SARS-CoV-2 Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv, Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kev Tsim Kho Tshuab, Thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb hauv Kev Txhim Kho Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Thaum Muaj Kab Mob Sib Kis: Cov Lus Qhia Kawm Yuav Pab Tau Los Tiv Thaiv Tus Kab Mob Tom ntej
Nov 20, 2023
Abstract:
Tam sim no peb tab tom mus txog peb xyoos txij li pib muaj tus kabmob coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) kis thoob qhov txhia chaw. SARS-CoV-2 tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev hauv lub neej niaj hnub, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm pej xeem, thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Txog tam sim no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua haujlwm zoo dua li qhov xav tau tiv thaiv tus kabmob. Thaum muaj kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb, peb tau ntsib ntau yam, xws li tus kab mob thiab nws cov kab mob, kev tshwm sim hauv chaw kho mob, thiab kev kho mob; tawm variants; tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv; thiab cov txheej txheem tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim thiab pom zoo nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no. Peb kuj tham txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntau qhov kev kawm tau kawm los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws nyob rau ob xyoos ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev txhim kho, kev sim tshuaj, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov lus qhia uas tau kawm thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav pab tiv thaiv tus kabmob kis mus ntxiv.
Ntsiab lus:cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob; COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw; kev kawm; SARS-CoV-2}}
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
1. Taw qhia
Tus kab mob coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) kev kis thoob qhov txhia chaw tau yog lub sijhawm txaus ntshai thiab nyuaj siab, thiab tam sim no yog lub sijhawm los saib rov qab. COVID-19 pib thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2019 thaum thawj kis tau pom nyob hauv Wuhan, Tuam Tshoj [1]. Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv tau tshaj tawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb Thoob Ntiaj Teb (PHEIC) thaum Lub Ib Hlis 30, 2020, vim tias muaj tus kabmob kis sai sai sab nraum Suav. Tom qab ntawd, WHO tau tshaj tawm tias muaj tus kabmob kis thoob plaws lub Peb Hlis 11, 2020 [2]. Txog rau lub Rau Hli 2020, feem ntau lub tebchaws loj tau raug tus kabmob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw. Tus kab mob no tau kis ntau dua 200 lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb. Cov neeg mob tuag coob heev (CFR) tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus cov txiv neej. Hauv pawg no, qhov nruab nrab CFR yog 1–7% [3]. Saib rov qab ntawm lub teb chaws paub CFR, qhov siab tshaj plaws tau tshaj tawm hauv Mexico. Qhov thib ob-siab tshaj plaws tau sau tseg hauv Ltalis. Lwm cov CFR tseem ceeb tau sau tseg hauv UK, Spain, Fabkis, thiab Russia [3]. Muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua ntawm tus kab mob COVID{18}} hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob sib kis, xws li ntshav qab zib mellitus, teeb meem plawv, thiab kub siab [4]. Raws li lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, 2022, ntau dua 660 lab tus neeg mob ntawm COVID-19 tau txheeb pom, thiab ntau dua 6.69 lab tus neeg tuag tau tshaj tawm. Ob peb txoj kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tau raug txheeb xyuas los tswj tus kab mob [5,6]. Cov tshuaj molecules muaj xws li remdesivir, favipiravir, thiab dexamethasone [7,8]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj xws li mavrilimumab thiab tocilizumab [7,9–11]. Ntau qhov kev sim tshuaj tau ua los ntsuas cov kev kho mob rov ua dua tawm tsam SARS-CoV-2.
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb. Lawv pab txhawb lub neej ntev thiab lub neej expectancy. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txoj hauv kev pab tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob tuag taus thiab kis kab mob. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los tawm tsam kev sib kis [12,13]. Piv txwv ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig yog kev tshem tawm cov kab mob me me thiab polio [14,15]. Raws li kev txais yuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ntau zaus ntawm ntau cov kab mob thaum yau, xws li qhua pias thiab polio, tau txo qis [16,17]. Tam sim no, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob npaws tau dav siv txhua xyoo kom muaj kev nyab xeeb tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas raws caij nyoog [18,19]. Yog li, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tswj kev kis tus kab mob sib kis.
