Serum Thiab Fecal Amino Acid Profiles nyob rau hauv miv nrog mob raum kab mob

Abstract

Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntshav thiab fecal amino acids (AA) hauv cov miv uas muaj kab mob raum (CKD) thiab muab piv rau cov miv noj qab haus huv. Peb caug-tsib miv nrog rau International Renal Interest Society Theem 1–4 CKD thiab 16 tus neeg laus noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg laus cov miv tau suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb hla ntu no. Sera tau soj ntsuam rau 25 AA concentrations siv ion exchange chromatography AA analyzer nrog post-kem ninhydrin derivatization. Cov fecal kuaj tau raug tshuaj xyuas rau 22 AA concentrations siv cov kua chromatography nrog tandem mass spectrometry. CKD miv tau qis dua cov ntshav siab ntawm phenylalanine (txhais tau qhov sib txawv ± tus qauv yuam kev ntawm qhov nruab nrab: 12.7 ± 4.3 µM; p=0.03), threonine (29.6 ± 9.2 µM; p=0 }.03), tryptophan (18.4 ± 5.4 µM; p=0.005), serine (29.8 ± 12.6 µM; p=0.03), thiab tyrosine (11.6 ± 3.8 µM; p {{ 37}}.01) thiab siab dua cov ntshav siab ntawm aspartic acid (4.7 ± 2.0 µM; p=0.01), -alanine (3.4 ± 1.2 µM; p=0.01), citrulline (5.7) ± 1.6 µM; p=0.01), thiab taurine (109.9 ± 29.6 µM; p=0.01) thaum piv rau cov miv noj qab nyob zoo. Fecal AA concentrations tsis txawv ntawm cov miv noj qab haus huv thiab CKD miv. 3-Methylhistidine-rau-creatinine tsis txawv ntawm cov miv noj qab nyob zoo nrog thiab tsis muaj cov leeg nqaij. Miv nrog CKD IRIS Theem 1-4 muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov amino acid profile piv rau cov miv noj qab haus huv.

Ntsiab lus

miv; mob raum mob; amino acid; tryptophan.

Nyem qhov no kom paub seb qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Cistanche yog dab tsi

Taw qhia

Cov nqaij ntshiv, nrog lossis tsis muaj kev poob ntawm cov khw muag roj, tshwm sim hauv cov miv uas muaj kab mob raum (CKD) thiab tuaj yeem ua rau poob phaus [1,2]. Cachexia yog qhov poob ntawm lean lub cev loj hauv cov kab mob hnyav thiab mob ntev thiab yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov amino acids (AA) los ntawm cov leeg ua lub zog tseem ceeb [3]. Cachexia theem nrab rau CKD tau raug txhais tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg, nrog rau kev ntxiv rau cov tsiaj tsiaj. Raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv tib neeg thiab cov qauv nas, cachexia yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, thiab nce cov protein catabolism thib ob rau metabolic acidosis, kab mob hauv lub cev, thiab insulin tsis kam [4]. Tsis tas li ntawd, CKD tuaj yeem ua rau cov protein malassimilation los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm kev zom cov protein thiab txo qis AA nqus hauv cov hnyuv [5,6]. Kev zom zaub mov tsis zoo ua rau muaj ntau ntawm cov kab mob proteolytic thiab fermentation ntawm AAs rau precursors ntawm uremic toxins [4,7,8].

Amino acids xav tau los tsim cov proteins. Muaj 20 proteinogenic AAs, 11 qhov tseem ceeb hauv miv. Piv rau AAs tsis tseem ceeb, AAs tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lub cev thiab xav tau kev noj haus. Tib neeg, dev, thiab miv uas muaj kab mob raum, txawm tias cov neeg muaj kab mob thaum ntxov, tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm AAs [9-14]. Tsis tas li ntawd, fecal AA profiles tau pom tias yuav hloov pauv hauv cov neeg tau txais hemodialysis thiab hauv cov nas CKD qauv thaum piv rau kev noj qab haus huv tswj [6,15]. Txog niaj hnub no, fecal AA concentrations thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntshav thiab fecal AA concentrations hauv miv nrog CKD tsis tau sau tseg.

