Qhov twg Immunity? Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Siv Tau Zoo, Kev Tiv Thaiv Tau Zoo Rau Tus Kab Mob Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
May 05, 2023
Ib qho ntawm cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nyuaj uas ntsib cov tshuaj niaj hnub no cuam tshuam txog qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob txhim kho thiab txuas ntxiv mus tom qab tus kab mob coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), uas yog, kev kis tus kab mob ua pa hnyav 2 (SARS-CoV{{ 4}}), lossis rau qhov teeb meem ntawd, tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tus neeg sib tw SARS-CoV-2 tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau thawj 6 lub hlis ntawm kev sib kis, muaj ntau qhov kev xav tau nthuav tawm txog seb kev tiv thaiv puas yuav ua raws li kev kis kab mob.
Ib qho kev tshawb fawb prepublication uas tseem tsis tau raug tshuaj xyuas tau pom tias kev tiv thaiv tus kabmob coronavirus muaj lub sijhawm luv luv.1 Thaum lub sijhawm kis kabmob kis no, txawm tias cov tib neeg uas rov zoo los ntawm COVID-19 tuaj yeem kis tau tus kabmob tshiab tseem tsis paub meej.2, 3 Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv zog tshawb fawb loj heev tau siv ceev nrooj los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal los sim txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis tus kab mob ntawm qhov kev xav tias kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem tsim thiab txhim kho. Tam sim no 8 lub hlis mus rau kev sib kis, peb paub dab tsi txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2? Qhov peb tau kawm txog tam sim no qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo, kev lom zem, thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes.
Tus kab mob ua pa nyuaj ua pa (COVID{0}}) yog ib yam kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kab mob ua pa hnyav. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kis tus kab mob COVID-19 thiab txheej txheem rov qab los. Cov hauv qab no yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob COVID-19 thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob: 1. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob teb: Thaum tus kab mob COVID-19 nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav qhib lub tshuab teb tam sim kom qhib cov ntshav dawb cov hlwb thiab lwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los tua tus kab mob. Cov lus teb no tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob ntxiv thiab ua kom yooj yim rau nws tshem tawm. 2. Immunity Antibodies: Thaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob pom tias muaj tus kab mob COVID-19, nws yuav tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog cov protein tshwj xeeb uas lees paub thiab tsom rau tus kab mob COVID-19. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no nyob hauv lub cev, muab kev tiv thaiv txuas ntxiv rau lub sijhawm. Los ntawm qhov no, peb paub tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev tiv thaiv hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Cistanche muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Cov polysaccharides hauv cov nqaij tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, txhim kho kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. bactericidal nyhuv.
Nyem qhov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cistanche
Kev tiv thaiv tsis tshwj xeeb
Ntau cov ntawv sau tau qhia txog lub luag haujlwm hypothetical rau kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm interferon network thiab natural killer (NK) cells4 hauv kev tiv thaiv tus kabmob. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias NK hlwb tau depleted los yog qaug zog nyob rau hauv mob hnyav COVID-19 kab mob.5–7 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, xws li Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), 8–11 qhua pias, 10,12 qhua pias, mumps, rubella ( MMR), 13,14 thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio hauv qhov ncauj, 10 txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tshwj xeeb. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb txog kev kis kabmob ua ntej pom tias, ntawm cov tebchaws kawm uas tau txhaj tshuaj BCG thaum yug los, COVID{11}} tus kabmob kis tau qis dua. Cov tebchaws no kuj tau ntsib COVID-19 tsawg dua.8
Humoral tiv thaiv
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm B-cell-mediated humoral tiv thaiv kab mob tau sib cav.15 Qee cov neeg tshawb xyuas qhia tias cov lus teb humoral yuav yog qhov tsis zoo thiab tiv thaiv tsis tiav, hos lwm tus tau pom tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo ntawm cov neeg mob rov qab los.16 Cov kev tshawb fawb ntev ntawm Kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm cov kab mob coronavirus raws caij nyoog tau qhia txog kev tiv thaiv ib ntus, nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab tshwm sim 12 lub hlis tom qab kis kab mob thiab txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv 6 lub hlis tom qab kis kab mob.1 Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov tsos mob thiab asymptomatic COVID-19 kab mob hauv Suav teb, asymptomatic Cov kab mob ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog, ntau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog txo qis IgG thiab nruab nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.17 Txawm hais tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral yog ib ntus, cov ntshav plasma los ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau zoo lawm uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab titer neutralizing tej zaum yuav muaj txiaj ntsig.
