Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Probiotics hauv Vannamei Shrimp Aquaculture Performance - Kev Ntsuam Xyuas
Jul 11, 2023
Abstract
Vannamei cw (Litopenaeus vannamei) yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam vim nws tus nqi siab, tsis tshua muaj kab mob, thiab muaj koob npe rau kev noj. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo no tau ua rau ntau tus neeg ua liaj ua teb cog qoob loo vannamei cw. Kev siv zog tab tom txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov tsiaj no, suav nrog kev siv cov probiotics, uas yog cov kab mob uas tsis yog kab mob uas pab hauv plab zom mov thiab pab tua kab mob. Probiotics feem ntau tau txais los ntawm cov hnyuv ntawm vannamei cw lossis kab lis kev cai ib puag ncig. Lawv yog cov nqi qis, tsis muaj kab mob, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam metabolites uas muaj cov kab mob tua kab mob thiab kev siv. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv probiotic feem ntau tau tsom mus rau kev nce qib vannamei cw aquaculture ntau lawm.
Cov kab mob, xws li Lactobacillus lossis Nitrobacter, tuaj yeem siv rau qhov ncauj, los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, los yog ntxiv rau hauv dej aquaculture. Probiotics pab txhim kho kev ciaj sia, dej zoo, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm qhov chaw sib tw nrog cov kab mob uas ua rau muaj kab mob, xws li Vibrio spp. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob probiotics ntau ntxiv inhibits kev loj hlob thiab muaj cov kab mob pathogenic, uas txo cov kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob probiotic kuj pab kev zom zaub mov los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov ntsiab lus nyuaj rau hauv cov khoom yooj yim uas lub cev tuaj yeem nqus tau yooj yim dua. Cov txheej txheem no txhim kho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov hnyav, qhov ntev, thiab pub hloov pauv hloov pauv. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tsom los muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev koom tes ntawm probiotics los txhim kho vannamei cw ntau lawm hauv aquaculture.
Probiotics hais txog ib chav kawm ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg lub cev. Lawv feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom los ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm probiotics thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Probiotics tuaj yeem kho cov lus teb ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua kom nws nkag siab ntau dua, thiab tib lub sijhawm inhibit ntau yam kab mob xws li kab mob thiab kab mob, yog li txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Piv txwv li, cov kab mob lactic acid tuaj yeem txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv plab, E. coli tuaj yeem pab lub cev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab bifidobacteria tuaj yeem txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Tsis tas li ntawd, probiotics tseem tuaj yeem txhawb txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov hnyuv, tswj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov hnyuv, tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob phem, thiab zam qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab. Cov hnyuv yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob loj tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg lub cev. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm tus naj npawb thiab hom probiotics hauv txoj hnyuv, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem nce ntxiv.
Feem ntau, probiotics muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob, txhawb txoj hnyuv, tswj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab inhibit cov kab mob, muab kev pab zoo rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, ua kom peb cov khoom noj kom zoo, thiab noj cov tshuaj probiotics uas tsim nyog los pab tswj cov hnyuv thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb txoj kev tiv thaiv. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv zoo, vim tias cov hmoov tshauv nqaij muaj ntau yam khoom xyaw lom neeg, xws li polysaccharides, ob lub nceb, Huang Li, thiab lwm yam, cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nqaij hauv ntau hom hlwb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, ua kom lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Nyem cistanche tubulosa cov txiaj ntsig
Ntsiab lus:
Daim ntawv thov, kab mob, ua liaj ua teb, microbiome, cw.
Taw qhia
Cw yog cov khoom lag luam aquaculture nrog kev cia siab zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb kev tsim cov cw qhia tias xyoo 2019, ntau dua 4,100, 000 cw tau tsim kom tau raws li qhov xav tau hauv ntiaj teb [1]. Raws li cov khoom lag luam, cw muaj qhov xav tau loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nrog tus nqi ntawm 4.85 billion USD [2]. Qhov loj tshaj plaws kev lag luam xav tau rau cw yog pom nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States of America (40 feem pua), Southeast Asia (28 feem pua), lub European Union (13 feem pua), thiab Nyiv (6 feem pua) [2]. Vannamei cw (Litopenaeus vannamei) yog hom cw nrov vim lawv saj zoo, khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm aquaculture, thiab cov kab mob siab [3-5]. Feem ntau ntawm vannamei cw yog tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua dej hauv dej (83 feem pua) [6].
Ntau qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tau tsim los txhim kho vannamei cw kab lis kev cai. Probiotics, piv txwv li, yog cov kab mob uas tsis yog kab mob uas nyob hauv cov hnyuv thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv [7] los ntawm kev txhim kho tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv kab mob los tiv thaiv kab mob thiab pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm tus tswv tsev [8]. Cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig no tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam cw thiab feem ntau ntxiv los ntawm cov khoom noj thiab kev txhaj tshuaj [9]. Meta-analysis cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 100 cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias probiotics tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj sia nyob ntawm vannamei cw nce mus txog 95 feem pua piv rau kev tswj hwm [10]. Nyob rau hauv vannamei cw, probiotics ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, kab mob, thiab ib puag ncig yam [11].
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tsom los muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm probiotics hauv vannamei cw aquaculture kev ua tau zoo. Cov kev ua tau zoo uas tau tshaj tawm hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no suav nrog kev loj hlob, kev ciaj sia, dej zoo, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Peb kuj txhais cov probiotics thiab sib tham txog lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv cw aquaculture.
Probiotic Mechanisms los txhim kho Vannamei Shrimp Aquaculture Performance
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov kab mob, xws li Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alteromonas, thiab Arthrobacter spp., tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv cw aquaculture (xws li, kev loj hlob, kev ciaj sia, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab dej zoo) [12 -17] los ntawm ntau lub tswv yim, suav nrog plab hnyuv, kev ua ub ua no, kev zom zaub mov, tshem tawm cov organic pov tseg, thiab tsim cov khoom noj ntxiv (xws li, biotin, Vitamin B12, fatty acids, amino acids tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam tsim nyog loj hlob) [ 10]. Ua ntej ua kom cov txheej txheem no, cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv, rov ua kom cov plab hnyuv microbiome, thiab qhia cov haujlwm uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub plab microbial zej zog. Cov kev ua ub no txhua tus txhim kho lossis tiv thaiv kev mob plab hnyuv thiab lwm yam kab mob plab hnyuv thiab kab mob phenotypes [18].
Cov hnyuv muab ib puag ncig zoo rau microbiota kom loj hlob vim muaj ntau ntawm cov as-ham uas twb muaj nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv ecosystem rau tus tswv tsev uas tseem xav tau los ntawm cov kab mob [19]. Cov kev sib raug zoo symbiotic pom nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv muaj xws li kev sib nrig sib, commensalism, thiab parasitism, nyob ntawm seb hom kab mob tseem ceeb tam sim no [20]. Piv txwv li, thaum cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb, cov cw aquaculture kev ua tau zoo dua qub, tab sis yog tias cov kab mob ua rau muaj teeb meem loj, cws yuav raug kab mob ntau dua, loj hlob qeeb dua, thiab txawm tias tuag. Yog li, probiotics ua haujlwm rau colonize lub plab hauv txoj kev muaj txiaj ntsig.
Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub cev lub cev, probiotics qhib cov tshuaj insulin zoo li kev loj hlob 1 (IGF-1) los ntawm kev nce cov saw luv fatty acids (SCFA) [21]. Insulin-zoo li kev loj hlob zoo li 1 feem ntau yog zais los ntawm lub siab los ntawm kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev loj hlob hormone (GH) [22]. Nws khi rau receptors ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes thiab feem ntau ua haujlwm los ua kom cov cell proliferation thiab sib txawv [23]. Short-chain fatty acids kuj tseem ua cov haujlwm antagonistic uas tsim cov metabolites, xws li cov organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetoin, carbon dioxide, reuterin, thiab lwm yam bacteriocins thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sib tw, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus tswv tsev. kev tiv thaiv, thiab kev tsim cov teeb liab molecules uas ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm noob caj noob ces [24]. Piv txwv li, antagonist kev ua ub no koom nrog hauv histone deacetylase, uas ua rau DNA ua kom nruj dua nyob ib puag ncig histone cores, yog li ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev khi rau DNA los ntawm deacetylating histone tails [25]. Qhov no ua rau txo qis ntawm cov noob qhia thiab hu ua gene silencing [26]. Probiotics deactivate histone deacetylase thiab elevate GH los ntawm gene qhia.
Probiotics kuj pab zom cov as-ham los yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim uas yooj yim dua absorbed. Raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, probiotics ua rau kom digestive enzyme secretion (amylase, protease, thiab lipase) thiab tsim cov as-ham (vitamin, fatty acids, thiab amino acids) uas tuaj yeem pab txhawb rau txoj kev zom zaub mov thiab kev siv pub [27]. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog siv los ntawm tus tswv tsev rau kev loj hlob, txhim kho kev ciaj sia, thiab kev noj qab haus huv.
Probiotics kuj ua lub luag haujlwm sab nraud (piv txwv li, dej zoo), ntxiv rau lub luag haujlwm sab hauv uas lawv ua si. Piv txwv li, probiotics pab txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv organic hauv dej los ntawm, piv txwv li, quav, khib nyiab, cov kab mob tuag, thiab cov pellets tsis noj hauv dej aquaculture [28]. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim cov organic teeb meem hauv cov dej tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv ammonia, ib qho tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev [29] uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tuag txog li 100 feem pua hauv vannamei cw kab lis kev cai [30]. Probiotics txo cov ntsiab lus ammonia ntawm dej los ntawm nitrification thiab denitrification [31]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus oxygen yaj hauv dej nce ntxiv thaum muaj cov tshuaj probiotics vim tias lawv rhuav tshem cov organic teeb meem uas tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov neeg tsim cov pa oxygen ua cov as-ham los pab txhawb photosynthesis [32]. Cov txheej txheem koom nrog hauv kev siv probiotics hauv vannamei cw aquaculture yog nthuav tawm hauv daim duab-1.
Daim ntawv thov teb
Probiotics tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb hom nyob ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov hauv thaj chaw (xws li, hauv nruab nrab (dej) lossis immersion, qhov ncauj, thiab txhaj tshuaj) [13, 33, 34]. Kev tswj hwm ntawm probiotics rau vannamei cw kab lis kev cai yog qhia hauv daim duab -2. Probiotics uas ntxiv rau hauv dej tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv dej nruab nrab los ntawm kev nqus tag nrho cov as-ham tam sim no hauv dej [35]. Qhov no tso cai rau tag nrho cov zaub mov digestible tam sim no nyob rau hauv dej kom nqus tau, uas ua rau kev tshaib plab ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic tshwm sim vim tsis muaj zaub mov noj [36]. Ib qho tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev tswj hwm no yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem lav tias vannamei cw tam sim no hauv dej yuav nqus thiab siv cov probiotics (tsis muaj lub hom phiaj) [37].
Qhov ncauj probiotics yog muab rau vannamei cw hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus kom nce cov txiaj ntsig microflora hauv plab [13] thiab tseem tuaj yeem siv los ntawm probiotic-nplua nuj Artemia lossis microalgae hom los txhim kho kev loj hlob thiab ciaj sia thaum lub sij hawm pub mis [38]. Microencapsulation yog lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tswj hwm probiotic uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab cuam tshuam rau cov dej zoo, lub cev tsis zoo, thiab kev noj qab haus huv cw [39]. Ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev no yog tias cov cw tau txais ntau yam probiotics xav tau los ntawm lub cev, tab sis txoj kev no yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm probiotics tsis tu ncua kom ntseeg tau tias cov probiotics ua haujlwm [39]. Thaum kawg, probiotics tuaj yeem muab ncaj qha rau lub cev cw raws li kev txhaj tshuaj, uas ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov probiotics tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev [40]. Lub sijhawm thiab tus nqi yuav tsum tau txhaj rau txhua cws yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev no.
Stimulation ntawm kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo thiab ciaj sia taus tus nqi
Kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm vannamei cw kab lis kev cai vim tus nqi thiab lub sijhawm koom nrog hauv kev loj hlob cw los ntawm me me mus rau qhov loj me [10-12, 38]. Kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo tsis suav nrog kev loj hlob tshwj xeeb, qhov kawg ntawm lub cev hnyav, qhov hnyav nce, kev noj zaub mov zoo, thiab kev hloov pauv hloov pauv (FCR) [41, 42]. Cov kev txwv no raug suav los txiav txim seb qhov kev loj hlob ntawm vannamei cw yog qhov zoo vim tias lawv cuam tshuam rau kev cog qoob loo (piv txwv li, nqi, nyiaj tau los, thiab poob) [43]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob hauv kev loj hlob ntawm vannamei cw yog qhia hauv Table -1 [16, 44–55].
Raws li tau piav qhia dhau los, probiotics tuaj yeem txhim kho cw loj hlob los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov as-ham los yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas yooj yim dua absorbed thiab los ntawm activating GHs [21, 56]. Qee cov kab mob tau tshaj tawm los pab kev loj hlob ntawm cw yog Bacillus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Psychrobacter, thiab Arthrobacter spp. [16, 44–46] ib. Cov kab mob no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv ntawm vannamei cw thiab muab ntau yam txiaj ntsig.
Table -1 kuj tseem muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev muaj sia nyob ntau dua nyob hauv vannamei cw nrog kev siv probiotic. Probiotics pab cov cw ua tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau kev noj haus [57], uas pab tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev ntxhov siab, tsis muaj zaub mov noj, thiab kev tuag [11]. Cov ciaj sia taus yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog kev cog qoob loo zoo txij li nws cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tus naj npawb ntawm cov cw muag thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cov nyiaj tau los.
Immune Modulation and Disease Resistance
Txhawm rau ua kom cov cw tsis kam tiv thaiv kab mob, cov kev kho mob probiotic txhawb nqa cov kab mob tsis muaj kab mob hauv lub cev. Ntau yam kab mob uas pom hauv cw kab lis kev cai yog tshwm sim los ntawm Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, thiab Aeromonas, Photobacterium, Tenacibaculum, thiab Shewanella spp. [58–60]. Vibrio parahaemolyticus ua rau mob hepatopancreatic necrosis kab mob (AHPND) hauv vannamei cw [61] thiab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev mob hnyav hauv cov cw hepatopancreas uas nthuav tawm cov cim histopathology ntawm cov theem mob [62]. Tus kab mob no, uas tseem hu ua kev tuag ntxov ntxov, tuaj yeem ua rau 40 feem pua -100 feem pua ntawm cov neeg tuag hauv cw kab lis kev cai [63, 64]. Cov lus-2 qhia tau hais tias probiotics tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhim kho cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, txawm hais tias AHPND [16, 44, 46–50, 52, 54, 58, 65–70].
Lactobacillus thiab Bacillus spp. yog pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas tau siv dav los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tshwj xeeb hauv vannamei cw, xws li Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus pentosus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Bacillus, thiab Bacillus 0, 71–74] ib.
Lwm pawg ntawm cov kab mob no yog siv los tiv thaiv kab mob los yog lub cev tiv thaiv stimulants nyob rau hauv van mei cw, xws li Pseudomonas, Nitrosomanas, Aerobacter, thiab Nitrobacter spp., as Well as Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Clostridium butyricum, thiab Enterococcus faecium [17, 57, 65] ]. Kev muab cov kab mob no nce lysosome ntau lawm hauv cw. Lysosomes hydrolyze thiab rhuav tshem glycoside bonds hauv cov kab mob ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, yog li ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov kab mob pathogenic kom kis tau cw. Tsis tas li ntawd, lysosomes nce aspartate aminotransferase thiab alanine aminotransferase, uas yog cov cim ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntuj nyob rau hauv cws, thiab tseem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cw [46, 76]. Yog tias lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob nce ntxiv, ces qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem txo qis thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cw maximized.
Probiotics paub zoo rau lawv qhov kev tawm tsam rau cov kab mob hauv cov hom tsiaj thiab hauv kab lis kev cai. Ob peb lub tswv yim rau qhov kev ua no yog txhais los ntawm hom kab mob probiotic uas ua rau cov kab mob antagonism, xws li suppressing pejxeem ntawm Vibrio spp. [75]. Kev siv cov tshuaj probiotics tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib tw sib tw uas tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces tseem ceeb [77]. Piv txwv li, ntau Bacillus spp. tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov metabolites hauv kev teb rau cov kab mob pathogenic microbes. Piv txwv li, Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17 tau pom tias yuav ua rau kom digestive enzymes (trypsin) thiab antioxidant enzymes, nce cw tiv thaiv kab mob (76.9 feem pua), thiab nce ciaj sia taus (89 feem pua) [46]. Cov kab mob no sib tw rau qhov chaw nrog lwm cov kab mob pathogenic, xws li Staphylococcus, Aerococcus, thiab Vibrio spp., thiab Escherichia coli [40]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los pom tias AHPND-mob kab mob vannamei cw tau nce ntau ntawm V. parahaemolyticus hauv plab [78]. Kev siv cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig txo cov kab mob pathogenic hauv plab. Tsis tas li ntawd, probiotics yog ib qho pheej yig, tsis muaj kab mob, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas ua ke ntau yam metabolites nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, yog li ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam ntau lawm [79]. Probiotics kuj tau siv sim los tswj cov kab mob microbial hauv cov ntses [80, 81].
Cov teebmeem ntawm Dej Zoo
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm probiotics hauv vannamei cw aquaculture tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov dej zoo. Cov lus-3 qhia lub luag haujlwm uas probiotics ua haujlwm hauv kev tswj xyuas dej zoo [12, 82–90]. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob probiotics lossis cov kab mob sab nraud, xws li cov kab mob nitrifying lossis Lactobacillus thiab Bacillus spp., tau pom tias cuam tshuam rau cov pa oxygen, pH, ammonia, thiab alkalinity concentrations hauv dej [12, 82, 83] txij li cov kab mob no oxidize ammonia rau nitrite. Hloov ua lwm yam nitrite rau nitrate [91] Ammonia hauv cw kab lis kev cai tuaj yeem los ntawm cov kab mob hauv dej thaum siv cov tshuaj probiotics rau nws. Cov kab mob ntau ntxiv hauv dej ua rau muaj kev sib tw rau cov pa oxygen [96]; Yog li ntawd, cov koob tshuaj probiotic kom raug yuav tsum tau tswj hwm thiab saib xyuas kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov pa oxygen uas muaj nyob hauv kab lis kev cai.
Probiotics kuj tseem siv rau hauv biofloc systems rau vannamei cw ntau lawm [82, 85] thiab tau pom tias muaj dej zoo hauv cov tshuab no thiab. Cov probiotics txhawb dej zoo los ntawm nitrification thiab denitrification thiab induce bio-floc tsim [97]. Biofloc yog ib pawg ntawm ntau yam kab mob (xws li, kab mob, fungi, algae, protozoa, thiab cab) thiab cov organic teeb meem uas tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub floc. Cov cw noj floc thiaj li tsis muaj teeb meem organic teeb meem rau cw [98]. Floc noj los ntawm cws tuaj yeem txo kev siv pub thiab FCR.
Kev tswj hwm ntawm probiotics rau zaub mov thiab, yog li tsis ncaj qha rau dej kuj tau pom tias txhim kho dej zoo. Piv txwv li, kev noj zaub mov Pediococcus acidilactiti txo cov ammonia-nitrogen concentration hauv dej [86]. Qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb pom tshwj xeeb txij li qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los feem ntau tsuas yog pom qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm probiotics ntawm cov dej zoo nrog lawv qhov sib ntxiv rau dej [87, 88].
Xaus thiab yav tom ntej Outlook
Ob peb xyoos dhau los, cov kab mob pathogenic thiab kab mob tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob cw aquaculture. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob, uas xav tias yuav tiv thaiv cov kab mob no, feem ntau ntsib kev cuam tshuam vim lawv kuj ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tus tswv tsev thiab cov neeg siv khoom [60, 99]. Kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis tsim nyog, uas yog qee zaum siv dav, ua rau cov kab mob ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog li, kev tshawb nrhiav rau lwm txoj hauv kev ua phooj ywg tau nce ntxiv, nrog probiotics dhau los ua tus neeg sib tw muaj txiaj ntsig. Raws li kev noj zaub mov zoo, probiotics txhim kho kev sib tw tsis suav nrog cov kab mob los ntawm cov kab dej hauv dej thiab txhim kho cov cw lub cev tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Probiotics tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws los tiv thaiv thiab tswj kev ruaj ntseg ib puag ncig. Cov kev sim ntxiv tau lees paub tias kev ntxiv probiotic nyob rau hauv cov cw noj tuaj yeem txo cov kab mob tshwm sim thiab txhim kho cov kev ua ub no ntawm kev noj zaub mov, kev loj hlob, thiab cw ciaj sia [100].
Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no, muaj kev txhawj xeeb thaum siv cov tshuaj probiotics hauv qhov tsis tsim nyog, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev tsim khoom noj ntau dhau thiab cuam tshuam microbial. Hauv kev xaus, qhov kev paub tob tob ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab kev sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv proteomic ntawm probiotics yog qhov xav tau zoo heev los txhim kho cov txheej txheem thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev siv probiotic hauv kev ua liaj ua teb [101]. Lwm yam kev xaiv ntuj, uas yog, para probiotics (tsis yog cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov kab mob probiotic), algae, thiab cov nroj tsuag rho tawm uas muaj cov khoom prebiotic kuj xav tau kev txhim kho ntxiv [102–105]. Cov khoom ntuj tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Thaum kawg, qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj probiotics muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua hauv kev nce cov qoob loo qoob loo piv rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb pom no tseem xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau hauv txoj hauv kev molecular uas tswj cov txheej txheem probiotic uas cuam tshuam rau cw metabolism.
Cov kws sau ntawv koom tes
MKA: Ua qhov kev kawm thiab sau cov ntawv sau. AFL, RBP, MR, thiab SMEP: Tsim kev kawm thiab sau cov ntawv sau raws li kev qhia ntawm MBS. MAAS thiab MTJ: Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab hloov kho cov ntawv sau. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem, tshuaj xyuas, thiab pom zoo cov ntawv sau kawg.
Kev lees paub
Txoj kev tshawb no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Universitas Lampung, Indonesia, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, thiab King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Cov kws sau ntawv tsis tau txais nyiaj pab rau txoj kev kawm no.
Kev nyiam sib tw
Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis muaj kev sib tw nyiam.
Publisher's Note
Veterinary World tseem nyob nruab nrab ntawm kev txiav txim plaub ntug hauv kev tshaj tawm cov koom haum koom nrog.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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