau zoo (QC) qauv (ib qho sib xyaw ntawm tag nrho cov qauv tshawb xyuas) thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv MRM hom ntawm tib tus qauv yog illustrated nyob rau hauv Ntxiv daim duab 1. Cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov peaks sawv cev. cov khoom sib txawv hauv cov qauv. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 2, tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm 776 metabolites tau txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no (Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1) hauv cov qauv Cistanche deserticola tshiab, uas tau muab faib ua 15 chav kawm, suav nrog 40 amino acids thiab derivatives, 33 phenylpropanoids, 23 flavonoids, 68 flavone, 67 terpenes, 67 phenols, 87 alkaloids, 13 carbohydrates, 28 nucleotide, thiab derivatives, 5 cawv thiab polyols, 3 purine nucleosides, 15

carboxylic acids thiab derivatives, 14 organic acids thiab derivatives, 12 phytohormones, thiab 28 lwm yam tshuaj. Ntawm lawv, pawg loj tshaj plaws yog amino acids thiab derivatives, cov ntsiab lus txheeb ze uas suav txog 30.26 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov metabolite muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, 10 hom phenylethanoid glycosides, xws li echinacoside thiab verbascoside, tau kuaj pom thiab muab faib rau hauv pawg phenylpropanoids.

Cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm cov metabolites ntawm cov pab pawg kho mob sib txawv tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm HCA. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3, 107 txheeb xyuas cov metabolites ntawm Cistanche deserticola tau ua ke nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia tshav kub raws li Euclidean nrug arithmetic. Cov metabolites txheeb xyuas ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal sib txawv tau sib sau ua peb pawg raws li dendrogram. Cov xim ci dua qhia cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm cov metabolite tshwj xeeb hauv cov qauv. Daim ntawv qhia tshav kub ntawm HCA pom qhov sib txawv loj dua ntawm cov qauv tshiab thiab steamed dua li cov qauv ntawm steamed thiab qhuav, qhia tias metabolites hauv Cistanche deserticola yuav muaj kev sib txawv thaum lub sij hawm steaming thiab ziab, thiab hom thiab ntau ntawm cov metabolites koom nrog. cov txheej txheem steaming yog ntau tshaj li cov txheej txheem ziab.

Sib txawv Metabolite Analysis ntawm Cistanche Deserticola ntawm txawv Thermal Processing Stages

Rau kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov metabolites ntawm Cistanche deserticolas, OPLS-DA tawg cov qhab nia ntawm pawg sib piv sib piv tau pom hauv daim duab 4A, uas qhia tias cov tshiab, steamed, thiab qhuav tom qab steaming Cistanche deserticolas tau txawv heev. Ntxiv mus, R2Y thiab Q2 (raws li qhia hauv Daim Duab Ntxiv 2) nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas siab qhia tau hais tias tus qauv no muaj kev ntseeg siab heev yam tsis muaj kev sib tw.

Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas cov theem ntawm cov metabolites ntawm cov tshiab, steamed, thiab qhuav tom qab steaming Cistanche deserticola, kev tsom xam ntawm lub roob hluav taws tau siv ntxiv ntawm tag nrho 776 metabolites txheeb xyuas raws li kev hloov pauv, ua ke nrog VIP qhov tseem ceeb los tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv qhia. metabolites. Cov metabolites sib txawv tseem ceeb tau raug xaiv raws li cov txheej txheem uas hloov pauv tus qhab nia ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2 lossis Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.5 nrog VIP Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 1. Cov txiaj ntsig kev tshuaj ntsuam tau piav qhia hauv Daim duab 4B. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia volcanic, txhua lub ntsiab lus sawv cev rau cov metabolite thiab cov xim ntawm cov dots tawg yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zaum kawg. Liab sawv cev rau cov metabolites uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev (UR), ntsuab sawv cev rau cov uas tsis muaj zog (DR), thiab grey sawv cev rau qhov sib txawv tsis tseem ceeb. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 4B, 47 metabolites nyob rau hauv lub tshiab vs. steamed pab pawg neeg (17 UR thiab 30 DR), 30 metabolites nyob rau hauv lub steamed vs. qhuav pab pawg neeg (22 UR thiab 8 DR), thiab 65 metabolites nyob rau hauv lub tshiab vs. (29 UR thiab 36 DR) raug xaiv los ua qhov sib txawv loj. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov metabolites sib txawv hauv cov tshiab vs. steamed pab pawg yog siab dua cov nyob rau hauv lub steamed vs. qhuav pab pawg neeg, qhia tau hais tias lub zog ntawm metabolites nyob rau hauv lub steaming txheej txheem yog siab tshaj ntawm cov txheej txheem ziab.

