Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Tshaj Qhov Intraparietal Sulcus Tsis cuam tshuam Kev Ua Haujlwm Nco Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm Ntu 2

Txoj kev

PARTICIPANTS

Siv G*Power 3.1 (Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang,2009) peb txiav txim siab tias kom ua tiav lub zog ntawm 0.8, qhov yuam kev ntawm 0.05, thiab kwv yees qhov loj me ntawm 0.4, peb xav tau tsawg kawg 42 tus neeg koom.

Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua yuam kev thiab kev nco. Peb txhua tus yuav ua yuam kev thiab ua yuam kev txhua lub sijhawm, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis tau txhais hais tias peb yuav tsum tau hneev rau cov kev ua yuam kev no lossis lees txais lawv ua qhov tshwm sim uas tsis muaj tshwm sim. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qee zaum, qhov tsis raug thiab qhov tsis raug tuaj yeem pab peb txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb thiab kev kawm muaj peev xwm, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev ua yuam kev tuaj yeem ua rau peb xav tob dua thiab ua rau peb xav paub ntau ntxiv thiab ua siab loj los tshawb txog cov teeb meem. Thaum peb kawm tej yam tshiab, tej zaum peb yuav muaj tej kev to taub thiab kev to taub yuam kev, uas ua rau peb paub txog peb tej kev tsis txaus, yog li ntawd txhawb peb kom peb kawm thiab xav ntau ntxiv.

Qhov thib ob, kev ua yuam kev tuaj yeem ua rau peb muaj peev xwm nco tau. Los ntawm kev ua yuam kev thiab nrhiav kev kho kom raug raws sijhawm, peb tuaj yeem nco qab qhov kev paub tseeb ntau dua. Qhov no yog vim peb txuas ntxiv kho thiab txhim kho raws li peb qhov kev ua yuam kev, tsim cov kev xav tob thiab nco.

Thaum kawg, kev ua yuam kev kom raug ua rau peb ua siab ntev thiab ua siab ntev. Kev ua yuam kev yuav tsum tau ua siab loj fim thiab lees txais lawv, thiab nws tseem xav kom peb yuav tsum twv peb tus kheej thiab sim ua kom tsis tu ncua. Nws yog qhov kev mob siab rau thiab kev siv zog uas ua rau peb muaj siab tawv thiab ntseeg siab hauv peb txoj kev kawm thiab lub neej.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua yuam kev thiab kev nco. Tsuas yog thaum peb nquag ntsib thiab daws qhov yuam kev peb tuaj yeem txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb thiab kev kawm txuj ci, ua rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua? Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola muaj antioxidant, tiv thaiv kev mob, thiab tiv thaiv kev laus, uas tuaj yeem pab txo qis oxidation thiab inflammatory tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb, yog li tiv thaiv cov kab mob. kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche deserticola kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kho cov paj hlwb, yog li txhim kho kev sib txuas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural networks. Cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev nco, kev kawm muaj peev xwm, thiab kev xav nrawm, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab kab mob neurodegenerative.

Nyem paub txoj hauv kev los txhim kho lub hlwb

Tsib caug tus neeg koom nrog txoj cai raug xaiv los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv zej zog los koom nrog hauv kev sim. Plaub caug xya tus neeg koom nrog (nees nkaum-peb tus txiv neej; txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog=24.15, SD=2.05) tau khaws cia rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zaum kawg; peb tus neeg koom yuav tsum raug cais tawm vim muaj teeb meem kev sau cov ntaub ntawv.

Ntau qhov tseeb, ob tus neeg koom tsis tau sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib qho ntawm lawv cov kev sib tham thiab qhov thib peb muaj cov lus teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau txhua qhov kev sib tham (ntau dua 80% tsis mloog lus). Cov neeg koom tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws los yog cov kab mob neurological thiab los ntawm txhua hom kev tsis pom kev.

Lawv tau sau ntawv tso cai los koom nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Psychology Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm LiègeUniversity, Belgium. Cov neeg koom tsis tau txais cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm rau lawv txoj kev koom tes.

GENERAL PROCEDURE

Txhua tus neeg koom tau koom nrog peb qhov sib cais tDCS nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim pseudo-randomized kwv yees li ib lub lis piam (± 2 hnub) sib nrug. Hauv txhua qhov kev sib tham, ib qho ntawm peb qhov xwm txheej, anodal stimulation, cathodal stimulation, orsham stimulation, tau tswj hwm.

Cov neeg koom ua tiav ob txoj haujlwm WM (hloov los ntawm Majerus etal., 2016) nyob rau txhua qhov ntawm peb qhov kev sib tham, ib txoj haujlwm paub txog kev pom arrayprobe thiab tsab ntawv sojntsuam txog kev lees paub.

Cov haujlwm no tau raug xaiv vim tias lawv tau raug qhia los nrhiav cov neeg mloog dorsal network thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ob sab IPS, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau siab dua WM load (Majerus et al., 2016): ob txoj haujlwm ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural thiab sib txawv multivariatevoxel qauv hauv IPS rau {{1 }}load piv rau 2-loadconditions.