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom
【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau lwm yam kab mob coronaviruses, xws li SARS-CoV thiab MERS-CoV [20]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem tsis tau tsim thiab tso tawm rau cov no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm SARS-CoV thiab MERS-CoV kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog cov txheej txheem biology, molecular biology, thiab kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov kab mob glycoprotein's antigenicity thiab cov qauv ntawm ob tus kab mob no (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) [21,22]. Spike glycoprotein yog lub hom phiaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau ob tus kab mob no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tau tshaj tawm tias qhov glycoprotein spike ntawm SARS-CoV-2 yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv [23,24].
Tom qab txheeb xyuas tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2 hauv Suav teb, cov kws tshawb fawb Suav tau txheeb xyuas tus kab mob genome. Zhang et al. sequenced the genome of SARS-CoV-2 at Fudan University. Cov kab ke genome tau ua rau pej xeem tuaj yeem siv tam sim ntawd hauv GenBank [25,26]. Genome sequencing pib qhov kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tiv thaiv immunoinformatic los tawm tsam SARS-CoV-2. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tsim daim ntawv cog lus tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 siv immunoinformatics [27]. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tuam txhab tshuaj tau pib tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv los tiv thaiv tus kabmob. Ua ntej, Moderna tau pib qhov kev sim tshuaj nrog mRNA-1273 los ntawm Moderna tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2020. Tom qab ntawd, Pfizer tau pib qhov kev sim tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv BNT162b1 thiab BNT162b2 nrog kev koom tes ntawm ib lub tuam txhab German, BioNTech [28]. Ob qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA (mRNA{18}} los ntawm Moderna thiab bnt162b2 los ntawm Pfizer) tau txais kev pom zoo thawj zaug (Kev Tso Cai Siv Kub Kub, EUA) los ntawm USFDA thiab EMA thaum kawg ntawm 2020 lossis ntxov 2021 (Daim duab 1) [29]. Raws li lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2022, 50 COVID{27}} cov neeg sib tw tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo los ntawm tsawg kawg ib lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tau tshaj tawm tias 201 lub tebchaws tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv cov pej xeem nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID{29}} pom zoo.
Daim duab 1. Lub ncua sij hawm piav qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Ib yam li ntawd, txog niaj hnub no, 11 COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txais daim ntawv teev npe siv thaum muaj xwm ceev (EUL) los ntawm WHO [30]. Ntau tus neeg sib tw tshuaj tiv thaiv tau raug tsim tawm uas tau nkag mus rau kev sim tshuaj raws sijhawm [31]. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 242 tus neeg sib tw tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nyob rau hauv kev kho mob. Ntawm lawv, 66 yog nyob rau theem-I txoj kev loj hlob. Ib yam li ntawd, 72 tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nyob rau theem-II, thiab 92 yog nyob rau theem-III [30].
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tham txog SARS-CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tshuaj tiv thaiv kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, thiab kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kev txhim kho hauv ob xyoos ntawm kev sib kis. Peb kuj tham txog cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb thaum lub sij hawm tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ob peb zaj lus qhia tau kawm los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws uas tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv tus kabmob kis mus ntxiv.
2. The First Approved Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
Thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo yog Pfizer-BioNTech (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: BNT162b) thiab Moderna (mRNA{1}}) mRNA tshuaj tiv thaiv [29,32]. Ob qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau pom zoo los ntawm EMA thiab FDA (USA) thiab tau tso cai EUA rau siv hauv Asmeskas thiab Europe [29]. Thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, Pfizer-BioNTech, tau txais EUA los ntawm USFDA thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 11, 2020 [33], thiab los ntawm EMA rau 21 Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2020 [34]. Ib txhij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Moderna mRNA tau txais EUA los ntawm USFDA thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 18, 2020 [35]. Ib txhij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Moderna's mRNA) tau txais EUA los ntawm EMA thaum Lub Ib Hlis 6, 2020 [36] (Daim duab 1). Ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo nyob rau ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, xws li CoronaVac, BBIBP CorV, CoviVac, Covaxin, Oxford-AstraZeneca tshuaj tiv thaiv (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), Sputnik V, Johnson & Johnson tshuaj tiv thaiv, Convidicea, RBD- Dimer, thiab EpiVacCorona (Table 1). Hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2020, Parker li al. tau hais tias kwv yees li 200 tus neeg sib tw tshuaj tiv thaiv tau koom nrog ntau theem kev loj hlob. Ntawm cov no, qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau nkag mus rau theem-III kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam [37].
Table 1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 sib txawv.