Cov metabolites sib txawv uas tsim thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua ntawm Cistanche deserticola tau muab faib ntxiv thiab muab piv. Cov metabolites sib txawv no tau muab faib ua 21 chav kawm, feem ntau yog amino acids thiab lawv cov derivatives, flavonoids thiab lawv cov derivatives, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, terpenes, phenols, thiab nucleotide thiab lawv cov derivatives (Table 1). Hauv pawg tshiab vs. steamed, nws tuaj yeem pom tias flavonoids (xws li isoquercitrin, troxerutin, cyanidin, thiab fisetin), phenylpropanoids (xws li chlorogenic acid, thiab 3-(3, 4-Dihydroxy{ {5}}methoxy)-2-propenoic acid), thiab nucleotide thiab lawv cov derivatives (uracil thiab betaNicotinamide mononucleotide) yog DR, thaum amino acids thiab lawv cov derivatives (xws li N6-Acetyl-L-lysine , 1- Methy-L-histidine, thiab L-Phenylalanine) yog UR.

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv steamed vs. qhuav pab pawg, cov lus qhia tiam sis ntawm cov hom metabolites sib txawv yog qhov opposite. Qee cov amino thiab lawv cov derivatives (xws li N, N-Dimethylglycine), nucleotide thiab lawv cov derivatives (xws li 2′ -Deoxyuridine; Deoxyuridine) yog DR, thaum feem ntau ntawm cov phenols (xws li methyl gallate thiab 4′ -Prenyloxyresveratrol), flavonoids (xws li isoquercitrin thiab cyanidin), phenylpropanoids (verbascoside), thiab terpenes (xws li terpinolene thiab furanone) yog UR. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau pom tias cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Cistanche deserticola tau dhau los ua kev hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thermal, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, thiab amino acids, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv.

Kev siv qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sij hawm ua kom qhuav thiab ziab cov txheej txheem yav dhau los tau pom los txhawb hydrolysis, redox, isomerization, hloov pauv, thiab lwm yam thermophysical thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj metabolites (26). Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, nws tau pom tias cov metabolites, xws li flavonoids thiab phenylpropanoids, tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola piv rau lawv cov khoom tshiab, qhia tau hais tias ib co tseem ceeb physiological thiab metabolic dej num ua rau lub synthesis ntawm flavonoids thiab phenylpropanoids tej zaum yuav. activated nyob rau hauv kub thiab av noo. Cov txiaj ntsig no kuj tuaj yeem txhawb nqa los ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Peng li al. (10) leej twg pom tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm PhGs (tseem yog phenylpropanoids) nce tom qab steaming. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom no hauv cov qauv qhuav tom qab steaming pom qhov txo qis, uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm thermal degradation ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum lub sij hawm ziab kom qhuav. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias flavonoid glycosides tuaj yeem decomposed rau hauv qab zib lub cev thiab flavonoid aglycones nyob rau hauv thermal tej yam kev mob, thiab flavonoid poob thaum lub sij hawm ziab yog synthetically cuam tshuam los ntawm kub thiab ziab lub sij hawm (26, 27). Kev tswj hwm ntawm cov amino acids thiab lawv cov derivatives (N6-Acetyl-L-lysine, 1-Methy-L-histidine, thiab phenylalanine) yog ntaus nqi rau qhov kub-txhim kho cov protein degradation thaum lub sij hawm steaming. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj tau pom tias qee cov amino acids thiab lawv cov derivatives ntawm N, N-Dimethylglycine, L- Kynurenine, glycine, serine, thiab threonine yog DR. Qhov txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermal-induced Maillard thaum lub sij hawm txo cov suab thaj ua rau cov amino acids tsim 5-HMF, pab ua kom muaj qhov muag dub hauv Cistanche deserticola (22) .