Ib qho amino acid tuaj yeem raug hloov kho tom qab kev txhais lus, xws li phosphorylation lossis methylation, los tsim cov tshuaj bioactive molecules zoo sib xws. Ib qho amino acid no yog 3- methylhistidine (3-MH), uas yog tsim los ntawm cov leeg pob txha, tso tawm rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thaum cov leeg nqaij degradation, thiab tawm tsis hloov pauv hauv cov zis [16]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm cov ntshav plasma 3-MH ntau dua hauv cov miv nrog CKD piv rau cov miv tswj kev noj qab haus huv, thiab tseem nyob hauv cov miv CKD tsis zoo piv rau cov uas muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo [9]. Hnub nyoog yog txuam nrog kev poob ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv hauv miv thaum tsis muaj kab mob (xws li, sarcopenia), thiab cov miv laus feem ntau muaj sarcopenia ntau dua li cov miv hluas [17,18]. Vim tias cov ntshav creatinine yog ib qho cim ntawm cov nqaij pob txha pob txha, normalizing 3-MH rau creatinine concentrations (3-MH/Crea) tau siv los ua biomarker ntawm cov nqaij protein hloov pauv hauv cov neeg laus [19,20] . Hauv cov kws kho tsiaj, qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ncig 3-MH ntau thiab cov nqaij poob hauv miv tsis tau raug soj ntsuam yav dhau los.

Peb xav tias cov miv nrog CKD yuav muaj cov ntshav tsis zoo thiab fecal AA profile thaum piv rau cov miv noj qab haus huv. Tshwj xeeb, peb xav tias CKD miv yuav txo cov ntshav cov ntsiab lus ntawm AAs tseem ceeb nrog kev nce fecal concentrations ntawm cov AAs, txhawb cov protein malassimilation hauv cov hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb xav tias qhov 3-MH/Crea piv yuav pab tau rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm cov laus laus laus thiab cov miv laus noj qab nyob zoo. Txhawm rau ntsuam xyuas cov kev xav no, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntshav qab zib thiab fecal AA concentrations hauv miv nrog CKD thiab muab piv rau cov neeg hauv ib pawg miv noj qab haus huv. Lub hom phiaj thib ob yog txhawm rau tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm 3-MH/Crea nrog cov leeg mob (MCS) hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv thiab cov miv laus.

Cistanche tubulosa

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

1. Kawm tsim thiab xaiv cov miv

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb hla ntu no, cov neeg laus laus laus laus thiab cov miv noj qab haus huv (Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 8 xyoo) thiab cov miv uas kuaj pom nrog CKD tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntawm Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital ntawm 2018 thiab 2020. Yuav kom tsim nyog suav nrog , miv tau txais kev soj ntsuam zoo uas suav nrog cov neeg siv keeb kwm thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv kho mob yav dhau los, kev kuaj lub cev ua tiav los ntawm ib tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb sab hauv, CBC, serum biochemistry profile, urinalysis, serum tag nrho thyroxine concentration, ntshav siab los ntawm Doppler, thiab zis protein-rau-creatinine piv (yog tias cov zis protein dipstick ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 1 ntxiv). Kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev suav nrog 9- cov qhab nia ntawm lub cev (BCS; Nestle Purina, St. Louis, MO, USA) thiab cov qhab nia mob nqaij (MCS) [21,22]. Cov miv nrog CKD tau ua tiav raws li International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) cov lus qhia [23]. Cov miv tau ua raws li IRIS CKD Theem 1 raws li cov ntshav creatinine<1.6 mg/dL with an inadequate urinary concentrating ability (urine specific gravity (USG) ≤1.035) and either abnormal renal palpation or renal imaging findings consistent with chronic renal degenerative disease. Cats were diagnosed as IRIS CKD Stage 2–4 based on a serum creatinine >1.6 mg/dL with an inadequate urinary concentrating ability. Cats were considered healthy based on an unremarkable client history, physical examination, and normal laboratory testing including a serum creatinine ≤1.8 mg/dL and urine specific gravity (USG) >1. 035. Thaum tso npe kawm, cov tswv tau raug nug kom ntsuas qhov qab los noj mov ntawm lawv cov miv siv qhov ntsuas 5-point scale (0 feem pua ​​, 25 feem pua ​​, 50 feem pua ​​, 75 feem pua ​​, lossis 100 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom noj).

Cov txheej txheem cais tawm suav nrog cov teeb meem ntawm CKD, xws li mob obstructive urinary disease, urinary tract infection, lossis kev mus pw hauv tsev kho mob tsis ntev los no, thiab kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob xws li ntshav qab zib mellitus, hyperthyroidism, lossis paub lossis xav tias muaj kab mob plab hnyuv (xws li zaub mov teb mob enteropathy).

2. Serum Amino Acid Analysis

Cov tswv tau qhia kom txwv tsis pub noj ntawm lawv cov miv li 12 teev ua ntej sau ntshav. Cov ntshav tau muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha uas tsis yog-heparinized thiab tom qab tsim cov hlab ntsha centrifuged (hauv 30 min ntawm cov qauv sau) ntawm 5000 rpm rau 5 min. Cov ntshav tau raug muab khaws cia tam sim ntawd thiab khaws cia ntawm −80 ◦C rau 0–2 lub lis piam ua ntej yuav raug xa mus rau cov dej khov qhuav rau Texas A&M Gastrointestinal Laboratory rau kev soj ntsuam. Thaum tuaj txog, cov qauv tau thawed ntawm chav tsev kub thiab deproteinized nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm 5 feem pua ​​(w/v) sulfosalicylic acid nrog 500 µM L-norleucine raws li tus qauv sab hauv. Cov qauv tau muab khaws cia ntawm 4 ◦C rau 10 feeb ua ntej centrifugation ntawm 10, 000 × g rau 5 min. Lub supernatant tau pauv mus rau PVDF 0.2 µm pore loj centrifugal lim thiab centrifuged ntawm 10,000 × g rau 5 min ntawm 4 ◦C. Cov qauv tom qab ntawd tau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acid uas siv cov ion pauv chromatography amino acid analyzer nrog post-kem ninhydrin derivatization (Biochrom 30 ntxiv, Biochrom Ltd., Holliston, MA, USA). Ib puas microliters ntawm cov lim dej supernatant raug xa mus rau autosampler vials thiab khaws cia ntawm 4 ◦C rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 48 h ua ntej automated txhaj ntawm 30 µL mus rau hauv kem analytical.

Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no ntawm 25 amino acids thiab cov tshuaj sib txuas tau txheeb xyuas: -alanine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-citrulline, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, taurine , L-histidine, hydroxy-L-proline, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, 3-MH, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, thiab L-valine. R2 ntawm tus qauv nkhaus xws li 2.5 µM txog 75 0 µM tau ntau dua 0.998 rau txhua qhov sib xyaw. Qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws ntawm tus qauv sab hauv L-norleucine ntawm 250 µM yog nyob rau hauv 2 tus qauv sib txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab rau tag nrho cov qauv thiab cov qauv. Tus qauv ntsuas ntsuas ua haujlwm tau npaj ntawm 250 µM thiab tau khiav txhua 10 txhaj tshuaj nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ntau dua 5 feem pua. Kev txwv qis ntawm kev ntsuas tau suav nrog siv qhov qis tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv nkhaus uas qhov kev pom zoo rau qhov kev xav tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm 80-120 feem pua.

Amino acid concentrations tau suav nrog siv Biochrom BioSys V.3.0 software ua ke nrog EZChrom Elite™ VA04.08 (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) software tuav cov ntaub ntawv.

Cistanche extract

3. Fecal Amino Acid Analysis

Cov tswv tau qhia kom sau cov qauv fecal uas tsis muaj pov thawj los ntawm lawv cov miv hauv 12 teev tom qab tso quav thiab khaws cia rau ib ntus ntawm 4 ◦C hauv lub thawv kaw kom txog thaum tus qauv coj mus rau hauv tsev kho mob ntawm cov dej khov hauv 24 teev ntawm kev sau. Fecal aliquots tau khaws cia ntawm −80 ◦C kom txog thaum kev soj ntsuam. Tom qab kev kawm cuv npe kawm, tag nrho cov qauv fecal raug xa mus rau ib qho chaw kuaj sab nraud (Metabolon Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA) rau kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov kua chromatography nrog tandem mass spectrometry. Cov qauv fecal raug tshuaj xyuas rau 22 AAs hauv qab no: L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-citrulline, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, L-histidine, hydroxy-L -proline, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, thiab L- valine.

Fecal kuaj tau lyophilized, thiab ib qho aliquot tau hnyav. Cov fecal aliquots qhuav tau muab rho tawm nrog cov kuab tshuaj organic, thiab ib feem ntawm cov supernatant raug xa mus rau ib lub phaj huv. Lub supernatant aliquots tau spiked nrog ruaj khov sau cov qauv sab hauv (Table S1) thiab raug rau cov protein los nag nrog cov organic hnyav. Cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) thiab isotopically-labeled nrog cov qauv (Sigma-Aldrich, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, CDN Isotopes) tau txais. Tom qab centrifugation, aliquot ntawm supernatant tau diluted thiab txhaj rau hauv Agilent 1290 / AB Sciex QTrap 5500 kua chromatography-tandem pawg spectrometry nruab nrog C18 thim rov qab theem ultra-high-performance kua chromatography kem. Qhov loj spectrometer tau ua haujlwm hauv hom zoo siv electrospray ionization.

Qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm tus neeg txheeb xyuas niam txiv ions raug ntsuas tawm tsam thaj chaw ncov ntawm niam txiv ions ntawm cov qauv sib thooj hauv pseudo-MRM hom. Kev ua kom muaj nuj nqis tau ua los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov hnyav tsawg kawg ntawm cov squares regression uas tau tsim los ntawm cov qauv kev ntsuas kom ruaj khov tau npaj tam sim ua ntej txhua qhov kev khiav. Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos tau sau thiab ua tiav siv SCIEX OS-MQ software v1.7. Kev txo cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav siv Microsoft Excel rau Office 365 v.16.

Rau 22 analytes ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag amino acid, ib qho ntau ntawm cov ntshav tau siv los npaj cov qauv tswj kom zoo. Kev tshuaj xyuas piv txwv tau ua nyob rau hauv 96- hom phaj zoo uas muaj ob qhov kev ntsuas qhov nkhaus thiab rau 6 tus qauv tswj kom zoo (ib phaj) los saib xyuas kev ua tau zoo. Precision raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev siv cov kev tswj xyuas zoo sib xws hauv txhua tus qauv khiav. Intra-assay precision (feem pua ​​​​CV) tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 20 feem pua. Ib qho batch tau npaj thiab ua tiav. Concentration qhov tseem ceeb raug kho raws li tus qauv aliquot hnyav. Cov nqi tau nthuav tawm hauv µg / g. Qhov kev txwv qis ntawm kev ntsuas (LLOQ) rau glutamine yog 2.5 µg / g; rau L-alanine, L-arginine, L-lysine, L-proline, L-tyrosine, thiab L-valine, LLOQ yog 1.0 ug/g. Rau glycine, LLOQ yog 0.75 µg/g. Rau L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-leucine, L-threonine, thiab L-tryptophan, LLOQ yog 0.5 µg/g. Rau L-phenylalanine thiab L-serine, LLOQ yog 0.4 µg/g. Rau L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-isoleucine, thiab L-ornithine, LLOQ yog 0.25 µg/g. Rau L-citrulline, LLOQ yog 0.2 µg/g. Rau L-methionine, LLOQ yog 0.125 µg/g. Rau hydroxy-L-proline, LLOQ yog 0.05 µg / g.

4. Kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb

Rau kev sib piv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm IRIS CKD Qib, Theem 1 thiab 2 CKD miv thiab theem 3 thiab 4 CKD miv tau ua ke, muab ob peb theem 1 thiab theem 4 CKD miv uas tau kawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb.

Histograms thiab QQ cov phiaj xwm ntawm AA ntsuas hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab CKD miv tau lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm kwv yees li qub. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub thawv ntawv qhia tau hais tias kev ntsuas hauv CKD miv feem ntau hloov pauv ntau dua li cov miv noj qab haus huv. Yog li, Welch's test tau siv los sib piv qhov sib txawv tsis tu ncua ntawm ob pawg neeg ywj pheej (piv txwv li, miv noj qab haus huv thiab CKD miv). Ib txoj kev Welch's ANOVA nrog Holm-Sidak ntau qhov kev sib piv tau siv los sib piv qhov sib txawv ntawm peb pawg neeg ywj pheej (xws li, miv noj qab haus huv; CKD theem 1 thiab 2 miv; thiab CKD Theem 3 thiab 4 miv). Tsis tas li ntawd, Spearman correlation coefficient (rho) raug xam los ntsuam xyuas qhov sib txheeb ntawm cov ntshav thiab fecal AA concentrations thiab cov ntshav creatinine concentration, nruab nrab ntawm cov ntshav creatinine thiab 3-MH concentrations, thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntshav thiab fecal AA concentrations. Txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm Benjamini, Krieger, thiab Yekutieli [24] tau siv los tswj qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tseeb, nrog tus nqi q-tus nqi ntawm 5 feem pua. Rau kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb cais, ib qho piv txwv uas tsis muaj qhov ntsuas ntsuas tau raug tshaj tawm raws li 0. Thaum muaj, tus nqi kiag li tau siv rau cov qauv nrog qhov concentration hauv qab lossis siab tshaj qhov txwv ntawm qhov ntau. Siv cov qauv qhia txawv txawv ntawm plasma AA concentrations hauv cov miv noj qab haus huv thiab CKD [9], kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua los txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv yam tsawg kawg nkaus rau txhua AA uas tuaj yeem kuaj pom nrog tus qauv loj hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb (16 rau cov miv noj qab haus huv; 26 CKD miv ). Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tau txais qhov sib txawv yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas tuaj yeem kuaj pom rau txhua AA nrog lub zog ntawm 80 feem pua ​​thiab alpha ntawm {{20}}.05. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas, qhov tsawg kawg qhov sib txawv uas tuaj yeem kuaj pom yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib qho qauv sib txawv. Kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb xyuas tau ua los ntawm kev siv cov kev txheeb cais software (GraphPad Prism 9.2.0; GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, thiab SAS 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Kev kho p-tus nqi <0.05 tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Cistanche capsules

Kev sib tham

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb ntsuas cov ntshav thiab fecal AA concentrations los sib piv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv thiab cov laus cov miv thiab miv nrog CKD. Ua ntej, peb pom tias cov miv CKD muaj cov kua dej tsis zoo AA profile; tshwj xeeb, CKD miv tau qis qis qis ntawm peb qhov tseem ceeb (phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan) thiab ob qhov tsis tseem ceeb AAs (serine, tyrosine) thaum piv rau cov miv noj qab haus huv. Kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntshav AA cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv cov miv uas muaj kab mob thaum ntxov (IRIS Theem 1 thiab 2), thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov txawv txav tau ntau dua hauv cov miv nrog rau theem CKD (IRIS Theem 3 thiab 4) rau ntau AAs (aspartic acid, - alanine, citrulline, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, taurine, tryptophan, valine). Qhov thib ob, tsis zoo li peb qhov kev xav, peb tsis pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv fecal AA concentrations ntawm cov miv noj qab haus huv thiab CKD miv. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov protein malassimilation thiab tom qab poob ntawm AAs hauv cov quav yuav tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov ntshav AA profile hauv CKD miv. Lwm qhov ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntshav AA hauv cov miv tuaj yeem suav nrog kev noj tsis txaus lub zog thiab nce cov protein catabolism raws li tau tham ua ntej, ntxiv rau cov zis AA poob theem nrab rau tubular tsis ua haujlwm, txo lub raum metabolism ntawm AA, thiab hloov AA metabolism hauv nruab nrab rau cov kab mob hauv lub cev. [25, 26]. Feem ntau ntawm CKD miv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no muaj kev noj qab haus huv txaus raws li cov qhab nia qab los ntawm kev tso npe nkag; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas no yog cov ntsiab lus, thiab suav cov calorie kom tsawg txhua hnub tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov ntaub ntawv muab. Yog li, kev noj tsis txaus tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tawm raws li qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg AA profile hauv cov miv CKD. Thaum kawg, peb pom tias 3-MH/Crea qhov sib piv tsis sib txawv ntawm cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv thiab cov miv laus uas muaj thiab tsis muaj nqaij.

Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau ntsuas qhov preprandial plasma AA concentrations hauv miv nrog CKD thiab pom qhov txawv txav plasma AA profile hauv CKD miv piv rau cov miv noj qab haus huv [9]. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb pom ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm AA qhov sib txawv ntawm cov miv noj qab haus huv thiab CKD. Ob qho kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias muaj qhov qis dua tryptophan thiab tyrosine concentrations, thiab ntau dua ntawm citrulline hauv CKD miv thaum piv rau cov miv noj qab nyob zoo [9]. Feem ntau, muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov metabolite concentrations hauv cov ntshav thiab ntshav hauv tib neeg; Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov AA concentrations (piv txwv li, arginine, serine, phenylalanine, glycine) yuav siab dua hauv cov ntshav [27]. Yog li ntawd, qee qhov kev ceeb toom yuav tsum siv thaum sib piv ncaj qha ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas ntsuas AA concentrations hauv ntshav plasma.

Rau qee qhov AAs, cov ntshav ntshav siab ntau dua hauv CKD miv dua li cov miv noj qab haus huv, suav nrog AA taurine tseem ceeb thiab tsis tseem ceeb AAs aspartic acid, citrulline, thiab -alanine. Circulating concentrations ntawm taurine thiab citrulline yog siab dua nyob rau hauv miv thiab cov neeg uas muaj lub raum tsis ua hauj lwm [9,28]. Rau citrulline, qhov kev tshawb pom no yog vim qhov txo qis ntawm citrulline rau arginine los ntawm lub raum [29]. Taurine yog ib qho tseem ceeb amino acid hauv miv, tsis zoo li hauv tib neeg thiab dev, thiab yog li miv xav tau kev noj haus. Ntau dua cov ntshav taurine ntau dua hauv CKD miv yuav yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev txo lub raum tso tawm [30]. Yog vim li cas rau ntau dua circulating concentrations ntawm -alanine thiab aspartic acid nyob rau hauv CKD miv yog tsis paub; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog raws li tus qauv ntawm AA profile (piv txwv li, siab tsis tseem ceeb thiab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig AAs) tau sau tseg rau cov neeg mob raum [28,31].

Fecal concentrations ntawm leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, methionine, tyrosine, thiab tryptophan tau nce ntau heev hauv cov neeg mob raum kawg (ESRD) tau txais hemodialysis thaum piv rau kev noj qab haus huv tswj [15]. Cov AAs undigested nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm ESRD cov neeg mob yuav nyiam cov kab mob proteolytic uas tsim cov plab hnyuv loj-derived uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS), thiab p-cresol sulfate (PCS) [32]. Tib neeg, miv, thiab dev sib sau ua ke IS, thaum qee hom tsiaj sau pCS, nyob rau hauv lub cev kev ncig, thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov uremic toxins yog feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm txo tubular excretion [33-35]. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev xav tias cov protein malassimilation thiab nce AAs hauv cov nyuv kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav los ntawm kev nyiam cov kab mob proteolytic hauv cov nyuv [6,32]. Raws li peb qhov kev xav, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv fecal AA concentrations ntawm CKD thiab cov miv noj qab haus huv. Qhov no ua rau muaj lus nug txog kev koom tes ntawm AAs undigested nyob rau hauv tsub zuj zuj ntawm circulating IS thiab pCS nyob rau hauv CKD miv. Qhov tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm fecal AA concentrations tuaj yeem yog vim peb cov neeg mob. Feem ntau cov miv hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ruaj khov, thiab peb pawg neeg kawm ntawv muaj tsawg dhau theem 4 CKD miv (n=4) los ua qhov sib piv muaj txiaj ntsig. Ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov fecal AA profile yuav zoo dua rau cov miv nrog qhov kawg-theem CKD.

Peb ntsuas cov ntshav qab zib 3-MH ntau npaum hauv cov miv noj qab haus huv thiab CKD miv. Raws li qhov xav tau, peb pom tias cov miv CKD muaj cov ntshav qab zib ntau dua 3-MH ntau dua piv rau cov miv tswj kev noj qab haus huv, thiab cov ntshav qab zib ntawd 3-MH cov concentrations zoo sib xws nrog cov ntshav creatinine concentrations. Qhov no zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los hauv miv, dev, thiab tib neeg, uas tau pom tias 3-MH concentrations hauv cov ntshav los yog cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob CKD tau siab dua hauv kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv [9,11,28]. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog los ntawm txo lub raum tso tawm ntawm 3-MH hauv cov neeg mob CKD. Vim li no, peb tsis tau ua qhov 3-MH/Crea piv rau CKD miv nrog cov leeg nqaij vim creatinine yog ib qho teeb meem tsis meej pem. Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas yog tias 3-MH/Crea piv tuaj yeem siv los ua tus cim ntawm cov leeg pob txha degradation hauv cov neeg laus laus thiab cov miv laus noj qab haus huv, 3-MH/Crea ratios tau muab piv rau cov miv nrog thiab cov tsis muaj leeg nqaij. Ib qho MCS tau los ntawm ib tus kws kho tsiaj ib leeg tau siv los ntsuas cov leeg nqaij hauv pawg miv. Kev kwv yees ntawm MCS yog ib qho yooj yim thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau cov neeg tau txais kev cob qhia ua haujlwm hauv chaw kho mob thiab tau pom tias muaj qhov rov ua tau zoo thiab muaj kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam [36]. Cov miv noj qab haus huv nrog cov leeg mob me me mus rau nruab nrab cov leeg tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua qhov txhais tau tias 3-MH/Crea piv rau cov uas tsis muaj cov leeg nqaij poob, tab sis qhov kev tshawb pom no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, uas tau raug ntaus nqi rau cov qauv me me thiab muaj peev xwm hloov tau cov protein ntau hauv qhov no kawm cohort [20,37]. Kev siv ntawm 3-MH ua biomarker ntawm skeletal nqaij degradation nyob rau hauv miv warrants ntxiv kev tshawb nrhiav.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cachexia hauv cov neeg uas muaj CKD, cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom ua kom lub cev ua si, kho cov kab mob metabolic acidosis, thiab tshem tawm cov teeb meem kho mob (xws li kab mob plab hnyuv) kom txo qis cov protein catabolism. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho kom zoo rau kev noj zaub mov zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb. Zoo ib yam li cov tib neeg, kev txo qis hauv cov protein kom tsawg siv cov protein uas zom tau yooj yim thiab kev saib xyuas cov calorie kom txaus yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob rau miv nrog CKD [38,39]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los hauv miv nrog IRIS Theem 1 thiab 2 CKD tau pom tias kev noj zaub mov kom zoo ntawm AA threonine tseem ceeb siv cov khoom noj protein txwv rau lub raum (6.7 g / 100 kcal) rau 6 lub hlis tswj hwm lub cev hnyav (Hill's Prescription Diet k / d. Feline with chicken, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, KS, USA) [40]. Amino acid profiles ua ntej thiab tom qab kev hloov pauv kev noj haus tsis tau soj ntsuam hauv cov miv no. Peb pom threonine qis hauv cov ntshav cov miv nrog CKD piv rau cov miv tswj kev noj qab haus huv, uas txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ntxiv ntawm AA no hauv CKD miv. Hauv cov neeg ntawm hemodialysis, qhov ncauj nutraceutical siv los muab calories los ntawm macronutrients, nrog rau cov protein nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm AAs thiab peptides, txhim kho feem ntau AA concentrations hauv cov ntshav [41]. Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb no, lub raum kho cov khoom noj uas muaj zog nrog AAs tseem ceeb yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv CKD miv hauv kev cia siab ntawm kev tswj hwm lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov ntshav AA ntau ntxiv; txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg tseem yuav tau piav qhia.

Cistanche hmoov

Txoj kev tshawb no muaj kev txwv. Hais txog cov neeg miv, pawg tswj hwm tsis muaj hnub nyoog sib npaug rau pawg CKD vim qhov tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov miv noj qab haus huv<14 years of age in the referral hospital population. As a result, the healthy control cats were significantly younger than the CKD cats, which may have affected our conclusions. In people, serum AA profiles differ between the young and elderly, and therefore, the deranged serum AA profile in CKD cats in comparison to the healthy controls may be explained in part by age [42,43]. Second, our results reflect only a single time-point and are not representative of dynamic changes that may occur in circulating or fecal AA concentrations. Third, deproteinization of serum was not performed until after freezing and just before analysis within 2 weeks of collection. Deproteinization prevents losing AA by co-precipitation with other serum proteins, therefore this may have impacted our results, especially for sulfur-containing AAs (methionine, taurine) [44]. However, all samples were handled similarly, so any effect should have been standardized across all samples. Lastly, all healthy cats and the majority of CKD cats (21/26) were fasted before blood collection. In cats, there is a mild postprandial rise in plasma AA concentrations, and the magnitude of the postprandial rise varies based on the AA concentration of the diet and feeding regimen [45–47]. Therefore, the fed state of these five CKD could have affected results to an unknown degree.

Cov lus xaus

Miv nrog IRIS Theem 1–4 CKD muaj cov kua dej qis dua ntawm qee qhov tseem ceeb AAs thaum piv rau cov laus laus laus thiab cov miv laus noj qab haus huv, thiab yog li ntawd deranged serum AA profile hauv CKD miv tuaj yeem ua lub hom phiaj kho kev noj haus. Fecal AA concentrations tsis sib txawv heev ntawm CKD thiab cov miv noj qab haus huv, thiab yog li fecal excretion ntawm AAs tsis zoo li yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau deranged serum AA profiles sau tseg hauv CKD miv. Serum 3-MH ntau dua hauv CKD miv dua li hauv kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv, thiab qhov kev tshawb pom no yog los ntawm kev txo lub raum tso tawm. Qhov 3-MH/Crea piv tsis tau ntau dua hauv cov miv noj qab haus huv nrog cov leeg nqaij tsis zoo piv rau cov leeg nqaij; Txawm li cas los xij, muab cov qauv me me ntxiv kev ntsuas ntxiv yog lav.

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47. Heinze, CR; Larsen, JA; Kass, PH; Fascetti, AJ Plasma amino acid, thiab tag nrho cov ntshav taurine ntau hauv cov miv noj cov zaub mov npaj ua lag luam. Am. J. Vet. Res. Xyoo 2009, 70, 1374–1382. [CrossRef]

Stacie C. Summers 1, Jessica Quimby 2, Amanda Blake 3, Deborah Keys 4, Joerg M. Steiner 3, thiab Jan Suchodolski 3

1 Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, LOSSIS 97331, USA

2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; quimby.19@osu.edu

3 Texas A&M Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA; ablake@cvm.tamu.edu (AB); jsteiner@cvm.tamu.edu (JMS); jsuchodolski@cvm.tamu.edu (JS)

4 Kaleidoscope Statistics Veterinary Medical Research Consulting, Athens, GA 30606, USA; deborah.a.keys@kaleidoscopestatistics.com