Cov dej num tau piav qhia meej rau cov neeg koom nrog thiab lawv muaj sijhawm los nug cov lus nug ntxiv txog txoj haujlwm. Lawv kuj tau ua ib qho kev xyaum luv luv rau txhua txoj haujlwm (5 sim).

WM TASKS

Hauv kev ua haujlwm visuospatial WM (visual array proberecognition; Luck & Vogel, 1997), cov neeg koom tau ua kom nco txog txoj hauj lwm ntawm ntau xim squares (saib daim duab 1). Lawv tau yooj yim zaum ntawm qhov deb ntawm 90 centimeters los ntawm 22-inch screen.

Txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm tus cim exclamation thaum 1000 ms. Tom ntej no, ib qho array uas muaj 2 lossis 6 xim squares tshwm rau ntawm keeb kwm grey. Cov squares ploj tom qab 350 ms, tab sis keeb kwm grey nyob rau lwm 800 ms.

Tom qab ntawd, cov array rov tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen nrog ib qho ntawm cov squares voj voog thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tsawg dua 2000 ms seb lub voj voog ntawm lub voj voog yog xim tib yam li hauv lub cim xeeb array ornot.

Yog tias cov xim txawv, nws kuj txawv ntawm cov xim ntawm lwm cov squares rau qhov kev sim no. Rau ib tug muab, tsis muaj ob squares puas tau ntawm tib xim. Yog li, yog tias lub square raug soj ntsuam yog cov xim sib txawv dua li lub hom phiaj square, cov xim tshiab kuj txawv ntawm cov xim ntawm lwm cov xwmfab, yog li muab pov tseg qhov muaj peev xwm uas qhov kev sojntsuam tsis zoo tuaj yeem raug tsis lees paub tsuas yog kuaj cov xim zoo sib xws ntawm cov squares ntawm cov probearray.

Cov neeg koom teb tau teb los ntawm nias ib qho ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm lub khoos phis tawj keyboard ('d' nrog lawv sab laug Performance index rau 'tib xim' thiab 'k' nrog rau lawv qhov Performance index rau 'xim txawv').

Thaum cov lus teb tau sau tseg lossis lub sijhawm txwv ntawm 2000 ms tau mus txog muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv (random Gaussiandistribution nyob rau lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm 4000 ± 1000ms) ua ntej qhov kev sim tom ntej tau pib. Txoj haujlwm no tau tsim los txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhuam.

Muaj tag nrho ntawm 60 qhov kev sim nrog ib nrab ntawm lawv muaj kev hloov xim. Ib nrab ntawm cov kev sim muaj 2 squares (tsis tshua muaj load) thiab halfcomprised 6 squares (siab load mob). Cov qhab nia kawg tau raug ntsuas kom tau txais ib feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov raug, tsis raug, thiab cov lus teb uas ploj lawm thiab lawv cov sij hawm sib tham sib cuam tshuam.Nyob rau hauv kev hais lus WM ua haujlwm (tsab ntawv sojntsuam txog haujlwm, Sternberg, 1966), cov neeg koom tau nthuav tawm nrog kab rov tav ntawm 2 lossis 6 tsab ntawv, cov tsiaj ntawv raug coj mus kuaj yam tsis muaj kev rov ua dua los ntawm lub pas dej ntawm 16 tus lej sib txawv (saib daim duab 1).

Qhov kev nthuav qhia apparatus yog tib yam li rau kev ua haujlwm pom WM. Txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm exclamation cim rau 1000ms. Lub cim xeeb ib ntus tom qab ntawd tshwm sim rau 2500 ms ua raws los ntawm kev txhim kho tus ntoo khaub lig rau 4000 ms thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg koom nrog yuav tsum tuav cov kab ke hauv lub cim xeeb.

Tsab ntawv Aprobe tom qab ntawd tshwm sim hauv ib qho ntawm 2 lossis 6 txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm tau zoo, cov haujlwm serial tau qhia los ntawm cov kab rov tav kab rov tav. Cov neeg koom nrog 2000ms los txiav txim siab seb tsab ntawv sojntsuam puas tau nyob hauv daim ntawv nco thiab yog tias nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib txoj haujlwm ib yam li hauv qhov kev sojntsuam.

Cov neeg koom teb tau teb los ntawm nias ib qho ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm lub khoos phis tawj keyboard ('d' nrog rau lawv qhov ntsuas sab laug rau 'yog' thiab 'k' nrog lawv txoj cai index rau 'tsis raug'). Thaum cov lus teb tau sau tseg lossis lub sijhawm txwv ntawm 2000 ms tau mus txog muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv (random Gaussiandistribution nyob rau lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm 4000 ± 1000ms) ua ntej qhov kev sim tom ntej tau pib.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias muaj kev sim siab uas tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lwm txoj hauj lwm, tab sis tsis muaj kev sim uas tsab ntawv sojntsuam yog ib feem ntawm cov npe dhau los. Muaj tag nrho ntawm 84 qhov kev sim, nrog tib tus lej ntawm kev sim rau txhua qhov kev thauj khoom; ib nrab ntawm cov kev sojntsuam tau sib piv cov kev sojntsuam. Cov qhabnias kawg tau ua qauv kom tau txais qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov raug, tsis raug, thiab cov lus teb uas ploj lawm thiab lawv cov sijhawm nruab nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

tDCS

Qhov kev txhawb nqa tau xa los ntawm Lub hlwb Stimulator 1system (Lub hlwb Stimulator Inc., San Jose, California, USA) los ntawm ib khub ntawm saline-soaked nto spongeelectrodes (lub hom phiaj electrode=3} × 3 cm, rov qab electrode{{4} } × 5 cm) txuas nrog lub roj teeb uas tau tsav tas mus li stimulator.