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Seem tsos xim hloov ntawm cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua ntxiv txheeb xyuas qhov kev xav no. Yog li ntawd, qhov blackening ntawm Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm steaming yog tej zaum muaj feem xyuam rau cov metabolism ntawm cov amino acids. Venn daim duab tau siv los sib txawv qhov sib txawv thiab tshwj xeeb cov metabolites ntawm Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm sib txawv thermal ua. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 4C, ob qho tib si thiab cov metabolites tshwj xeeb muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm pawg sib piv sib txawv. Nees nkaum ib feem ntau cov metabolites tau pom ntawm pawg tshiab thiab steamed, thaum tsuas yog 5 thiab 10 metabolites tau pom muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm pawg tshiab thiab qhuav, thiab pawg steamed thiab qhuav, feem. Yog li, tag nrho ntawm 23 thiab 17 cov metabolites tshwj xeeb (p <0.05) tau pom nyob rau hauv Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm thermal processing ntawm steaming thiab ziab, feem. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau lees paub ntxiv tias kev ua kom muaj zog tshwj xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov metabolites thaum Cistanche deserticola ua.

Enrichment Analysis thiab KEGG Pathway Impact Analysis of Differential Metabolites

Cov metabolites sib txawv (p < 0.05) hauv cov qauv tshiab thiab ua tiav tau ua tiav rau hauv KEGG, HMDB, thiab PubChem online databases, uas muaj kev paub txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm molecular, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev sib raug zoo network, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo. thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws metabolic tau pom nyob rau hauv Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2 thiab Daim duab 5. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5a1, thiab a2, txoj kev cuam tshuam tau nthuav tawm cov kev txhawb nqa ntawm phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, alanine metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, taurine thiab hypotaurine metabolism, thiab nicotinamide. metabolism thaum lub sij hawm steaming ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Thaum lub sij hawm ziab tom qab steaming, cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm cov metabolites sib txawv tsuas yog muaj glycine, serine, thiab threonine metabolism, thiamine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, thiab unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qee txoj hauv kev metabolic ntawm ob qhov kev sib piv ua ke sib tshooj sib tshooj, xws li nicotinate thiab nicotinamide metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, thiab flavonoid biosynthesis, tab sis lawv cov qib nce qib sib txawv hauv ob qhov kev sib piv. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias txoj hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov metabolites ntawm cov txheej txheem steaming thiab ziab ntawm Cistanche deserticola yog qhov sib txawv, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev metabolic tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites tshwj xeeb thaum ua thermal. Cov kev hloov pauv biochemical no yuav raug siv los nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal ntawm Cistanche deserticola muaj pes tsawg leeg.

plaub txoj hauv kev metabolic (phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, alanine metabolism, thiab glycine, serine, thiab threonine metabolism) tau raug xaiv los ua cov metabolites tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm ua thermal (Figures 5b1,b2). Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau qhia tias phenylpropanoids thiab flavonoids tau sau tab sis cov amino acids tau degraded hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola piv rau cov qauv tshiab thiab qhuav. Txoj kev phenylpropanoid biosynthetic yog nce ntawm txoj kev biosynthetic ntawm flavonoids. Cov lus xaus zoo sib xws tau luam tawm los ntawm Liu li al. (18) uas tau tshaj tawm tias cov qib phenylpropanoids tsub zuj zuj hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov nplej daj tau nce ntxiv, piv nrog cov nplej ib txwm muaj. Phenylpropanoids yog muab los ntawm cinnamic acid, thiab lawv cov precursor yog phenylalanine, uas tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm kev ua kom cov haujlwm ntawm phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) thaum rhuab (28).

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias txoj hauv kev phenylpropanoid ua rau biosynthesis ntawm coumarins, flavones, isoflavones, thiab flavonols, uas yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv (29), thiab tiv thaiv kev tuag ntawm tes los ntawm kev kub ntxhov hauv cov txheej txheem steaming, phenylpropanoid. txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem txhim kho vim muaj kev ntxhov siab lom neeg los ntawm qhov kub siab (30, 31). Flavonoids yog cov metabolites tseem ceeb thib ob uas tau txais los ntawm phenylpropanoids (32), thiab lawv cov tsub zuj zuj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative los ntawm kev khawb-dawb radicals (33). Piv nrog rau Cistanche deserticola tshiab thiab qhuav, qhov ntau dua biosynthesis ntawm flavonoids nyob rau hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola tej zaum yuav txuam nrog txhim khu kev kub ntxhov thaum lub sij hawm steaming txheej txheem tiv thaiv reactive oxygen hom (ROS) (34, 35). Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5b3, thiab b4, amino acid metabolism ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm thermal ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv ntawm alanine, glycine, serine, thiab threonine tom qab steaming pom hauv cov tshuaj ntsuab tau siv los qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm Maillard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (36).

Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm Cistanche deserticola steaming, kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav ntawm Cistanche deserticola steaming, xws li blackening nyob rau hauv tsos, active compounds, thiab metabolic biomarkers, yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntxiv.

Cov lus xaus

Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, UHPLC-MS / MS-raws li cov phiaj xwm metabolomics tau ua haujlwm los kawm txog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj nquag ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal sib txawv ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no tau qhia tias biosynthesis ntawm qee cov metabolites tseem ceeb, xws li phenylpropanoids thiab flavonoids, tau txhim kho zoo thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Kev qhia theem ntawm cov amino acids hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola tau txhim kho, qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov metabolites thawj thiab theem nrab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov blackening ntawm cov tsos ntawm Cistanche deserticola feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub steaming theem es tsis yog lub qhuav theem, cov yam ntxwv no yog txuam nrog cov amino acids metabolism txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov theem ntawm cov metabolites saum toj no tau txo qis thaum lub sij hawm ziab, qhia txog kev tsim cov tshuaj nquag nquag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv theem steaming thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug uas siv cov txheej txheem metabolomic dav siv los nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thermal thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau Cistanche deserticola blackening. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab zoo dua ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm biosynthesis ntawm cov tshuaj nquag thiab blackening ntawm cov tsos thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua.

Enrichment Analysis thiab KEGG Pathway Impact Analysis of Differential Metabolites

Cov metabolites sib txawv (p < 0.05) hauv cov qauv tshiab thiab ua tiav tau ua tiav rau hauv KEGG, HMDB, thiab PubChem online databases, uas muaj kev paub txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm molecular, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev sib raug zoo network, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo. thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws metabolic tau pom nyob rau hauv Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2 thiab Daim duab 5. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5a1, thiab a2, txoj kev cuam tshuam tau nthuav tawm cov kev txhawb nqa ntawm phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, alanine metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, taurine thiab hypotaurine metabolism, thiab nicotinamide. metabolism thaum lub sij hawm steaming ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Thaum lub sij hawm ziab tom qab steaming, cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm cov metabolites sib txawv tsuas yog muaj glycine, serine, thiab threonine metabolism, thiamine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, thiab unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee txoj hauv kev metabolic ntawm ob qhov kev sib piv ua ke sib tshooj sib tshooj, xws li nicotinate thiab nicotinamide metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, thiab flavonoid biosynthesis, tab sis lawv cov qib nce qib sib txawv hauv ob qhov kev sib piv. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias txoj hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov metabolites ntawm cov txheej txheem steaming thiab ziab ntawm Cistanche deserticola yog qhov sib txawv, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev metabolic tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites tshwj xeeb thaum ua thermal. Cov kev hloov pauv biochemical no yuav raug siv los nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal ntawm Cistanche deserticola muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Raws li KEGG annotation thiab kev tsom xam ntxiv, plaub txoj hauv kev metabolic (phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, alanine metabolism, thiab glycine, serine, thiab threonine metabolism) tau raug xaiv los ua cov metabolites tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Cistanche deserticola thaum lub sij hawm thermal. kev ua haujlwm (Daim duab 5b1,b2). Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau qhia tias phenylpropanoids thiab flavonoids tau sau tab sis cov amino acids tau degraded hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola piv rau cov qauv tshiab thiab qhuav. Txoj kev phenylpropanoid biosynthetic yog nce ntawm txoj kev biosynthetic ntawm flavonoids. Cov lus xaus zoo sib xws tau luam tawm los ntawm Liu li al. (18) uas tau tshaj tawm tias cov qib phenylpropanoids tsub zuj zuj hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov nplej daj tau nce ntxiv, piv nrog cov nplej ib txwm muaj. Phenylpropanoids yog muab los ntawm cinnamic acid, thiab lawv cov precursor yog phenylalanine, uas tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm kev ua kom cov haujlwm ntawm phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) thaum rhuab (28).

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias txoj hauv kev phenylpropanoid ua rau biosynthesis ntawm coumarins, flavones, isoflavones, thiab flavonols, uas yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv (29), thiab tiv thaiv kev tuag ntawm tes los ntawm kev kub ntxhov hauv cov txheej txheem steaming, phenylpropanoid. txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem txhim kho vim muaj kev ntxhov siab lom neeg los ntawm qhov kub siab (30, 31). Flavonoids yog cov metabolites tseem ceeb thib ob uas tau txais los ntawm phenylpropanoids (32), thiab lawv cov tsub zuj zuj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative los ntawm kev khawb-dawb radicals (33).

