5. Cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw nquag

Cov khoom siv ntxiv muab lub cev ruaj khov mus ntev, inhibit germination, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev nkag siab. Tsis ntev los no, kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce tau raug thuam rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj xws li formaldehyde, dioxane, parabens, thiab phthalates. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluavtaws molecules thiab lawv cov analogs tau txhawb kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim.

Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam, cistanche yog ib hom tshuaj ntsuab uas hu ua "cov tshuaj ntsuab muaj txuj ci uas ua rau lub neej ntev". Nws lub ntsiab tivthaiv yogcistanoside, uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem xws liantioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thiabkev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm txhawb nqa. Lub mechanism ntawm cistanche thiabtawv nqaijntxuav hniav dawbnyob rau hauv cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm cistanche glycosides. Melanin nyob rau hauv tib neeg daim tawv nqaij yog tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm tyrosine catalyzed los ntawmtyrosinase, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov pa, yog li cov pa oxygen dawb radicals hauv lub cev dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev tsim melanin. Cistanche muaj cistanoside, uas yog ib qho antioxidant thiab tuaj yeem txo qhov tsim ntawm cov dawb radicals hauv lub cev, yog liinhibiting melanin ntau lawm.

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5.1. Antimicrobial Agents

Ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, kab mob, thiab cov kab mob fungi hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yog chitosan (18) (Daim duab 5). Cov polysaccharide no muaj feem ntau ntawm glucosamine thiab tus lej ntawm N-acetylglucosamine residues. Txawm hais tias chitosan muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lub exoskeleton ntawm crustaceans, kab, crabs, thiab shrimps, nws cov khoom raug txwv vim muaj tej yam xws li raws caij nyoog, ntau lawm sustainability, thiab ua nqi. Txhawm rau ntsib cov teeb meem no, chitosan tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm microbial keeb kwm txij li 22-44 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob fungi yog tsim los ntawm chitosan [2]. Qhov kev tsim khoom zoo tshaj plaws tau pom nyob hauv Rhizopus oryzae (0.5 g/L), R. japonica (0.6 g/L), thiab Mucor indicus ({10}}.75 g/ L) (Table 1) [63], thaum A. niger, cais tawm ntawm lichen Roccella Montagne, pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua ntawm 1.3 g / L, uas tau nce ntxiv mus rau 1.93 g / L thaum cov piam thaj ntxiv [65]. Ntxiv nrog rau nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, chitosan paub txog nws cov emulsifying thiab xa khoom. Cov khoom sib xyaw no muaj peev xwm sib txuas dej zoo dua li methyl-cellulose, uas feem ntau siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce [2]. Yog li ntawd, chitosan thiab nws cov derivatives, zoo li cov copolymer chitin-glucan, tuaj yeem nthuav qhia cov neeg sib tw rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev laus uas tseem ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj nyob hauv Table 1.

5.2. Moisturizers thiab Biosurfactants

Rhamnolipids feem ntau yog siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce li moisturizers thiab biosurfactants [108]. Rhamnolipids, feem ntau crystalline acids, yog tsim los ntawm ib tug -hydroxy fatty acid txuas los ntawm carboxyl kawg mus rau ib tug rhamnose qab zib molecule thiab raug cais raws li mono thiab di-rhamnolipids [157]. Piv nrog rau cov tshuaj surfactants, biosurfactants muaj ntau qhov zoo, vim tias lawv cov kev sib raug zoo zoo dua, qis dua toxicity, thiab ntau dua biodegradability [158]. Rhamnolipids yog tsim los ntawm Pseudomonas aeruginosa thiab lwm yam Pseudomonas sp. Lawv kuj tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj rau lawv cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob [159,160] thiab rau lwm lub hom phiaj cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho ntawm daim tawv nqaij xws li kev kho qhov txhab nrog txo fibrosis, kho qhov kub hnyiab, thiab kev kho mob ntawm wrinkles [161].

5.3. Pigments

Microorganisms tsim ntau lub tebchaw uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov xim ntuj. Ntau cov xim hluavtaws tau ua lag luam, tab sis ob peb ntawm lawv tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce. Ntuj pigments yog ruaj khov dua thiab tsis tshua muaj allergenic piv rau hluavtaws [162]. Pigments feem ntau biosynthesized los ntawm fungi muaj xws li aromatic polyketides xws li quinones, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, melanins, flavins, thiab ankaflavins. Purpurogenone (20) thiab mitorubrin (21) yog ob yam piv txwv, tsim los ntawm fungus Penicillium purpurogenum [95] (Daim duab 5) (Table 1). Tsis ntev los no, muaj peev xwm siv cov kab mob hauv av los ua qhov chaw ntawm cov xim ntuj tau raug tshawb xyuas [163–165].

Cyanobacteria yog ib qho chaw nthuav ntawm cov xim, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov phycobiliproteins, uas yog cov xim zoo nkauj fluorescent proteins. Ntawm cov phycobiliproteins, phycocyanins twb tau siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob xws li cov phooj ywg cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, histochemistry, thiab lwm yam. Lawv cov xim xiav khaus tso cai rau lawv siv rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce li natural dyes [166]. Phycocyanins yog tsim los ntawm photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (3.2 g / L) [167]. Txawm li cas los xij, unicellular rhodophyte Galdieria sulphuraria pom tau zoo heev; Qhov no liab alga, loj hlob feem ntau nyob rau hauv acidic springs, tsim c-phycocyanin nrog ib tug tawm los ntawm 2.9 g / L [168] (Table 1).