Rau qhov mob anodal, anodeelectrode tau muab tso rau sab laug IPS (P3 localization raws li 10/20 EEG thoob ntiaj teb system), thiab cov cathode tau muab tso rau ntawm sab xis sab xis, thiab rau qhov mob cathodal, cathode tau muab tso rau sab laugIPS thiab cov anode. ntawm sab plhu.

Active stimulation muaj ib tug tas li tam sim no ntawm 2 mA thov rau 20 min (nrog 30 vib nas this ntawm fade-in thiab fade-out), sib xws rau lub sij hawm ntawm txoj hauj lwm. Tus mob sham muaj qhov stimulation rau 30, thiab tom qab ntawd lub stimulator raug tua.

Tom qab cov neeg koom nrog stimulation tau nug yog tias lawv muaj kev tsis xis nyob txog qhov stimulation thiab yog tias lawv xav tias muaj kev phiv los ntawm qhov stimulation. Ob tus neeg koom nrog yws txog kev kiv taub hau me ntsis tom qab anodal stimulation thiab lwm tus tom qab cathodalstimulation. Nco ntsoov txawm li cas los xij tias tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntau dua ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim.

STATISTICAL analyzes

A 3 (anodal, cathodal vs sham condition) × 2 (qis vs highload) rov ntsuas ntsuas qhov sib txawv (ANOVA) tau ua rau ob qho tib si cov lus teb raug thiab cov sijhawm ua haujlwm rau txhua txoj haujlwm (visuospatial thiab hais lus) nrog JASP (JASP Team, 2{ {4}}19, version 0.9.2).

Kev sim Shapiro-Wilk tau siv los ntsuas qhov qub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab Mauchly'stest tau siv los ntsuas qhov kev xav ntawm qhov kev xav.Greenhouse-Geisser-kho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tau siv thaum lub sphericity assumption tsis tau ntsib. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau ua pov thawj Bayesian asessian. qhov null hypothesis. Bayesiananalyses tau ua nrog JASP (version 0.9.2) nrog kev teeb tsa ua ntej (txhua tus qauv muaj qhov sib npaug ua ntej).

Txij li thaum muaj tag nrho tsib tus qauv allprior probabilities tau teem rau 0.2. Tus qauv null tsis suav nrog qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv. Contrary to frequentist statistics, qhov tau txais Bayes yam kwv yees pov thawj hauv kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev xav tsis zoo (BF01) lossis cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txaus siab (BF10).

Peb siv Jeffreys 'indicative benchmarks (1998) los piav txog lub zog ntawm cov pov thawj raws li cov lus piav qhia (0–3), substantial (3–10), strong (10–30), very strong (30–100), or decisive (>100).

Thawj zaug rov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVA) tau ua los ntawm cov lus teb raug rau ob txoj haujlwm (saib daim duab 2). Cov feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov raug rau visuospatialtask yog 97.8% (load 2) thiab 81.5% (load 6) nyob rau hauv lub anodalstimulation mob, 98,3% (load 2) thiab 81.5% (load 6) nyob rau hauv lub cathodal stimulation mob, thiab 98, 3% (load 2) thiab 80.7% (load 6) nyob rau hauv qhov kev txaj muag, feem.

Rau txoj haujlwm hais lus, qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov raug yog 98.3% (load 2) thiab 90.4% (load 6) hauv qhov mob anodalstimulation, 98.6% (load 2) thiab 91.6% (load 6)) hauv cathodal stimulation mob, thiab 98.4% (load 2) thiab 90.3% (load 6) nyob rau hauv qhov kev txaj muag, feem.

ANOVAs tau pom qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm (visuospatial: F(1,46)=277.42, p < 0.001,ηp2=0. {7}}; verbal: F(1,46)=63.40, p < 0.001, ηp2=0.58), butno main effect of condition (visuospatial: F(2,92) { {18}}.29,p=0.75; hais lus: F(2,92)=1.27, p=0.29) tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb × load cuam tshuam (visuospatial: F(2,92) =1.02, p=0.37; lus: F(2,92)=0.76, p=0.47).

Cov txiaj ntsig tau lees paub los ntawm Bayesian kev txheeb xyuas, cov qauv koom nrog cov pov thawj muaj zog tshaj plaws suav nrog tsuas yog cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom (visuospatial: BF10=4.91e+62; lus: BF10 =1.90e+20 ); Cov pov thawj muaj zog tiv thaiv qhov ua kom txias tau raug saib xyuas (visuospatial: BF01=24.33; lus: BF01=24.92).

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