Treadmill Exercise tiv thaiv kev poob qis hauv Spatial Kawm Thiab Nco hauv 3 × Tg-AD Cov nas Los ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Ntawm Cov Qauv Synaptic Plasticity Ntawm Hippocampus Thiab Prefrontal Cortex Part 4
Jul 23, 2024
Cov txha caj qaum raug cais raws li cov nceb yog tias txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub taub hau yog ntau dua li txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub caj dab [47]. Mushroom spines yog qhov ruaj khov thiab pheej nyob rau lub hlis.
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig thiab nce siab hauv lub neej tau ua rau ntau tus neeg xav tias poob, nkees, thiab txawm tias qaug zog. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, ntau tus neeg tuaj yeem pab tsis tau tab sis ua siab ntev: Peb yuav muaj sia nyob ntev npaum li cas hauv lub xeev muaj sia nyob?
Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb, nws tau pom tias tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muaj sia nyob rau ob peb lub hlis thiab nco. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev nyuaj siab uas peb tau ntsib yuav tsis ua rau peb lub cim xeeb poob. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txoj kev xav thiab tus cwj pwm zoo tsis tuaj yeem ua rau peb nco tau zoo xwb tab sis kuj pab kom peb ntsib kev nyuaj siab yav tom ntej.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tus cwj pwm zoo yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua kom lub cim xeeb zoo. Thaum peb muaj lub siab xav zoo, peb lub hlwb kuj yuav muaj zog tas li. Peb yuav tsom ntsoov ntau dua thiab muaj tswv yim. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov kev xav zoo thiab lub siab xav tuaj yeem txhim kho cov teeb meem tsis pom kev hauv lub khoos phis tawj. Yog tias peb tuaj yeem mob siab rau peb tus kheej rau lub neej thiab mus tom ntej zoo, peb yuav tsis nyob deb ntawm kev vam meej.
Tom ntej no, kev tawm dag zog me ntsis kuj tuaj yeem pab peb khaws lub cim xeeb zoo. Kev ua si lub cev tuaj yeem txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb. Kev tawm dag zog lub cev tuaj yeem txhawb cov metabolism thiab siv zog tsis zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, peb lub hlwb yuav tau txais oxygen ntau dua, uas pab tau rau peb lub hlwb thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, kev kawm yam tshiab thiab tswj xyuas qhov xav paub kuj tuaj yeem pab peb txhim kho kev nco qab. Kev kawm thiab tshawb nrhiav ua kom peb lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm. Thaum peb tshawb nrhiav thaj chaw tshiab, peb lub hlwb yuav nyuaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nco yuav txhim kho.
Hauv luv luv, ib puag ncig thiab teeb meem peb nyob hauv yuav tsis ua rau peb nco. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev tswj tus cwj pwm zoo, kev tawm dag zog me ntsis, thiab kawm yam tshiab tuaj yeem pab peb ua kom peb lub cim xeeb muaj zog. Yog tias peb muaj tus cwj pwm zoo thiab tswj xyuas kev xav paub, kuv ntseeg tias peb tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob ntev dua hauv lub ntiaj teb nyuaj no. Nws pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neurotransmitters, xws li nce qib ntawm acetylcholine thiab kev loj hlob, uas tseem ceeb heev rau kev nco thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav khiav thiab txhawb nqa cov pa oxygen, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub hlwb tau txais cov khoom noj txaus thiab lub zog, yog li txhim kho lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab kev ua siab ntev.
Nyem paub ntxiv los txhim kho kev nco
Lawv tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm cov pob txha nyias los ntawm lub sijhawm ntev potentiation (LTP) [56,58]. Ob txoj kev ANOVA qhia tias genotype thiab treadmill ce tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov nceb hauv hippocampus (genotype: F1,31=6.2, p=0.019; treadmill ce: F1,{10} }.4,p=0.245; genotype × treadmill qoj ib ce: F1, 23=0.06, p=0.803;
Forthe prefrontal cortex, ob-txoj kev ANOVA qhia tias genotype thiab treadmill ce muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov nceb spines (genotype: F1,31=23.3,p < 0.001 ; treadmill ce: F1, 31=24.4, p < 0.001 Daim duab 6G), tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm genotype thiab treadmill ce ntawm cov nceb spines (genotype × treadmill ce sib cuam tshuam: F1, {{13 }}.1, p=0.723; Daim duab 6G).