Table 1. Cont.
3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim los ntawm kev sib kis ceev
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom sai sai hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv COVID-19, thiab kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pib tawm tsam tus kab mob. Cov neeg sib tw tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau hauv kev sim tshuaj los ntawm theem kev sim. Lub ntiaj teb tsis tau pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai heev nyob rau xyoo tas los no [50]. Cov phiaj xwm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua raws li thawj qhov kev sim tshuaj, tau xaus rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2020. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 tau tsim sai dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yav dhau los [51,52]. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov kev paub txog kev txhim kho tshuaj tiv thaiv yav dhau los tau ua rau kev txhim kho sai dua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA tau tsim thiab pom zoo nyob rau hauv yim lub hlis, thiab Moderna cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA tau tsim thiab pom zoo hauv ob peb hnub. Ob qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau tsim thiab tau txais kev pom zoo sai (EUA) thaum muaj kev sib kis (Daim duab 2).
Daim duab 2. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ua tiav ntawm thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev txhim kho thiab nws txoj kev pom zoo. Thawj koob tshuaj tiv thaiv (Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA) tau tsim nyob rau hauv yim lub hlis. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb hu ua qhov ceev ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv "kev sib kis ceev".
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pab kom tau txais kev paub txog SARS thiab MERS thiab pab hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam SARS-CoV-2. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau ob tus kabmob coronaviruses rau xyoo [50].
4. Tus kab mob COVID-19 Vaccine Platform
Xav txog tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim nyob rau hauv kev sim tshuaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tag nrho thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tag nrho tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg dav: nyob attenuated thiab inactivated. Ib yam li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg: DNA-based, RNA-based, protein subunits, cov kab mob zoo li tus kab mob (VLPs)-replicated viral vectors, thiab nonreplicated viral vectors [53,54] (Daim duab 3A) . Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo tam sim no yog ua raws li tus kab mob inactivated (n=11), DNA (n=1), RNA (n=4), protein subunits (n=16), VLPs (n=1), thiab nonreplicated viral vectors (n=7) [55]; ntawm cov no, 11 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog EULs pom zoo los ntawm WHO. Tam sim no tag nrho ntawm 175 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau theem kev kho mob ntawm kev loj hlob, siv protein subunits (n=56), kab mob vectors (non-replicating; n=23), DNA (n=16) , inactivated virus (n=22), RNA (n=41), viral vectors (replicating; n=4), virus-like particles (n=7), VVr + antigen-presenting cells (n=2), live attenuated virus (n=2), VVnr + antigen presenting cells (n=1), and bacterial antigen-spore expression vector (n {{ 36}}). Peb tau tsim cov qauv kev txheeb cais uas siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug thib ob (Daim duab 3B) thiab txiav txim siab qhov feem pua ntawm txhua tus (Daim duab 3C).
Daim duab 3. Cont.
Daim duab 3. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv thiab cov kev sim tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. (A) Daim duab schematic uas piav qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv. (B) Ib qho qauv txheeb cais tau tsim los siv cov lej ntawm kev sim tshuaj. (C) Feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau piav qhia los ntawm daim ntawv qhia ncuav qab zib.
5. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv pom zoo thiab lawv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv platform siv: tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv protein-subunit (Table 1). Ntawm cov no, ob qho tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, plaub qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo, plaub qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob protein-subunit tau pom zoo. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA tau tso cai yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Moderna thiab Pfizer-BioNTech; Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo xws li CoronaVac, Covaxin, BBIBP-CorV, thiab CoviVac; Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob viral-vector suav nrog Sputnik V, tshuaj tiv thaiv Oxford-AstraZeneca, tshuaj tiv thaiv Johnson & Johnson, thiab Convidicea; thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv protein-subunit suav nrog RBD-Dimer thiab EpiVacCorona. Moderna thiab Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA tshuaj tiv thaiv qhia txog COVID-19 spike glycoprotein [56]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm Oxford-AstraZeneca nthuav qhia cov kab mob sib kis uas siv adenovirus vector platforms [57]. Sinopharm tau tsim tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog (BBIBP-CorV) siv txhuas hydroxide ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv [58]. Ib yam li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob virion tag nrho yog tsim los ntawm BharatBiotech (Covaxin), thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau tsim nrog TRL-7/TRL-8 agonist molecule uas tau adsorbed rau alum (AlgelorAlgel-IMDG) [ 47] ib. ZF2001 (RBD-Dimer) yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob protein uas tsim los siv cov receptor binding domain (RBD) los ntawm cov protein ntau ntawm tus kab mob [56]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no siv txhuas ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv. EpiVacCoron yog tsim los ntawm chemically synthesized epitopes conjugated mus rau recombinant protein carrier. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 no yog adsorbed rau txhuas hydroxide [59]. Sputnik V yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob-vector tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm adenovirus platform siv adenovirus 26 thiab adenovirus 5 (Ad26 thiab Ad5, ntsig txog) vectors los nthuav qhia cov protein ntau ntawm SARS-CoV-2 [41,60,61].