Ntau cov lus piav qhia piav qhia txog kev siv tau zoo ntawm cov ntshav ntshav convalescent tau tshaj tawm, tab sis tsuas yog 1 qhov kev sim tswj tau raug tshaj tawm - nws tsis muaj zog thiab raug txiav tawm ua ntej qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem ua tiav.18 Lwm qhov loj, qhov muag tsis pom kev sim tau tab tom ua.19 Ib qho tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm ua ntej. , uas tseem tsis tau raug tshuaj xyuas, los ntawm qhov loj, nthuav dav nkag mus sib koom ua ke los ntawm Mayo Clinic, tau txheeb xyuas qhov txo qis kev tuag cuam tshuam nrog ob qho tib si kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab dua titer plasma nrog rau kev tswj hwm ua ntej ntawm plasma rau tsev kho mob COVID{ {5}} cov neeg mob.20 Tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-COV-2 spike protein yog qhov nruab nrab thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv macaque qauv.21
Cellular tiv thaiv kab mob
Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no qhia tias kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv COVID-19. Lymphopenia feem ntau tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj mob hnyav, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm lymphopenia cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog rau qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob. Lymphopenia hauv COVID-19 cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis ntawm CD4 thiab CD8 T hlwb, nrog kev hloov pauv tsawg kawg hauv CD4:CD8 ratio.22 Txawm tias lymphopenia cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cais ntawm T lymphocytes hauv cov chaw muaj kab mob kis lossis ua kom puas tsuaj. T hlwb tseem tsis tau meej meej.
Ib tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau hais tias qhov kev nthuav qhia ntau yam ntawm tus kabmob hauv cov neeg mob nrog COVID-19 tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog qee yam rau CD8þ T-cell nco ntawm lwm tus kabmob coronaviruses.23 Sekine et al,24 hauv daim ntawv uas tseem tsis tau muaj. cov neeg txheeb xyuas, tshuaj xyuas cov tib neeg uas muaj tus mob asymptomatic lossis mob hnyav heev COVID-19 thiab pom cov lus teb T-cell muaj zog hauv ob tus neeg. Interestingly, lawv kuj tau kuaj pom SARS-CoV-2–T cells tshwj xeeb hauv cov neeg hauv tsev neeg. Daim ntawv no tsis tau hais txog qhov twg kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis rau cov kab mob coronavirus ua ntej lub caij nyoog tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv lawv qhov kev tshawb pom.
Lebert et al25 tau qhia tias COVID-19 induces T-cell tiv thaiv kab mob mus rau SARS-CoV-2 structural protein. Grifoni et al26 tau soj ntsuam tus kab mob txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob kis kab mob uas lawv tau kwv yees tias yuav txhawb nqa T hlwb zoo. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau nthuav tawm cov hlwb los ntawm 10 tus neeg mob tau zoo COVID-19 rau cov kab mob kis kab mob no. Tag nrho 10 tus neeg mob muaj tus pab T hlwb uas teb rau SARS-CoV{10}} spike protein.
Tsis tas li ntawd, 7 ntawm 10 tus neeg mob tau teb rau kev txhawb nqa nrog cov kab mob no los ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob tshwj xeeb tua kab mob T cells.26 Ib yam li ntawd, hauv daim ntawv sau ua ntej, Braun et al.27 pom tus pab T hlwb uas tuaj yeem tsom cov protein ntau hauv 15 ntawm 18 tus neeg mob tau pw hauv tsev kho mob nrog COVID-19. Cov ntawv 2 tom kawg no, nrog rau ib daim ntawv los ntawm Mateus et al,28 tau txheeb xyuas cov cell reactive nrog SARS-CoV-2 cov proteins hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv uas tsis tau kis rau COVID-19. Tsis tas li ntawd, 2 ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tias cov lus teb no yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam T-cell lees paub ntawm cov kab mob coronaviruses thiab SARS-CoV-2.26,28.
Kev tshawb nrhiav tsiaj sib tw
Ob qhov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm tsis ntev los no, ib tus neeg txheeb xyuas 21 thiab lwm qhov tau tshaj tawm ua ntej luam tawm, 29 tau pom tias macaques kis tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2 tiv thaiv rov ua dua nrog tib tus kab mob sib cais tom qab rov zoo los ntawm lawv thawj kis. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yav dhau los, macaques uas tau zoo los ntawm qhov chaw kuaj mob tshwm sim los ntawm COVID-19 thiab tau rov ua dua nrog tib lub inoculum tau pom tias 5 log10 txo qis hauv cov kab mob nruab nrab hauv bronchoalveolar lavage thiab qhov ntswg mucosa piv nrog cov qib kuaj pom thaum lawv thawj kis. . Hauv ob qho kev tshawb fawb, qib siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nruab nrab tau kuaj pom tom qab qhov kev rov ua dua tshiab. Tsis yog ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam cov lus teb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm macaques kom ntxaws.
Kev kho mob rau hnub tim
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb muab qee cov pov thawj tias kev kuaj mob, thiab txawm tias mob me me, tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam tus kab mob COVID-19 tshwm sim ntawm lub nkoj nuv ntses.30 Qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam yog 85 feem pua (104 ntawm 122 tus neeg ua haujlwm); Txawm li cas los xij, 3 tus neeg ua haujlwm uas tau paub tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua ntej tawm mus tseem tsis muaj kab mob.
Yog li, 3 tus neeg no uas tau paub ua ntej qhov tshwm sim kom muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antinucleoprotein muaj zog thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev kis kab mob. Ob qhov kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm tsis ntev los no uas tseem tsis tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov phooj ywg kuj tau kuaj pom cov lus teb tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau zoo los ntawm COVID-19.31,32 Thaum kawg, txawm hais tias qee qhov muaj peev xwm rov ua dua nrog SARS-CoV{{6 }} tau tshaj tawm, 33 qhov xwm txheej no tsis tshua muaj, thiab tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau raug pov thawj los sawv cev rau de novo reinfection. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kabmob thiab Tiv Thaiv Kabmob (CDC) lub vev xaib tau hais meej meej tias lawv tsis paub txog cov ntaub ntawv lees paub ntawm COVID-19 rov ua dua tshiab tshwm sim hauv 90 hnub ntawm tus kabmob thawj zaug.34 Qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv rov ua dua tshiab tsis ncaj qha rau yam tsawg kawg. luv-term tiv thaiv tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas zoo lawm.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, txawm hais tias nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntuj, humoral, thiab cellular tiv thaiv kab mob, thaum txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus nrog cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tsiaj, muab kev txhawb nqa ntau rau lub tswv yim tias kev rov qab los ntawm COVID-19 cuam tshuam nrog ib qho kev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj zog uas muaj cov lus teb humoral thiab cell-mediated. Peb yuav tsis paub meej seb puas muaj tus kab mob ua ntej lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kom txog thaum muaj tus kab mob txaus los yog cov neeg tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus kab mob no. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj rov ua dua qhia tias yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv tus tswv teb.
Hauv kev txhawb nqa lub tswv yim tom ntej no, txog rau tam sim no mus rau kev sib kis, ob peb, yog tias muaj, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm COVID-19 rov ua dua tshiab tau raug sau tseg. Altmann thiab Boyton35 tau sib cav tias, raws li kev paub dhau los nrog SARS-CoV-1 thiab MERS, cov lus teb ntawm kev lom zem yuav ua rau luv luv, thiab T-cell teb muaj peev xwm ua tau ntev dua. Tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom cov kev pab T-cell ruaj khov rau cov uas tau zoo los ntawm COVID-19.26 Ua ke, tag nrho cov kev tshawb pom no taw qhia qhov zoo rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv COVID-19.
Kev lees paub.
Cov kws sau ntawv lees paub txog kev pab ntawm SHEA Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Chaw Ua Haujlwm hauv kev npaj cov ntawv sau no.
Kev them nyiaj yug.
Tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kab lus no.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab cuam tshuam rau kab lus no.
Txij li cov ntawv sau no tau raug xa mus, ob peb kis ntawm SARS-CoV-2 rov kis tau zoo tau raug sau tseg.36–38 Raws li kev paub txog tus kabmob coronaviruses raws caij nyoog, qhov kev kis rov qab zoo li no tau xav txog. Qhov tseeb tias cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau sau tseg tsis tshua muaj pov thawj tsis ncaj qha rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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