Tukey's posthoc tests qhia tias cov nceb nceb tau txo qis hauv cov prefrontal cortex hauv 3 × Tg-AD tswj pawg piv rau pawg tswj tsis-Tg (p=0.001; Daim duab 6G ), thiab treadmill ce nce tus naj npawb ntawm nceb spinesin prefrontal cortex (p <0.001; Daim duab 6G) hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas.
Meanwhile, treadmillexercise nce cov nceb spines (p=0}.003; Daim duab 6G) ntawm cov prefrontal cortex innon-Tg nas.Spines raug suav hais tias stubby yog qhov ntev thiab dav sib npaug [47].
Stubby spinesare pom tias yog hom tsis paub qab hau uas muaj tshwm sim thaum ntxov tom qab yug me nyuam thiab qhia txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv lub hlwb paub tab [59]. Stubby spines tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm homeostatic ntawm calcium thiab kev tswj ntawm neuronal excitability [60].
Ob txoj kev ANOVA qhia tias genotype thiab treadmill kev tawm dag zog tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau cov txha nraub qaum hauv hippocampus (genotype: F1, 31=5.8, p=0.023; treadmill exercise: F1, {{7} }.6, p=0.430; genotype × treadmill qoj ib ce: F1, 31=0.01, p=0.810;
Txawm li cas los xij, ob txoj kev ANOVA tau qhia tias genotype thiab treadmillexercise muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob txha txha caj qaum (genotype: F1,31=31.1,p < 0.001; treadmill ce: F1,{ {7}}.4, p=0.001; Daim duab 6I), thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm genotype thiab treadmill ce rau tus naj npawb ntawm stubby spines (genotype × treadmill ce sib cuam tshuam: F1,{{13} }.4, p=0.522; Daim duab 6I) nyob rau hauv lub prefrontalcortex.
Tukey's post hoc tests qhia tias cov pob txha ntawm cov pob txha ntawm prefrontal cortex tau txo qis hauv 3 × Tg-AD tswj pawg piv rau pawg tswj tsis-Tg (p < 0.001; Daim duab 6I).
Treadmill kev tawm dag zog tau nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov txha nraub qaum hauv prefrontal cortex (p=0.005; Daim duab 6I) hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas. Lub caij no, treadmill kev tawm dag zog tau nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov txha nraub qaum (p=0.042; Daim duab 6I) ntawm prefrontal cortex innon-Tg nas.
4. Kev sib tham
Ntawm no, peb tau ua pov thawj tias 6-hli-xyoo-laus 3 × Tg-AD nas tau nthuav tawm cov nas ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm treadmill pretreatment tiv thaiv qhov poob ntawm spatialworking nco hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas.
Treadmill ce pretreatment coj mus nce insynapse tooj, synaptic structural tsis, qhov qhia ntawm Syn, lub axon ntev, dendritic complexity, tus naj npawb ntawm dendritic spines, thiab kho cov txheej txheem synapticplasticity ntawm lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex nyob rau hauv 3 × Tg-AD Lub caij no, treadmill ce pretreatment txhim kho synaptic plasticity los ntawm kev nce cov lej synapse, axon ntev, dendritic complexity, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm dendritic spines hauv hippocampusand / lossis prefrontal cortex ntawm cov nas uas tsis yog Tg.
Peb qhov kev tshawb pom qhia tias kev tawm dag zog tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nyob rau theem pib kom ncua kev loj hlob ntawm AD.Peb pom tias feem pua ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco tsis raug tau nce ntxiv hauv 3 × Tg-AD tswj pawg piv rau pawg tswj tsis-Tg, tab sis tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm feem pua ntawm kev siv lub cim xeeb yuam kev.
Lub sij hawm luv luv thiab kev poob ntawm synapticfunction yog thawj zaug thiab feem ntau nthuav tawm cov cim qhia ntawm kev nco tsis zoo thiab kev paub tsis meej [35]. Raws li tus kab mob loj hlob zuj zus, tib neeg maj mam poob mus rau lub sijhawm ntev ua rau muaj teeb meem nrog kev ua haujlwm ntau thiab kev xav paub daws teeb meem. Yog li, qhov no tshwm sim tias 6-hli-xyoo-laus 3 × Tg-AD nas tseem nyob rau theem pib ntawm AD kev vam meej.
Ntxiv mus, 12 lub lis piam ntawm treadmill ce pretreatment coj mus rau qhov txo qis hauv feem pua ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco tsis raug rau hnub 5 thiab hnub 6 ntawm qhov kev sib ntsib nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv yim-arm radial maze test.
Lub yim-caj npab radial maze yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau paradigms los ntsuam xyuas spatial ua hauj lwm nco thiab spatial reference nco [61]. Spatialworking nco yog feem ntau siv synonymously nrog lub sij hawm luv luv nco, tab sis ua hauj lwm nco tso cai rau manipulation ntawm khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv, whereas lub sij hawm luv luv tsuas yog hais txog lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv [62].
Spatial reference memory hais txog kev nco mus ntev uas yuav tsum tau nco qab cov ntaub ntawv [63]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias treadmill khiav rov qab qhov kev paub tsis zoo hauv 3 × TgAD nas nyob rau hauv Morris dej maze txoj hauj lwm, uas kuaj hippocampal-nyob ntawm kev kawm, suav nrog kev nrhiav tau ntawm spatial nco thiab lub sij hawm ntev spatial nco [64-66].
Ua ke, 6-hli-xyoo-laus 3 × Tg-AD nas tau nthuav tawm qhov txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cim xeeb, thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco ua yuam kev nyob rau hauv yim-caj npab radial maze xeem qhia tau hais tias treadmill ce pretreatments tiv thaiv kev poob qis hauv kev kawm spatial thiab nco nyob rau theem pib ntawm 3 × Tg-AD nas.
Peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm uas tuaj yeem hais txog qhov kev tawm dag zog treadmill ua rau txo qis ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco ua yuam kev hauv rau-hli-laus 3 × Tg-AD nas. Structuralsynaptic plasticity yog manifested raws li kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb thiab loj ntawm synapses, qhov ntev ntawm lub synaptic active cheeb tsam, qhov dav ntawm lub synaptic cleft, synaptic curvature, thiab lub thickness ntawm lub postsynaptic ceev [67].
Nws ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem synaptic plasticity nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex tsim cov cellular hauv paus ntawm kev kawm thiab kev nco, uas nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv pre- thiab post-synaptic neuronal mechanisms [5,6]. Peb pom tias treadmill ce pretreatments ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov lej synapse ob qho tib si hauv hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex ntawm rau-hli 3 × Tg-AD nas.
Lub caij no, treadmill ce pretreatments tau nce cov lej synapse ob leeg hauv hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex hauv cov nas uas tsis yog Tg. Qhov ntev ntawm lub synaptic active cheeb tsam qhia txog lub presynapticneuronal mechanisms ntawm structural synaptic plasticity, thaum lub synaptic curvature thiab lub thickness ntawm lub postsynaptic ceev qhia txog lub postsynaptic neuronal mechanisms ntawmstructural synaptic plasticity [68,69].
Lub synaptic cleft yog cov qauv ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev xa cov neurotransmitter ntawm presynaptic thiab postsynaptic neurons, thiab optimalshortening ntawm lub synaptic cleft yuav muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm optimizing synapticstrength [37,38].
Tseeb, peb pom tias treadmill ce pretreatments tau nce qhov ntev ntawm lub synaptic active cheeb tsam, lub synaptic curvature, thiab lub thickness ntawm postsynaptic ceev, shortening qhov dav ntawm lub synaptic cleft nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex ntawm rau-hli-hnub nyoog 3 ×. Tg-AD nas. Syn yog ib qho cim protein ntawm presynaptic vesicles ntawm cov hlab ntsha hlwb [70], thaum PSD95 yog ib qho pivotal postsynaptic scaffolding protein uas modulates postsynaptic teb rau presynaptic tso tawm ntawm glutamate los ntawm kev tswj lub anchoring ntawm glutamate receptors rau PSD [71].
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias Syn thiab PSD95 tau raug txo qis hauv lub hlwb cortex ntawm xya-hli-hnub nyoog 3 × Tg-AD nas thiab tau rov qab los ntawm rau lub hlis ntawm kev yeem tawm dag zog [72].
Raws li txoj kev tshawb no [72], peb pom tias treadmill ce ua kom yooj yim rau kev qhia ntawm Syn nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex ntawm rau-hli 3 × Tg-ADmice.
A thiab tau-induced cuam tshuam ntawm synaptic muaj nuj nqi kuj yog manifest li impairedLTP/LTD induction thiab network oscillations [37,73,74]. Lub caij no, Treadmill qoj ib ce txo qis APP, BACE-1, thiab Ib lub nra hnyav hauv ob qho tib si hippocampus thiab cortex hauv ADmodel nas [24,27].
Nws yog li no yuav ua rau muaj kev tawm dag zog ntau ntxiv hauv cov lej synapse, cov qauv synaptic, thiab theem ntawm Syn ua rau kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm neurotransmitterrelease thiab tiv thaiv kev poob qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm peb × Tg-AD nas.
Axons, dendrites, thiab dendritic spines yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv ntawm synapticplasticity. Lub axon yog ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb los xa cov teeb liab, qhov dendrites tshwj xeeb kom tau txais cov cim [75,76]. Hauv vivo, cov duab qhia tau hais tias axonal abnormalities thiab dendritic breakage nyob ib ncig ntawm amyloid plaques nyob rau hauv 4–12-hli-laus ob chav transgenicAPP/PS1 nas qauv ntawm AD thiab 3 × Tg-AD nas [73,74].
Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro siv A 1-42 thiab oligomeric A tau qhia tias 60 h A kev kho mob ua rau muaj qhov degeneration ntawm ob qho tib si axons, neuronal somata, thiab neuronal network dynamics [77,78]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov treadmill khiav tau yooj yim A deposition thiab theem ntawm tau nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab cerebral cortex nyob rau hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas thiab high-fat noj- noj nas [66,67,79].
Peb pom tias qhov ntev axon thiab dendritic complexity ntawm hippocampus thiab prefrontalcortex tau txo qis hauv 3 × Tg-AD tswj pawg piv rau pawg tsis-Tgcontrol.
Treadmill ce pretreatment nce axon ntev thiab dendriticcomplexity nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex nyob rau hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas. Treadmill ce pretreatment yuav tuav axon ntev thiab dendritic complexity nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex nyob rau hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas. Lub caij no, treadmill exercisepretreatment nce axon ntev thiab dendritic complexity nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex nyob rau hauv non-Tg nas, qhia tau hais tias kev tawm dag zog induces ib tug ntau zog surfacearea los pab txhawb kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov neurons thiab ua rau txhim kho cov qauv synapticplasticity nyob rau hauv non-Tgritices nce. thaj chaw saum npoo rau kev sib txuas synaptic.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov duab, qhov loj me, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob synaptic tau xav tias yuav ua rau muaj kev nco qab thiab pom muaj ntau yam kab mob neurodegenerative, suav nrog AD thiab Parkinson'sdisease [80-82]. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro pom tau tias 48-h kev kho mob nrog 0.5–1.0 µM A 1–42 txo qis dendritic spine/synapse ceev hauv hippocampal kab lis kev cai mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ~ 40% [83].
Ntawm no, peb tau pom tias tus naj npawb ntawm tag nrho cov dendritic spines ntawm hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex tau txo qis hauv 3 × Tg-AD tswj pawg piv rau pawg tswj tsis-Tg. Treadmill ce pretreatment thaiv qhov txo qis ntawm cov txha nraub qaum hauv hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas.
Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm cov pob txha ntawm hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex tau txo qis hauv 3 × Tg-AD ce pab pawg piv rau pawg tswj tsis-Tg, qhia tias 12 lub lis piam ntawm treadmill ce pretreatment ib feem rov qab poob ntawm dendritic spinesin rau-hli- qub 3 × Tg-AD nas. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tawm dag zog treadmill tau nce ntxiv ntawm cov pob txha ntawm hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex hauv cov nas uas tsis yog Tg. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm dendritic spines muaj feem xyuam nrog kev kawm thiab kev nco, thiab nyias, nceb, thiab txhav txhav muaj lub luag haujlwm sib txawv hauv kev kawm thiab kev nco [56].
Nyias spines yog dynamic ntau tshaj li nceb spines, teb tosynaptic kev ua si, thiab ntseeg tau tias yog "kev kawm spines", lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tsim tshiab nco nyob rau hauv lub synaptic plasticity txheej txheem, nrog rau lub taub hau o [56,79].Mushroom spines tsim muaj zog synaptic kev sib txuas, muaj lub neej ntev tshaj plaws, thiab yog li ntawd xav tias yog qhov chaw ntawm lub cim xeeb mus ntev [56,79].
Stubby spines yog viewedas ib hom tsis paub tab uas muaj ntau thaum ntxov postnatal txoj kev loj hlob thiab qhia txog cov txheeb ze nyob rau hauv lub hlwb paub tab [59]. Tseeb, peb pom tias nyias nyias (hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex), nceb spines (prefrontal cortex), thiab stubby spines (prefrontalcortex) tau txo qis hauv 3 × Tg-AD tswj pawg piv rau pawg tsis-Tgcontrol.
Qhov kev sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam no tuaj yeem yog vim lub sijhawm ntawm A deposition, uas pib hauv neocortex thiab nce mus rau hippocampus hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas [17].
Yog li ntawd, lub dendritic spines ntawm neocortex yog qhov kev puas tsuaj loj dua. Treadmillexercise pretreatment thaiv qhov txo qis ntawm cov pob txha nyias, nceb spines, thiab stubby spines ob leeg nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex nyob rau hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas, whiletreadmill ce nce lub nyias spines ntawm lub hippocampus thiab prefrontal cortex, nceb spines ntawm lub prefrontal cortex, thiab stubby spines ntawm prefrontal cortex nyob rau hauv nonTg nas.
Ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus txha caj qaum dendritic nyob rau hauv lub hippocampusand nco tau pom tau siv qhov kev ntshai txias paradigm, Morris watermaze, thiab cov khoom tso rau kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm [84].
Treadmill ce pretreatment tej zaum yuav potentiates synaptic kev sib txuas los ntawm kev nce hauv dendritic spines. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yuav piav qhia yog vim li cas treadmill ce pretreatment tiv thaiv kev poob qis hauv spatialworking nco hauv 3 × Tg-AD nas. Kev cuam tshuam kev tawm dag zog yog xav tias yog qhov kev xaiv nyab xeeb thiab kev lag luam raws li kev kho mob lossis kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob. Yog li ntawd, kev tawm dag zog tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam los hloov pauv kev loj hlob ntawm AD.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv: Cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa hauv qab no tuaj yeem rub tawm ntawm https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cells11020244/s1, Daim duab S1: Tag nrho-ntev Western blots ntawm Synand PSD95 qhia cov ntaub ntawv qhia hauv daim duab 4.
Sau Cov Kev Pabcuam: Kev xav, LM, JC, Q.-SL, thiab LZ; methodology, LM, JC, BG, LY, thiab CL; software, LM, JC, BG, LY, thiab CL; validation, LM, JC, BG, LY, thiab CL; kev txheeb xyuas, LM, JC, BG, LY, thiab CL; kev tshawb nrhiav, LM, JC, BG, LY, thiab CL; cov peev txheej, LM, JC, thiab BG; cov ntaub ntawv curation, LM, JC, thiab BG; kev sau ntawv-kev npaj ua ntej, LM, JC, Q.-SL, thiab LZ; sau-saib xyuas thiab kho, LM, JC, BG, LY, CL, Q.-SL, thiab LZ; kev pom, Q.-SL thiab LZ; kev saib xyuas, Q.-SL thiab LZ; kev tswj xyuas qhov project, Q.-SL thiab L.Z.; Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, LZ Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Cov Nyiaj Txiag: Txoj haujlwm no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm National Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (31571229) rau LZ
Institutional Review Board Statement: Tsiaj tu thiab siv yog raws li kev pom zoo los ntawm Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ntawm Beijing Sport University.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo: Tsis siv tau.
Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Cov ntaub ntawv qhia hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no muaj nyob rau ntawm kev thov los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab: Cov neeg sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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