Kev Qhia Txog Txoj Kev Thiab Cov Ntxim Ntxim Ntxim Ua Ntawm Cov Tswv Cuab Innate Immunity hauv Nroj Tsuag Part 2
Jul 03, 2023
4. PTI—ETI Mutualism
PTI lees paub cov qauv kev txuag, thaum ETI koom nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm polymorphic effector molecules tso tawm los ntawm cov kab mob mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag [137]. Feem ntau, kev tiv thaiv kab mob qis qis yog pom zoo los ntawm PTI, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv cov kab mob uas tsis tau hloov pauv, thaum ETI muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo dua rau cov kab mob hloov pauv. Cov kab mob feem ntau siv ntau lub tswv yim los cuam tshuam lawv cov tswv, yog li ntawd, PTI yog ib hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv txhua cov nroj tsuag, uas tom qab ntawd ua raws li ETI thaum lees paub cov txiaj ntsig.
Kev tso tawm cov kab mob hais txog kev tso cov kab mob, kab mob, thiab lwm yam kab mob los ntawm cov neeg mob lossis cov tswv tsev, ua rau muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog hais txog lub cev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob sab nraud xws li kab mob thiab kab mob. Yog li, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob los tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob.
Kev tso tawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob, ua rau muaj kab mob ntau dua. Piv txwv li, thaum tib neeg lub cev kis tus kab mob, tus kab mob no yuav nkag mus rau tib neeg lub hlwb, rov tsim dua thiab kis tau, ua rau tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua kom muaj zog thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov kab mob raug tso tawm ntau ntau, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav raug tua los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov kab mob, ua rau tus kab mob hnyav dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem tswj tus kheej thiab hloov kho. Thaum tib neeg lub cev raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab mob, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem paub thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tshem tawm cov kab mob, yog li ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum nquag txhawb peb kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj kev noj qab haus huv. Qhov no suav nrog kev txhawb nqa kev tawm dag zog, noj zaub mov zoo, thiab ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab sijhawm so. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv, zam kev sib cuag nrog cov kab mob sib kis, ntxuav tes tsis tu ncua, thiab hnav lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no peb tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob, thiab tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm peb tus kheej thiab lwm tus. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb txoj kev tiv thaiv. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv zoo, vim tias cov nqaij muaj ntau yam antioxidants, xws li vitamin C, carotenoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov dawb radicals thiab txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab, txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev.
Nyem cistanche tubulosa cov txiaj ntsig
Tsis ntev los no, nws tau tshaj tawm tias rau cov lus teb zoo rau ETI, PTI yuav tsum muaj. Piv txwv li, P. syringae hom tsis muaj phytotoxic coronatine, thiab tag nrho cov nyhuv tshwj tsis yog AvrRpt2 induced resistance hauv WT Arabidopsis, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv kab uas tsis muaj ntau PRRs / co-receptors. Ib yam li ntawd, nws tau tshaj tawm tias AvrRps4-induced resistance yog ploj hauv PTI-tsis muaj genotype [138].
Cov txiaj ntsig zoo siab no tau qhia tias PTI yuav tsum ua haujlwm rau ETI cov lus teb zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm PTI, rau zus tau tej cov ROS, phosphorylation ntawm cytoplasmic receptor kinase BIK1 thiab NADPH oxidase (RBOHD) phosphorylation los ntawm BIK1 [45,138,139]. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb suav nrog ETI nce qib ntawm cov protein ntawm PTI cov cim qhia cov khoom, cov txheej txheem molecular tseem tsis tau pom, ETI xav kom PTI kom ua tiav cov kev tiv thaiv thiab PTI txhim kho cov zis ntawm ETI los ntawm kev txwv cov kab mob loj hlob los ntawm cov lus teb tsis zoo.
5. Kev taw qhia ntawm Phytohormones
5.1. Brassinosteroids
Brassinosteroid (BR) yog ib qho endogenous cov tshuaj hormones pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog rau cov noob, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov tub ntxhais hluas vegetative ntaub so ntswg, thiab paj ntoos nplej, thiab plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub proliferation thiab expansion ntawm lub hlwb. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias BRs ua haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv ob qho tib si biotic thiab abiotic stresses. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau raug xa mus rau mov thiab luam yeeb tom qab siv BR [140,141].
Ib yam li ntawd, thaum BR siv rau barley exogenously, nws muab kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm ntau hom Fusarium. Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1) yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes hauv zos LRR serine / threonine (S / T) kinase uas pom cov cim hauv cov nroj tsuag. Kev sib khi ua rau muaj kev sib cais ntawm BRI1 los ntawm qhov tsis zoo regulator BIK1, thiab ua kom cov co-receptor BRI1-sociated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) thiab nws heterodimerizes nrog BRI1, ua rau phosphorylation ntawm BRI{{10} }interacting signaling kinase (BSK1), thiab yog li ua kom cov BSU1 (protein phosphatase) [141,142].
Cov teeb liab ces xa mus rau hauv cytoplasm thiab inhibits brassinosteroid-insensitive 2 (BIN2), ib qho protein kinase, uas ua raws li kev tswj tsis zoo ntawm BR biosynthetic txoj hauv kev thiab ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm yam xws li BZR1 thiab BES1 / BZR2. Cov kev hloov pauv no ua rau BR-tej noob caj noob ces los ntawm lawv cov txhawb nqa hauv lub nucleus. Tsis tas li ntawd, BAK1 koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm microbe-induced cell tuag thiab tseem cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam PRRs, thiab yog ib feem ntawm PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) [141]. Yog li, yuav ua li cas BR plays ntau lub luag haujlwm thaum PAMPs los ntawm nws txoj kev xav, ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab txog cov noob caj noob ces, thiab tsim cov metabolites theem nrab.
5.2. Ethylene
Ethylene koom nrog ntau lub luag haujlwm hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab muab kev ua siab ntev rau ntau yam kev ntxhov siab. Nws kuj tseem koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm fertilization, senescence, txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripening, thiab lub cev abscission. Nws qhov kev nkag siab thiab cov teeb liab hloov pauv tau khaws cia ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev ciaj sia. Lub autocatalytic mechanism ntawm ethylene synthesis tau ntxias cov ethylene nws tus kheej thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab. Kev tsim cov ethylene yog tswj los ntawm MAPK phosphorylation txheej xwm.
5.3. Abscisic acid
ABA ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev cog qoob loo, dormancy, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob thiab tseem koom nrog hauv biotic thiab abiotic stresses. Nws ua haujlwm antagonistically nrog salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), thiab jasmonates (JA). Nws txhawb kev kaw ntawm stomata thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm los muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm callose deposition. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws ua rau kom muaj feem kis kab mob los ntawm kev siv exogenous.
Piv txwv li, nws ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntawm P. syringae pv. Txiv lws suav ntawm Arabidopsis nroj tsuag. Nws suppressed cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov noob xws li PDF1.2 (cog defensin 1.2), CHI (basic chitinase), HEL (cov protein zoo li no), thiab LEC (lectin-zoo li protein), yog li ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv Arabidopsis tiv thaiv Fusarium. oxysporum, uas ua rau wilt, thiab tawm tsam cov kab mob, Erwinia chrysanthemi, uas ua rau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob wilt [141].
Induction ntawm HR-zoo li cov lus teb tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Peronospora parasitica inoculation nyob rau hauv ABA-deficient mutant (aba1-1) ntawm Arabidopsis, thaum lwm mutant ntawm Arabidopsis (aba3-1) ua tsis tau tejyam kaw stomata thaum kev xaav ntawm elicitor molecules. Yog li, ABA tau koom nrog kev kaw lub stomata thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab [141].