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tag nrho yog tsim los ntawm kev npaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tag nrho, xws li CoronaVac (Sinovac), Covilo (Sinopharm), thiab Covaxin (Bharat Biotech). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no muaj cov hlwb inactivated los ntawm cov tshuaj inactivation. Kev ua kom huv thiab sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj sib xyaw tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb no yog ib qho adjuvant uas txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho adjuvant yog aluminium hydroxide [62]. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias thaum tshav kub kub tsis ua haujlwm, irradiated, lossis cov kab mob tsis muaj zog tuaj yeem poob lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab lub platform no tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov kab mob nyob hauv lub platform [62].
Raws li tib neeg lossis tsiaj replication-defective adenovirus vectors, nonreplicated viral-vector vaccines, xws li Covishield lossis Vaxzevria, tau pom zoo rau tib neeg siv. Vaxzevria yog los ntawm Oxford / AstraZeneca. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Covishield yog tsim los ntawm ob lub koom haum: Serum Institute of India thiab Fiocruz-Brazil. Covishield tau tsim thiab tsim los ntawm Oxford thiab AstraZeneca siv tus chimpanzee adenovirus encoding tus SARS-CoV-2S glycoprotein [63,64]. Ad26.COV2.S yog replication-incompetent recombinant human adenovirus type 26 vector expressing the S protein, from Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, and have a very stabilized conformation [65].
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
6. Spike Protein yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev nyiam hauv kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa mus tsev los ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw yog qhov kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov protein S, siv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej. S protein yog heev immunogenic. Cov thev naus laus zis tsis ntev los no, suav nrog immunoinformatics, tau nthuav tawm nws qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov txheej txheem proteins yog cov feem ntau antigenic proteins. Martínez-Flores et al. tau tshaj tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm S glycoproteins, xws li muaj cov epitopes luv luv nyob rau hauv cov ntsia hlau loj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv RBD [66]. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tseem tau tshaj tawm tias SARS-CoV-2S protein yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv [23,24]. Rau cov laj thawj uas tau hais los saum toj no, tus kab mob kis tau raug xaiv rau kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv (Daim duab 4).
Daim duab 4. Tus qauv 3D ntawm cov protein ntau thiab nws cov cim ua rau nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam rau kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntawm no, peb piav txog qee qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv S proteins, xws li P681R, N501Y, K444R, K41N / K, thiab D614G.
7. Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv
Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag mus tau thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li xyoo 2023, Moderna tau muag nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA-1273 ntawm tus nqi ntawm USD 25–37. BioNTech/Pfizer tab tom muag nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv BNT162b ntawm kwv yees li USD 19 ib koob. AstraZeneca tab tom muag nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kwv yees li USD 3–4. Lub tuam txhab no muag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov teb chaws tau nyiaj nruab nrab thiab cov nyiaj tau tsawg los ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tawm tsam kev sib kis [67].
Is Nrias teb tseem tab tom tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi qis [68]. Lub koom haum Serum ntawm Is Nrias teb tau pom zoo nrog Oxford University los tsim ntau dua ib txhiab koob tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. Lawv tuaj yeem muab khoom siv hauv lub tebchaws thiab muab tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tebchaws tau nyiaj tsawg thiab nruab nrab ntawm tus nqi ntawm USD 3 rau ib koob [69]. Tam sim no, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog USD 8-10 rau ib koob.
8. Kev sib koom tes loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st thaum lub sij hawm tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev sim tshuaj
Kev sib koom tes ntau tau ua rau lub sijhawm tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev sim tshuaj. Ntau qhov kev koom tes pej xeem thiab ntiag tug tau tsim [70]. Kev kawm thiab tsoomfwv kev koom tes kuj tau sau tseg ntawm ntau qib los pab txhawb kev ntsuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus kawg thiab kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb xyuas. Kev koom nrog kev lag luam nrog kev kawm kuj tau sau tseg. Ib qho piv txwv yog Oxford / AstraZeneca kev koom tes. Lwm qhov kev sib koom tes yog ntawm AstraZeneca thiab Serum Institute rau kev tsim Covishield. Peb tau hu xov tooj rau thaum muaj kev sib kis thaum ntxov rau kev sib koom tes ntawm ntau theem los tawm tsam kev sib kis [71]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm thiab kev sib koom tes tau raug soj ntsuam thaum lub sijhawm tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev sib koom tes yog kev sib koom tes ntawm peb lub koom haum loj: Gavi, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), thiab WHO. Peb lub koom haum no tau npaj kom xa ob lab koob tshuaj tiv thaiv thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 2021 [72]. Lawv zoo li yuav ua tiav ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no.
9. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Hauv Ntiaj Teb tiag ntawm COVID-19 Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Zoo
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau sim ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiag tiag (VE) thoob plaws ntiaj teb. COVID-19 kev sim theem-III tau tshaj tawm VE siab rau ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2. Pfizer-BioNTech's mRNA tshuaj tiv thaiv VE tau tshaj tawm tias yog 95%; Moderna's mRNA-1273 tshuaj tiv thaiv, 94.1%; Oxford-AstraZeneca's ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, 70.4%; thiab CoronaVac's absorbed inactivated vaccine, 50.7% [73,74] (Table 2). Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim tshuaj rau theem-III feem ntau tau tso npe rau cov neeg mob hluas. Yog li, VE hauv cov neeg mob laus yuav tsum to taub [75].
Table 2. Pom zoo COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lawv cov kev ua tau zoo
10. Txo tus kab mob COVID-19 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv tus kab mob tshiab
Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19, suav nrog Novavax, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer/BioNTech, thiab Moderna, tau pom tias txo COVID-19 VE dhau sijhawm. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txo qis vim yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov pauv tshiab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim tuaj yeem khiav tawm ib nrab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv [89–91]. Ntau qhov kev hloov pauv tau raug sau tseg rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv tawm, thiab cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau tshaj tawm suav nrog D614G, P681R, E484K, N439K, K417N / T, K444R, thiab N501Y [89,92,93]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig los tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis tsis ntev los no, xws li Omicron. Tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig tau raug sau tseg txawm tias tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob tshuaj boost [81,94]. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias VEs ntawm mRNA-based BioNTech, Pfizer tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab mRNA-Moderna mRNA-1273 tawm tsam alpha zoo ib yam li cov tawm tsam yav dhau los variant [95,96]. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txo qis kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv Beta variant. Sputnik V Ad26/Ad5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222, CoronaVac, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, thiab BBIBP-CorV cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom tias txo qis neutralization efficiency tiv thaiv Beta [97,98]. Ib yam li ntawd, Omicron variant tau pom tias txo qis kev muaj peev xwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob sera elicited los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txawm tias tom qab ib qho kev txhawb zog [99] (Table 3).
Table 3. Txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 variants.
11. Cov Platforms tiag tiag hauv ntiaj teb no rau Kev Saib Xyuas Txhua Lub Tebchaws Tus Txheej Txheem ntawm COVID-19 Kev txhaj tshuaj
Tom qab kev txhim kho sai ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19, txhua lub tebchaws tau pib txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nws cov pej xeem tam sim ntawd. Lawv tau tsim cov tswv yim los txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv cov pej xeem. Feem ntau lub tebchaws txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv cov neeg laus ua ntej vim tias lawv yog pawg neeg muaj kev phom sij tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Asmeskas cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias lawv thawj zaug txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv cov neeg laus [106]. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim los txiav txim seb qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 hauv txhua lub tebchaws. Cov ntaub ntawv no muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txhua lub teb chaws txoj kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm "tsawg kawg ib koob" cov neeg txhaj tshuaj lossis cov neeg tau txhaj tshuaj tag nrho, raws li feem pua ntawm cov neeg siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov koob tshuaj tswj hwm thoob ntiaj teb thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj noj ib hnub. Qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog Peb Lub Ntiaj Teb hauv Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab COVID-19-Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob. Feem ntau lub tebchaws muaj lawv tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv los qhia txog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, xws li CDC hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Co-WIN hauv Is Nrias teb. Lub vev xaib digital ntawm Is Nrias teb, Co-WIN, tau pab txhua tus pej xeem Indian tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. Lub platform digital tau pab Is Nrias teb ua lub ntiaj teb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws [107]. Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntiaj teb tsis tau pom hom tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ntej.