Piv nrog rau Cistanche deserticola tshiab thiab qhuav, qhov ntau dua biosynthesis ntawm flavonoids nyob rau hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola tej zaum yuav txuam nrog txhim khu kev kub ntxhov thaum lub sij hawm steaming txheej txheem tiv thaiv reactive oxygen hom (ROS) (34, 35). Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5b3, thiab b4, amino acid metabolism ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm thermal ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv ntawm alanine, glycine, serine, thiab threonine tom qab steaming pom hauv cov tshuaj ntsuab tau siv los qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm Maillard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (36). Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm Cistanche deserticola steaming, kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav ntawm Cistanche deserticola steaming, xws li blackening nyob rau hauv tsos, active compounds, thiab metabolic biomarkers, yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntxiv.

Cov lus xaus

Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, UHPLC-MS / MS-raws li cov phiaj xwm metabolomics tau ua haujlwm los kawm txog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj nquag ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal sib txawv ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no tau qhia tias biosynthesis ntawm qee cov metabolites tseem ceeb, xws li phenylpropanoids thiab flavonoids, tau txhim kho zoo thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Kev qhia theem ntawm cov amino acids hauv steamed Cistanche deserticola tau txhim kho, qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov metabolites thawj thiab theem nrab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov blackening ntawm cov tsos ntawm Cistanche deserticola feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub steaming theem es tsis yog lub qhuav theem, cov yam ntxwv no yog txuam nrog cov amino acids metabolism txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov theem ntawm cov metabolites saum toj no tau txo qis thaum lub sij hawm ziab, qhia txog kev tsim cov tshuaj nquag nquag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv theem steaming thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug uas siv cov txheej txheem metabolomic dav siv los nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thermal thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau Cistanche deserticola blackening. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab zoo dua ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm biosynthesis ntawm cov tshuaj nquag thiab blackening ntawm cov tsos thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua.

DAIM NTAWV THOV KEV PAB CUAM

Thawj qhov kev koom tes uas tau nthuav tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no suav nrog hauv tsab xov xwm / Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv, cov lus nug ntxiv tuaj yeem xa mus rau tus kws sau ntawv / s.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

ZA ua qhov kev sim tsim, ua qhov kev sim, tsim cov ntaub ntawv, thiab sau cov ntawv sau no. YZ tau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas metabolomics. XL tau muab qhov kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb. WS tau ua cov ntaub ntawv ua thiab tshawb xyuas. Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, tag nrho cov txheej txheem, thiab sau ntawv- tshuaj xyuas tau ua tiav los ntawm YL. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau pab txhawb rau tsab xov xwm thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv xa tawm.

NYIAJ

Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshuab ntawm Guangdong Province (No. 2018B020241003).

SUPPLEMENTARY KHOOM

Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv rau tsab xov xwm no tuaj yeem pom hauv online ntawm: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021. 742511 / tag nrho #supplementary-material

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Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab:

Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua thaum tsis muaj kev lag luam lossis nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo uas tuaj yeem txhais tau tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab.

Publisher's Note:

Txhua qhov kev thov uas tau hais hauv tsab xov xwm no tsuas yog cov neeg sau ntawv nkaus xwb thiab tsis tas yuav sawv cev ntawm lawv cov koom haum koom nrog, lossis cov tshaj tawm, cov neeg kho, thiab cov neeg tshuaj xyuas. Ib yam khoom uas yuav raug soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, los yog thov hais tias tej zaum yuav ua los ntawm nws cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus, yog tsis guaranteed los yog pom zoo los ntawm lub publisher.

Copyright © 2021 Ai, Zhang, Li, Sun, thiab Liu. Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm qhib nkag tau muab faib raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Kev siv, kev faib tawm, lossis kev tsim tawm hauv lwm lub rooj sab laj tau tso cai, muab tus thawj kws sau ntawv thiab tus tswv txoj cai tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab cov ntawv luam tawm thawj zaug hauv phau ntawv journal no raug suav, los ntawm kev lees paub kev kawm. Tsis pub siv, faib, lossis rov tsim dua uas tsis ua raws li cov lus no.

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