6. Protein Kinase Signaling Impacts Chromatin Reprogramming in Plant Defense Mechanism
Histone acetylation thiab deacetylation tswj MAMP-ua rau cov noob qhia, thiab histone deacetylase HD2B paub tias cuam tshuam txog kev rov ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov noob qhia thiab kev tiv thaiv innate [143]. MAP kinase MPK3 tau tshaj tawm ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog thiab phosphorylate HD2B, yog li tswj hwm cov intra-nuclear compartmentalization thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm histone deacetylase [128].
Txog rau tam sim no, tus lej zoo ntawm cov hloov pauv histone tau paub (Table 2) uas koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho piv txwv ntawm salicylic acid (SA) signaling tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab raug tswj ib nrab los ntawm HDAC SIRTUIN2 (SRT2), uas txwv tsis pub qhia ntau yam SA biosynthetic noob xws li PAD4. thiab SID2 [144]. Ntawm no, srt2 mutant Arabidopsis cov nroj tsuag tau tshaj tawm tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntau dua li WT tswj cov nroj tsuag, qhov SRT2 tshaj tawm kab ntau dua.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv Arabidopsis tias kev hloov pauv hauv HDAC HDA19 ua rau muaj kev txhim kho basal qhia ntawm ntau yam biotic teb cov noob [145] thiab txhim kho kev kam rau siab rau P. syringae [143]. Ntxiv mus, cov nplej HDAC HDT701 tsis zoo tswj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha thiab hloov kho cov qib histone H4 acetylation ntawm PRR thiab kev tiv thaiv cov noob [146]. Cov txheej txheem molecular ntawm kev hloov kho histone (piv txwv li, methylation, acetylation, thiab ubiquitination) thiab chromatin remodeling uas ua rau cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv kab mob yog qhov nthuav dav los ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom thiab yog li xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv txog qhov kev kawm.
7. Cov qauv chromatin thiab kev hloov kho
Nucleosome yog cov qauv ntim ntawm cov chromosome, uas tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog ib chav tsev rov qab ntawm chromatin uas muaj 147 lub hauv paus khub (bp) ntawm DNA qhwv ib ncig ntawm histone octamer, uas nyob rau hauv lem muaj ob daim ntawv luam ntawm cov hauv qab no histones: H2A, H2B, H3, thiab H4 thiab ntau dua kev txiav txim chromatin qauv tsim. Kev hloov kho yog ua tiav los ntawm linker histone, H1, uas koom nrog DNA ntawm ob nucleosomes [159]. Lub globular nucleosome core uas muaj histone tails tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv tom qab kev txhais lus (PTMs), piv txwv li, acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, suoylation, carbonylation, thiab glycosylation, thiab los ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov qauv chromatin lossis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov qauv tshwj xeeb. "nyeem ntawv lossis cov neeg ua haujlwm", txhawm rau tshem tawm cov kev tswj hwm noob thaum lawv qhia. Qhov no tau ua tiav feem ntau los ntawm kev hloov pauv nucleosome stability thiab qhov chaw, uas cuam tshuam rau kev nkag mus rau cov kev tswj hwm cov proteins lossis cov protein complexes koom nrog hauv kev sau ntawv, DNA replication, thiab kho [160,161]. Feem ntau, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) kho kom haum rau kev hloov pauv los ntawm histone acetylation, thaum histone deacetylases (HDACs) thim rov qab cov txheej txheem no los ntawm kev cuam tshuam histone deacetylation [162,163]. Nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom phiaj, histone methylation thiab / lossis ubiquitination tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm lossis kev tsim txom rau kev hloov pauv hauv cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv kab mob [164]. Feem ntau, tri-methylations ntawm H3K4 thiab H3K36 (H3K4me3 thiab H3K36me3) thiab mono-ubiquitination ntawm H2B (H2Bub) yog xav kom induce gene expressions [164,165], histone methylation ntawm H3K27me3 triggers H2B (H2Bub) thaum lub sij hawm gene repressions, siv heterochromatin thiab silenced transposons [164,166].
Ntxiv nrog rau kev hloov kho histone, ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzymes paub siv lub zog ntawm ATP hydrolysis los kho cov qauv chromatin los ntawm kev hloov kho DNA thiab histone kev sib cuam tshuam rau dissociate nucleosomes, txav histone octamers, thiab catalyze kev koom ua ke ntawm cov histone variants tshwj xeeb. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes yog li ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nucleosome sib dhos / disassembly thiab tso cai rau cov tshuab luam ntawv nkag mus rau DNA [167].
Cov kev hloov kho Histone thiab ATP-raws li chromatin remodeling tau tsuas yog tsis ntev los no tau nyiam cov neeg muaj peev xwm transcriptional regulators nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag innate tiv thaiv. Table 2 piav qhia txog qee yam ntawm cov noob no thiab lawv cov kev ua los ntawm kev ua kom cov histone-hloov enzymes ua rau muaj kev nce lossis txo qis hauv cov nroj tsuag ntawm cov kab mob.
8. Cov lus xaus thiab cov lus pom zoo
Phytopathogens thaum lub sij hawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam tas li nrog cov nroj tsuag muaj kev hem thawj rau lawv lub neej. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov kev tawm tsam no, cov nroj tsuag txhim kho kev tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cov tswv yim hnav zoo, viz., lees paub cov kab mob los ntawm cov cim tshwj xeeb thiab tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm PTI thiab ETI. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, ua kom cov receptor tshwj xeeb cov proteins ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab ntawm cov kab mob thiab kev soj ntsuam uas ua rau cov teeb liab hloov pauv, pib hauv cytoplasm lossis ntawm cov plasma membrane (PM) qhov chaw. Cov tswv tsev cog qoob loo muaj cov qauv sib txuas nrog microbe (P / MAMPs), uas ua rau cov txheej txheem nyuaj los ntawm cov qauv lees paub receptors (PRRs) thiab tsis kam (R) noob.
Cov kev sib cuam tshuam no ua rau muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm cytoplasmic kinases los ntawm ntau cov phosphorylating proteins uas tej zaum kuj yog ib qho kev hloov pauv. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm phytohormones, xws li salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, thiab ethylene uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb mediators ntawm kev tiv thaiv teb. Kev hloov kho Histone thiab lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau PII yog thaj chaw tshiab tshiab thiab yog li xav tau kev nkag siab zoo dua. PTMs yog cov txheej txheem ntse uas tsim kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov nroj tsuag thiab hloov cov xov tooj ntawm tes taw qhia ntawm ntau lub nodes rau kev ceev reprogramming ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau kev tiv thaiv teb [168].
Kev tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem no yuav ua rau peb nkag siab txog kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kho los ntawm PTMs, nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem molecular koom nrog PII ntawm qib cellular thiab nuclear thiab yuav ua rau peb tsim thiab tsim cov kev cuam tshuam txog kev tshawb fawb uas yuav pab tau rau hauv augmenting. PII nyob rau hauv kev sim. Kev soj ntsuam hauv cheeb tsam ntawm cov qauv tsim no tau pom zoo rau cov lus pom zoo los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev rov ua dua ntawm cov kev sim siab rau kev ua lag luam.
Tus sau kev koom tes:
Kev Sau Ntawv—kev npaj ua ntej, AR (Ayyagari Ramlal); conceptualization, VM; sau ntawv— tshuaj xyuas thiab kho, VM, JK, KK thiab AR (Anita Rani); Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, JK Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Nyiaj txiag:
Cov nqi luam tawm yog them los ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm Bangalore Bioinnovation Center, Karnataka Innovation thiab Technology Society (KITS), Department of Electronics, IT, BT, thiab S&T, Government of Karnataka, India.
Institutional Review Board Statement:
Tsis siv tau.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo:
Tsis siv tau.
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob:
Tsis siv tau.
Kev lees paub:
Cov kws sau ntawv ua tsaug rau Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, rau kev muab lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab Bangalore Bioinnovation Center, Karnataka Innovation thiab Technology Society, Department of Electronics, IT, BT thiab S&T, Government of Karnataka, India, Department ntawm Biotechnology, tsoom fwv ntawm Is Nrias teb rau them tus nqi tshaj tawm.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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