12. Kev pom zoo ntawm Intranasal Vaccine los ntawm Bharat Biotech thiab Inhaled Vaccine los ntawm CanSino Biologics: Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no puas yog qhov hloov pauv kev ua si?
Tsis ntev los no, ob lub cim ntxiv ntawm COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj: Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Intranasal los ntawm Bharat Biotech thiab Inhaled Vaccine los ntawm CanSino Biologics Inc. (Tianjin, Tuam Tshoj), raws li [106–110]. Cov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mucosal, thiab ob lub tuam txhab, tau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv "viral vector". CanSinoBIO tau siv cov kab mob sib kis kab mob sib kis (adenovirus los ntawm Adenovirus Type 5 vector) los tsim lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv mucosal.
13. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Tom Ntej Ua Tau Zoo tiv thaiv Emerging Variants of SARS-CoV-2: A Recent Update
13.1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab lossis hloov kho
Cov kab mob SARS-CoV-2 tshwm sim, xws li Delta thiab Omicron, tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lawv cov genomes kom muaj zog dhau ntawm COVID-19- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo (nAbs) , tshaj kev kho mob nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev sib kis [20,93,111,112]. Lub caij no, nws tau raug sau tseg tias cov kev hloov pauv no, Delta thiab Omicron, muaj cov khoom sib kis tau zoo dua li cov tsiaj qus. Tej lus nug tshwm sim. Yuav ua li cas yog tias qee qhov kev hloov pauv uas muaj kev sib kis tau nce siab dua los ntawm kev tau txais kev hloov pauv txaus lossis cov xwm txheej rov ua dua tshiab? Puas yuav lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas siv cov txheej txheem poj koob yawm txwv ntawm kev tsom mus rau qhov kis kab mob sib kis txuas ntxiv? Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv poj koob yawm txwv puas yuav tiv thaiv cov kev hloov pauv yav tom ntej nrog kev sib kis ntau dua lossis kev ua phem? Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv qib siab uas tuaj yeem muab ntau yam kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam txhua yam uas tshwm sim los yog qhov hloov pauv tshiab ntawm SARS-CoV-2 yog xav tau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb yuav tsum tau npaj rau kev kis tus kabmob kis mus ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ua kom nrawm nrog kev txuas ntxiv ntawm SARS-CoV-2 variants, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hloov kho thiab hloov kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no thiab tsim thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshiab muaj xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv [113], tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv (ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob), tshuaj tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kis thoob ntiaj teb [114], tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntau yam [115,116], CRISPR 117], tshuaj tiv thaiv kev txawj ntse [118,119], immunoinformatics- thiab immunomics raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv [120], nanotechnology-based vaccines/nano-vaccines [19,121–123], nucleic acid-based thiab protein subunit-based vaccines, Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes [124], thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev [125]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiam tshiab yuav tsim nyog siv tau los daws ntau yam kev hloov tshiab thiab kev hloov pauv yav tom ntej los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus tiv thaiv COVID-19 [109,123–130]. Li no, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hloov kho lossis tshiab uas tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv dav dav rau ntau yam [129,131].
Xav txog cov saum toj no, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas-tiv thaiv kab mob raws li txoj hauv kev futuristic. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tab tom tsim cov tswv yim los tiv thaiv VOCs. Hauv ib qho kev sim tshuaj, cov kws tshawb fawb tau suav tias yog tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA raws li qhov nce siab hauv Wuhan hom lossis qhov nce ntawm VOCs uas yuav los sai sai (mRNA-1273/mRNA- 1273.211/1273.351). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau raug sim hauv cov pab pawg txhawb zog thiab pom tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv cov kab sib txawv. Thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, lipid nanoparticles tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [132]. Txhawm rau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thib ob los daws ntau VOCs, alphavirus-based replicating RNA tshuaj tiv thaiv qhia cov kab mob sib kis ntawm tus thawj SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant thiab VOCs tsis ntev los no tau tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no siv lub lipid-inorganic nanoparticle platform rau hauv vivo xa. Qhov no SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific replicating RNA tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kab mob kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv nas thiab Syrian Golden hamsters tom qab kev sib tw nrog heterologous VOC, eliciting muaj zog neutralizing titers tawm tsam homologous VOC. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ua pov thawj txo qis titers tawm tsam kev sib tw heterologous thiab txo qis qis ntawm cov kab mob sib kis. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav tau rau lub hom phiaj VOCs [113].
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim kho RBD nanoparticles rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas. Saunders et al. (2021) formulated nanoparticles conjugated with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ntxiv nrog alum thiab 3M-052 [133]. Ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob COVID-19 tau tsim tawm, uas, sib nrug los ntawm kev tshem tawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob (ob leeg humoral thiab cell-mediated immunity), kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv mucosal muaj zog ntawm IgA cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tus kab mob ntawm theem mucosal (qhov ntswg kab noj hniav thiab lub ntsws), tiv thaiv kab mob thiab rov ua dua, txo tus kab mob, thiab cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob, yog li tiv thaiv kev sib kis thiab kis mus ntxiv [11,134]. Hauv qhov kev taw qhia no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau kev tswj hwm hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab mob zoo li cov kab mob (VLPs) uas nthuav tawm RBD ntawm SARS-CoV-2, uas tau sim hauv cov qauv murine. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau nAbs tawm tsam Wuhan hom SARS-CoV-2 thiab lwm yam VOCs [135]. Tsis ntev los no, Wang et al. (2022) tau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau epitope peptide (UB-612) uas muaj S1-RBD-sFc protein thiab epitopes los ntawm spike (S2) proteins, membrane (M), thiab nucleocapsid (N) proteins . Tom qab qhov kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas theem-I lossis II, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv VOCs thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo. Nws kuj tau nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm T-cell thiab kev tiv thaiv B-cell ntev ntev [116].
13.2. Nanoparticles Dotted "Mosaic" Vaccines nrog txawv RBDs los ntawm SARS-CoV-2 thiab Coronaviruses
Tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Caltech (California Institute of Technology) tau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nanoparticle-dotted uas muaj ntau RBDs los ntawm SARS-CoV-2. Nws tseem tuaj yeem muaj RBDs los ntawm lwm tus kabmob coronaviruses. Thaum B cell paub ntau yam RBDs, nws txhim kho lub peev xwm los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau ntau lub cim xeeb B los tiv thaiv kab mob yav tom ntej [136].
13.3. Emerging Vaccine tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 Siv Immunoinformatics Approach
Kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntau yam los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev / kev suav nrog rau SARS-CoV-2 zoo li tau cog lus tseg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tshawb B thiab T cell epitopes. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob immunoinformatic/computation-based multi-epitope tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov neeg muaj peev xwm los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tiv thaiv COVID-19 [137]. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov tshuaj antigenic epitopes los ntawm ob hom tsiaj qus thiab hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Peb tau tsim ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv silico peptide-based tshuaj tiv thaiv siv lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob epitopes los ntawm Wuhan hom thiab lwm yam VOCs, uas tuaj yeem txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov kab mob SARS-CoV-2 [138]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev suav suav tsim los ua glycoprotein multi-epitope subunit txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus neeg sib tw rau cov qub thiab tshiab South African SARS-CoV-2 hom kab mob tau cog lus tab sis xav tau kev soj ntsuam ntxiv hauv cov qauv tsiaj [115].
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
13.4 ib. Lwm Txoj Kev Tsis ntev los no
Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom sim tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm COVID-19. Wang et al. (2022) tau npaj cov npe ntawm nees nkaum tsib kev hloov pauv hauv RBD. Lawv tau tsim cuaj qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov pauv lub luag haujlwm rau kev kis kab mob siab, kis tau tus mob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas twb muaj lawm, thiab monoclonal antibody (mAb) khiav tawm [139]. 13.5 Nws. Cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub thiab thev naus laus zis rau Kev Tsim Kho Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Tom ntej los tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Ib yam li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub thiab thev naus laus zis, xws li kev txawj ntse txawj ntse (AI) thiab kev sib koom ua ke tsis tu ncua interspaced luv palindromic repeats (CRISPR) thev naus laus zis, rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv tiam tom ntej. