Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Humic Cov Khoom Ntawm Cellular Immunit Thiab Ntshav Cov yam ntxwv hauv Piglets

Abstract: Txoj kev tshawb no lub hom phiaj yog los txiav txim qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev noj haus humic tshuaj ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov ntshav profile hauv piglets. Tag nrho ntawm 24 tus menyuam piglets (Slovakian Dawb × Landrace; 35 hnub nyoog; nruab nrab lub cev hnyav ntawm 11.67 kg) tau faib rau ob pawg noj zaub mov nrog (sim; 5 g·kg−1) lossis tsis muaj (tswj; 0 g·kg−1) natural humic substances supplementation. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau pom qhov nce ntxiv ntawm CD4+CD8- lymphocytes (p < {{10}}.001) hauv pawg sim. Cov txiaj ntsig kuj tau pom tias muaj kev nyiam rau kev nce ntawm phagocytic kev ua ub no thiab kev ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm phagocytes thiab cov lej ntawm lwm cov neeg saib xyuas lymphocytes (CD3+, CD21+, CD4-D 8+, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD25+) hauv piglets hauv pawg sim piv rau pawg tswj hwm. Supplementation ntawm cov tshuaj humic nce serum alkaline phosphatase piv rau pawg tswj hwm (p <0.05). Lwm yam kev soj ntsuam ntshav tsis tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev noj haus. Nws xaus lus tias kev suav nrog cov tshuaj humic hauv kev noj zaub mov ntawm piglets tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau hematological thiab biochemical tsis.

Lo lus tseem ceeb: tshuaj humic; phagocytosis; lymphocyte; ntshav biochemistry; hematology; npua

cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-yuav ua li cas ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev

1. Taw qhia

Cov tshuaj humic (HS) yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov organic bioactive compounds tsim hauv av [1]. Lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb humus uas nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog hloov cov as-ham los ntawm cov av mus rau cov kab mob nyob. HS tshwj xeeb suav nrog humic acid, fulvic acid, thiab humin ua lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb [2]. Cov khoom no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag [3] thiab tuaj yeem txhawb kev siv cov as-ham los ntawm cov nroj tsuag [4]. Vim muaj kev txwv tsis pub siv tshuaj tua kab mob raws li kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob hauv European Union, kev txaus siab rau lwm cov khoom noj ntxiv rau cov tsiaj txhu tau nce [5]. Hauv ob xyoos dhau los, kev txaus siab ntawm kev siv HS hauv cov khoom noj tsiaj tau nce [2,6]. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau pom qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom lag luam tom qab ntxiv HS rau hauv cov khoom noj thaum lawv kawm. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nws tau pom tias HS ntxiv rau kev pub tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj txhu xws li npua, nqaij qaib, thiab luav txhawb kev loj hlob [7–10]. Tsis tas li ntawd, HS tau siv los ua immunostimulatory, antidiarrheal, analgesic, thiab antimicrobial tus neeg saib xyuas hauv kev coj noj coj ua [11–13]. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom zem ntawm cov xwm txheej rau cov khoom noj ntawm cov tsiaj tau txhawb cov txheej txheem metabolic thiab kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov as-ham thiab tseem ua rau kev nqus ntawm qee cov ntxhia hauv cov ntsiab lus [14]. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias HS pab txo qis ammonia tawm ntawm cov quav thiab txhim kho cov txheeb ze ntawm cov ntshav lymphocytes. Cov kev hloov kho tau hais los saum toj no pab cov tsiaj tiv thaiv [2,8,15]. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj qhov sib txawv thiab hom kev npaj HS, nrog rau qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj ib qho qauv rau kev ntsuas HS tiag tiag, lawv cov txiaj ntsig bio-zoo nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb. Raws li peb cov txiaj ntsig yav dhau los thiab cov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb nqaij qaib (broilers thiab nteg hens) ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj humic (hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.8% thiab 0.5%, feem) ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, peb tau txiav txim siab los txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam no hauv piglets. Peb tau pom qhov nce ntxiv hauv phagocyte kev ua haujlwm thiab B cell teb, nrog rau kev nce ntxiv hauv CD4+: CD8+ lymphocyte ratio [16,17]. Feem ntau, supplementation raws li pub additive nyob rau hauv npua tsis tau qhia zoo piv rau cov nqaij qaib, thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm HS supplementation nyob rau hauv npua cov zaub mov ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov metabolism hauv kuj tseem txwv. Yog li, txoj kev tshawb no, raws li kev sim sim, tau ua tiav los soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 0.5% HS supplementation ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau kev hloov pauv biochemical thiab hematological hauv cov ntshav ntawm piglets.

cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-yuav ua li cas ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom

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2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1. Kev sim tsim

Qhov kev sim tau ua tiav raws li "European Cov Lus Qhia rau kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu siv rau kev tshawb fawb" [18]. Cov tsiaj txhu tau nyob hauv cov chaw ruaj khov uas tau lees paub los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tsiaj Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm University of Veterinary Medicine hauv Košice, Slovakia, raws li kev xav tau zoo huv si. Thaum lub sij hawm sim, qhov nruab nrab kub hauv qhov ruaj khov yog 20.2 ± 1.5 ◦C, thiab qhov txheeb ze av noo yog 68.5 ± 4.8%. Qhov kev sim no tau pom zoo los ntawm Ethics Commission ntawm University of Veterinary Medicine thiab Pharmacy hauv Košice (txoj cai no. EKV/2022-11). Tag nrho ntawm 24 tus neeg sib tw (Slovakian Dawb x Landrace) 35- hnub-laus npua tau muab faib ua ob pawg (n=12; 50% txiv neej thiab 50% poj niam hauv ob pawg). Ua ntej pib qhov kev sim, thawj qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov tsiaj lub cev hnyav (BW) ntawm 11.68 ± 1.35 kg hauv pawg tswj hwm thiab 11.65 ± 1.34 kg hauv pawg sim tau sau tseg. Cov pab pawg sim sim hauv qab no tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no: pawg tswj hwm thiab pab pawg sim, qhov twg pawg sim noj zaub mov tau ntxiv nrog 0.5% HS ntxiv. Qhov kev sim tau siv sijhawm li 4 lub lis piam. Tib cov zaub mov rau ob pawg tau siv hauv kev sim (Table 1). Kev taw qhia txog HS ntxiv rau hauv kev noj haus tau pom tau hais tias tus nqi ntawm barley hauv pawg sim. Cov npua tau pub ob zaug hauv ib hnub nrog cov khoom noj kom tiav. Cov dej haus tau muaj rau cov tsiaj ad libitum thoob plaws lub sijhawm sim. Cov khoom noj ua kom tiav hauv qhov kev sim tau tsim raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev noj haus los ntawm Šimeˇcek li al. [19]. Cov khoom noj khoom haus ntuj HS ntxiv (HUMAC® Natur AFM; Humac, Ltd., Košice, Slovakia) yog av thiab ntxuav lub cev nrog Leonardite yam tsis muaj tshuaj kho. Cov khoom sib xyaw ua tiav tau raug tshuaj xyuas rau cov khoom qhuav, cov protein ntau, cov fiber ntau, cov hmoov tshauv, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, thiab tag nrho phosphorus raws li EC Commission Txoj Cai 152/2009 [20]. Qib ntawm kev noj zaub mov calcium thiab sodium tau txheeb xyuas siv cov nplaim hluav taws xob ntawm kev nqus atomic spectrometer (Unicam Solar 939, Camberley, Surrey, UK). Cov metabolizable zog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho pub mixs raug xam nrog cov mis raws li lub Šimeˇcek li al. [19].

2.2. Kev ntsuas thiab ntsuas

Nyob rau lub lim tiam 4, thaum sawv ntxov hnub kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, cov ntshav kuaj tau raug coj los ntawm lub orbital sinus puncture los ntawm txhua tus npua ib tus zuj zus hauv ob pawg rau kev tshuaj xyuas tom ntej. Cov ntshav tau txais los ntawm centrifugation (3000 rpm rau 30 min) thiab khaws cia ntawm −20 ◦C kom txog thaum kev tshuaj xyuas. Cov ntshav heparinized tau siv los txiav txim siab hematological tsis, kuaj phagocyte kev ua haujlwm, thiab txheeb xyuas cov lymphocyte subpopulations.

Table 1. Cov qauv thiab cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw pub rau npua (raws li kev pub mis).

2.2.1. Hematological thiab Serum Biochemical Parameters

Kev suav cov ntshav tiav tau ua tiav nrog lub tshuab kuaj ntshav tsis siv neeg (scil Vet ABC™ Hematology Analyzer, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees). Cov kev hloov pauv tau soj ntsuam hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog tus nqi hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), cov ntshav liab suav (RBC), qhov nruab nrab lub cev ntim (MCV), thiab tag nrho cov qe ntshav dawb (WBC) suav. Serum biochemical parameters - tag nrho cov protein, albumin, qabzib, urea, triglycerides, roj cholesterol, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), thiab phosphorus raug ntsuas los ntawm kev siv tag nrho tsis siv neeg nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas (Ellipse, Ltalis). Lub concentration ntawm calcium nyob rau hauv cov ntshav yog txiav txim los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm ib tug nplaim atomic absorption spectrometer (Unicam Solar 939, Camberley, Surrey, UK).

2.2.2. Biomarker ntawm Lipid Peroxidation

Cov concentrations ntawm lipid peroxidation cov khoom (malondialdehyde qib, MDA) hauv cov ntshav tau ntsuas raws li thiobarbituric acid reactive tshuaj (TBARs) raws li spectrophotometric hloov kho txoj kev piav qhia los ntawm Costa li al. [21]. Luv luv, cov qauv kuaj ntshav tau sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj trichloroacetic acid (15%; Merck, Darmstadt, Lub teb chaws Yelemees), thiobarbituric acid (0.38%; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), thiab hydrochloric acid (0.25 N; Mikrochem, Pezinok, Slovakia) thiab rhuab rau 30 feeb nyob rau hauv ib lub boiling dej da dej. Tom qab txias hauv dej khov thiab centrifugation, qhov nqus ntawm supernatant tau ntsuas ntawm 535 nm. Qhov siab ntawm TBARs tau txiav txim siab los ntawm tus qauv nkhaus npaj siv 1,1,3,3-tetrameth oxy propane (malondialdehyde-bis (dimethyl acetal); Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium). Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm raws li nmol ntawm MDA / mL ntawm cov ntshav.

cistanche cog-nce kev tiv thaiv kab mob

2.2.3. Phagocyte Activity Testing thiab txheeb xyuas cov Lymphocyte Subpopulations

Kev lag luam Phagotest® kev soj ntsuam (Celonic, Munich, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) tau siv los txiav txim siab phagocytic kev ua haujlwm thiab lub peev xwm ntawm phagocytes. Cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia tau ua raws li thaum ua qhov kev sim. Direct immunostaining assay tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov subpopulations ntawm lymphocytes. Ob qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm conjugated nas anti-porcine monoclonal antibodies: CD3e / CD21 thiab CD4 / CD8a / CD25 tau siv raws li cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb tau muab rau hauv Table 2. Heparinized ntshav nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 50 µL yog incubated nrog monoclonal antibodies rau 15 min nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti. ntawm qhov ntsuas kub. Tom qab incubation, 1 mL ntawm BD FACS lysis tov tau ntxiv rau cov hlab. Cov hlab tau incubated rau ib qho ntxiv 20 min hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm qhov ntsuas kub thiab tom qab ntawd centrifuged (300 × g rau 5 min). Cell pellets ces ntxuav thiab centrifuged ob zaug nrog 1 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS; MP Biomedicals, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Fabkis) ntawm 300 × g rau 5 min. Thaum kawg, cov hlwb tau rov ua dua hauv 200 µL ntawm PBS rau kev soj ntsuam cytometric tom ntej.

Table 2. Specification thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov nas siv los tiv thaiv porcine monoclonal antibodies.

Phagocytic kev tsom xam nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas cov lymphocyte subpopulations tau ua rau ntawm 6-xim BD FACSCantoTM flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) siv BD FACS DivaTM software. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov hlwb txheeb xyuas tau gated hauv FSC vs. SSC dot plots. Granulocytes, monocytes, thiab ob lub xov tooj ntawm tes ua ke, feem, tau raug kaw rau kev tshuaj xyuas phagocytic. Raws li cov ntsiab lus DNA tsawg hauv cov xim liab fluorescence histogram (FL-2), cov kab mob sib kis tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv. Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov phagocytes nquag thiab qhov nruab nrab fluorescence siv tau raug txiav txim nyob rau hauv ntsuab fluorescence histogram (FL-1). Gated lymphocytes (Daim duab 1a, b) tau siv rau kev txheeb xyuas cov lymphocyte subpopulations. CD3+ lymphocytes sawv cev T lymphocytes thiab CD21+ B lymphocytes (Daim duab 1c). Lub CD4+CD8- subpopulation raug soj ntsuam raws li T pab lymphocytes, CD4-CD8+ li cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD4+CD8+ as ob leeg zoo T lymphocytes (Daim duab 1d), thiab CD4+CD25+ raws li kev tswj hwm T lymphocytes (Daim duab 1e). Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lymphocytes qhia nyob rau hauv feem pua.

2.3. Kev txheeb cais

Cov txiaj ntsig tau raug ntsuas los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws t-test nrog cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas software GraphPad Prism 8.0. Tus nqi ntawm p < 0.05 tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais hauv qhov kev sim no tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± tus qauv yuam kev ntawm txoj kev (SEM).

Daim duab 1. Gating lub tswv yim: (a) kev txiav txim siab ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lymphocytes (liab) ntawm lub hauv paus dot plot (FSC-A piv rau SSC-A); (b) tshem tawm doublets thiab agglomerate los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam; (c) kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov sawv cev ntawm CD3+ thiab CD21+ lymphocytes; (d) kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov sawv cev ntawm CD4+ thiab CD8+ lymphocytes; (e) kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus sawv cev ntawm CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes ntawm histogram los ntawm CD4+ cov hlwb zoo (gated nrog ntsuab).

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Hematological thiab Serum Biochemical Parameters

Cov teebmeem ntawm HS ntawm hematological thiab biochemical cov ntshav cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv Table 3. Cov ntshav txiav txim siab suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qe ntshav liab, cov qe ntshav dawb, hemoglobin, hematocrit, txhais tau tias lub cev ntim, tag nrho cov protein, albumin, qabzib, urea, triglycerides. , cholesterol, creatinine, AST, Ca, thiab P tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev noj zaub mov HS. Txawm li cas los xij, kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog HS nce qhov kev ua ntawm ALP (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj humic ntawm qee qhov hematological thiab serum biochemical tsis nyob rau hauv piglets

Qib TBAR qib, cov khoom lag luam theem nrab ntawm lipid peroxidation (uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis siv rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm lipid peroxidation), tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm HS.

3.2. Cellular Immune teb

Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm HS rau piglets 'feed tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov phagocytes nquag (Table 4) thiab lub peev xwm ntawm phagocytes (Table 5). Cov txiaj ntsig siab dua ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob no tau pom nyob rau hauv pab pawg sim piv rau pawg tswj hwm.

Table 4. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj humic ntawm cov haujlwm phagocyte hauv piglets cov ntshav ntsuas raws li feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov phagocytes nquag-phagocytic kev ua haujlwm

Table 5. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj humic nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm engulfing ntawm phagocytes qhia raws li lub ntsiab lus fluorescence siv (MFI).

Daim duab 2. Cont.

Daim duab 2. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj humic rau feem pua ​​ntawm cov lymphocytes: (a) CD3+; (b) CD21+; (c) CD4+CD8-; (d) CD4-CD8+; (e) CD4+CD8+; (f) CD4+CD{{10}}; thiab (g) piv ntawm CD4: CD8 lymphocytes hauv cov ntshav ntawm piglets. Cov kab ntawv sau nrog lub hnub qub yog qhov txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm (*** p < 0.001).

4. Kev sib tham

4.1. Cellular Immune teb

Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas seb cov tshuaj humic (HS) cuam tshuam li cas rau ob peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv. Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov phagocytes nquag thiab lawv lub peev xwm engulfing tau raug xaiv los ua cov cim rau kev saib xyuas cov nyhuv ntawm innate cellular tiv thaiv kab mob. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, nws tau pom tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm HS rau cov khoom noj ({{0}}}.8%) ntawm broilers tau nce phagocytic kev ua ub no nrog rau kev siv fluorescence ntau [16]. Tsis tas li ntawd, ELnaggar thiab El-Kelawy [22] tau pom qhov nce hauv phagocytic kev ua haujlwm thiab phagocytic Performance index tom qab humic acid ntxiv rau cov khoom noj (0.1, 0.2, thiab 0. 4%) ntawm Sacco qaib. Cov kev tshawb pom zoo sib xws tau txais nrog cov hens [17] Hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, kev ntxiv HS rau kev noj zaub mov ntawm piglets tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau phagocytosis. Txawm li cas los xij, feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov phagocytes nquag nrog rau lawv lub peev xwm engulfing tau ntau dua hauv piglets ntxiv nrog HS dua li piglets hauv pawg tswj. Raws li Sanmiguel thiab Rondón [23], cov nyhuv ntawm HS ntawm phagocytes yog nyob ntawm lub sijhawm. Lawv pom tias kev ntxiv ntawm HS rau cov khoom noj (0.1 thiab 0.2%) ntawm cov hens nteg tau nce phagocytic Performance index nyob rau hnub 8 thiab 30 ntawm daim ntawv thov, tab sis piv rau rau cov neeg Wang et al. [2], leej twg pom tias npua uas nws pub muaj 10% HS ntxiv rau nws, muaj ntau dua cov txheeb ze lymphocyte suav. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau txais rau cov nqaij qaib, uas tau noj cov zaub mov ntxiv nrog 0.15% humate [24], lossis tau ntxiv nrog 20 mg humic acid / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav hauv dej haus [25]. Raws li Cetin et al. [24], kev ntxiv ntawm cov hens 'cov zaub mov noj nrog humic compounds ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov lymphocyte suav, uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau kev tsim tawm ntawm IL-2, nrog rau kev qhia ntawm IL{{29} } receptor ntawm lymphocytes. Cov tshuaj humic zoo li txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm IL-2- tsim cov hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm tus kws sau ntawv tsis tau pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lymphocyte suav hauv npua uas tau noj nrog humic acid-suppleted feed [26] nrog rau cov qaib uas tau muab humic acids hauv lawv cov dej haus [27] lossis lawv cov zaub mov [22] . Peb cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam li kev soj ntsuam ntawm Mudro ˇnová et al. [16], leej twg pom tias feem pua ​​​​ntawm CD4 lymphocytes tau nce ntxiv rau broilers pub HS supplementation (0.8%) piv nrog rau pawg tswj hwm. Lawv kuj tau sau tseg tias qhov txo qis hauv CD8+ lymphocytes (T cytotoxic lymphocytes), uas ua rau muaj kev txheeb xyuas ntau dua CD4: CD8 piv, uas yog siv los ua lub cim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntawm qhov tod tes, pub cov hens nrog kev noj zaub mov ntawm 0.5% HS tau nce qhov feem ntawm IgM + lymphocytes uas sawv cev rau cov subpopulation ntawm B lymphocytes thiab txo qhov feem ntawm CD3+ lymphocytes uas sawv cev tag nrho T lymphocytes. Qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm T pab thiab T cytotoxic lymphocytes tsis cuam tshuam [17]. Raws li peb cov txiaj ntsig, nrog rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, nws ua raws li HS tuaj yeem muaj cov nyhuv immunostimulatory uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau ntawm humates siv, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev tswj hwm, hom tsiaj, thiab, raws li ELnaggar thiab El -Kelawy [22], los ntawm kev tu tsiaj hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb, sib txawv ntawm kev nyab xeeb. Lub immunomodulation ntawm HS yuav theoretically muaj xws li tsim ntawm complexes ntawm humates nrog saccharides. Cov complexes khi rau saum npoo ntawm T lymphocytes thiab NK hlwb thiab cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj haujlwm, suav nrog kev tsim cov cytokines, uas ntxiv cuam tshuam rau lwm lub hlwb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [28].

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

4.2. Hematological thiab Serum Biochemical Parameter

Lwm lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los soj ntsuam cov kev xaiv hematological thiab biochemical cov ntshav tsis tau ntawm piglets-fed noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog HS. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev xaiv ntawm cov protein, lub zog, thiab cov metabolism hauv cov ntxhia, nrog rau hauv cov ntsuas hematological, tau pom nyob nruab nrab ntawm pawg tsiaj sim nrog kev noj zaub mov HS thiab pab pawg tswj hwm, tshwj tsis yog rau ALP kev ua hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no. Cov ntsuas biochemical hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau nyob hauv qhov kev siv ntau yam hauv txhua tus npua, raws li Doubek li al. [29] thiab Kraft thiab Dürr [30]. Peb qhov kev tshawb pom yog ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ua ntej los ntawm Wang li al. [2], leej twg pom tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov qe ntshav liab thiab dawb thaum lub sijhawm sim hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kom paub qhov cuam tshuam ntawm HS ntawm cov ntshav hloov pauv hauv kev ua tiav npua. Tom qab kev kho mob nrog HS-muaj cov khoom noj, Herzig li al. [31], thiab tseem Šamudovská thiab Demeterová [32], tau pom tias tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb nce ALP kev ua si hauv qaib. Hauv peb qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, peb pom tias pab pawg sim muaj qhov ua haujlwm ALP ntau dua li pawg tswj hwm. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb, lub sijhawm no, tseem nyob hauv qhov kev siv ntau rau npua ALP qib (2–17 kat·L −1 ) [29,30]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Jad'uttová et al. [33] and Rath et al. [34] pom qhov txo qis hauv ALP kev ua hauv qaib tom qab pub mis nrog HS. Cov ntshav ntawm ALP hauv broilers muab 1.00% HS pub ntxiv tau txo qis, raws li cov kws sau ntawv no. Txawm hais tias qhov txo qis ntawm ALP kev ua haujlwm hauv Rath li al. [34] txoj kev tshawb fawb tau sib txawv ntawm cov kev tswj hwm, lawv tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm HS ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog cev (cov leeg nqaij, lub raum, lub plawv, lossis daim siab). Tus nqi ntawm HS muab los ntawm kev noj zaub mov tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov concentration ntawm cov zaub mov hauv cov ntshav. Cov qib calcium thiab phosphorus hauv cov ntshav piglets tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm HS ntawm qhov siab ntawm 0.5%. Lub peev xwm ntawm HS rau chelate hlau, uas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm carboxylic acid sab chains, tuaj yeem yog vim li cas rau qhov txo qis hauv cov ntxhia hauv cov ntshav hauv cov ntshav [34]. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, qhov concentrations ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus hauv piglets cov ntshav tsis tau txo qis hauv qab cov txiaj ntsig siv los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm HS rau cov khoom noj sib xyaw ntawm pawg sim. MDA yog cov khoom ntawm lipid peroxidation tshwm sim los ntawm cov pa dawb radicals, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua tus cim rau kev ntsuas tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab lipid peroxidation [35]. MDA tau txiav txim siab ua biomarker ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev ntsuas cov qib ntawm thiobarbituric acid reactive tshuaj (TBARs) hauv cov ntshav. Kev txo qis hauv oxidative kev nyuab siab yog qhov txo qis hauv MDA qib. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias HS tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj antioxidant, tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob txuas nrog oxidative kev nyuaj siab uas cov dawb radicals feem ntau ua rau. Piv txwv li, Wang et al. [15] pom tias kev noj zaub mov ntxiv ntawm sodium humate (2000 mg·kg−1 ) tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kab mob antioxidant ntawm cov piglets weaned. Lawv tau pom qhov txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA hauv cov ntshav, nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm tag nrho cov antioxidant muaj peev xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, HS yog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim nrog cov khoom sib txawv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig sib txawv, uas tuaj yeem nyob ntawm lawv qhov kev tswj hwm tus nqi. Hauv kev sim tam sim no, tsis muaj qhov txawv txav hauv cov ntshav MDA (TBARs) qib piglets pub HS piv rau pawg tswj hwm. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo ib yam nrog Zhang et al. [36], leej twg pom tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm sodium humate rau cov khoom noj (0.1, 0.3, thiab 0.5%) ntawm nteg qe tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav qab zib tag nrho cov peev xwm antioxidant thiab MDA qhov tseem ceeb.

cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-yuav ua li cas ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev

5. Cov lus xaus

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais hauv txoj kev tshawb no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog 0.5% cov tshuaj humic tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qee lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv piglets. Muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv qhov sib piv ntawm CD4+CD8- lymphocytes hauv cov ntshav. Kev ntxiv nrog cov tshuaj humic nce ntshav ALP. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig no tseem nyob hauv qhov kev siv ntau yam. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias txawm tias qhov qis qis ntawm HS tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes hauv piglets. Vim qhov tseeb, tias qhov concentration ntawm humic tshuaj uas peb xaiv tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm qee qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes, cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsim nyog los xaiv qhov tsim nyog concentration thiab paub meej tias cov nyhuv stimulating ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv pawg tsiaj no.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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