5.4. Flavoring thiab Fragrances

Muaj ntau yam flavoring thiab tshuaj tsw qab nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam tseem yog tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev hloov pauv sai thiab ruaj khov yog muab vim tias cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov kab mob [169]. Ntau cov poov xab thiab cov kab mob hauv av thiab cov kab mob tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tsw qab muaj txiaj ntsig, suav nrog cawv, aldehydes, esters, fatty acids, ketones, lactones, aromatic compounds, thiab pyrazines [170]. Hauv kev txhawb nqa, ob peb tsab xov xwm thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tau luam tawm thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus hais txog kev siv cov kab lis kev cai microbial lossis enzyme npaj rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tsw qab muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce [171–174]. Vanillin (22) yog ib qho piv txwv zoo heev ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab ntuj uas qhov kev xav tau ntau ntxiv thiab tus nqi tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho lwm txoj hauv kev rau nws cov khoom lag luam [175] (Daim duab 5). Cov kab mob xws li Pseudomonas putida, Aspergillus niger, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium sp., Arthrobacter globiformis, thiab Serratia marcescens tau ua tiav rau nws cov khoom tsim los ntawm kev hloov eugenol lossis isoeugenol rau vanillin [170].

Benzaldehyde (23) yog cov feem ntau siv flavoring tus neeg sawv cev, muaj zog cherry thiab almond zoo li aroma. Ib hom E. coli tau ua tiav tiav los tsim cov tshuaj tsw qab no [100,176], thaum lub fungus Ashbya gossypii tau raug sim rau nws lub peev xwm los ua ke cov Rose tsw 2-phenyl ethanol (24) [104]. Ntawm cov terpenes, limonene (25) yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv terpenes vim nws cov ntxhiab tsw qab citrus [169]. Kev ua kom zoo ntawm txoj kev qhia hauv E. coli ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm 435 mg / L nrog 1 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov piam thaj ua cov pa roj carbon ntau [177]. Thaum qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide tau tshawb pom, qhov fermentation siv glycerol coj mus rau titers ntawm 2.7 g / L [106] (Daim duab 5) (Table 1).

6. Lwm Lub Hom Phiaj ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Daim tawv nqaij txaus siab

Elastase thiab collagenase inhibitors ntawm microbial keeb kwm yog cov cog lus cosmetic agents uas tsim nyog yuav tau tshawb nrhiav ntxiv. Elastase, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg chymotrypsin ntawm serine proteases, yog lub luag haujlwm feem ntau rau kev tawg ntawm elastin, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb protein nyob rau hauv lub extracellular matrix ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas nws puas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau daim tawv nqaij laus. Nostopeptins A thiab B cais tawm los ntawm cov dej tsis qab ntsev cyanobacterium Nostoc minutum tsuas yog qhia txog inhibitors ntawm elastase (IC50: 1.3 thiab 11.0 µg/mL) [178]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, collagen, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij (80 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov tawv nqaij qhuav qhov hnyav), yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub zog tensile. Cov metalloproteinases hu ua collagenases muaj peev xwm tshem tawm collagen thiab elastin. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, cov kab mob hauv av, sib nrug los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm nostopeptins A thiab B, tsis tau tshawb xyuas kom meej rau lawv lub peev xwm los tsim cov metabolites nrog elastase thiab collagenase inhibitory cuam tshuam txawm hais tias muaj kev tshuaj ntsuam loj ntawm cov kab mob hauv av thiab cov endophytes tau ua. nyuam qhuav nthuav tawm [179,180].

7. Lub hom phiaj rau kev txhim kho yav tom ntej

Concomitantly, ntuj tebchaw uas qhib lub PN kuj tau tshaj tawm tias muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv kev laus hauv cov cell-based lossis hauv vivo qauv [7,11,182]; Ib yam li ntawd, tej yam ntuj tso khoom ho ncua qhov tsos ntawm cov laus daim tawv nqaij hallmarks. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, tsuas yog ob peb lub molecules ntawm microbial keeb kwm tau tshaj tawm los qhib cov qauv proteostatic. Betulinic acid tau raug cais tawm tsis ntev los no los ntawm endophytic fungi Phomopsis sp. thiab nws nyiam ua kom cov chymotrypsin-zoo li proteasomal kev ua si uas tsis muaj los yog tsawg heev los ntawm trypsin-zoo li thiab caspase-zoo li cov dej num [184,185]. Qhov thib ob ntawm cov khoom lag luam microbial, uas paub zoo rau nws cov khoom tiv thaiv kev laus yog rapamycin. Cov molecule no cais tawm ntawm Streptomyces hygroscopicus, ncua cellular senescence los ntawm (nrog rau lwm tus) inhibition ntawm TOR txoj kev thiab downstream-induced alterations rau ob qho tib si autophagy thiab tus nqi ntawm protein synthesis [7].

Yog xav paub ntxiv: david.deng@wecistanche.com WhatApp:86 13632399501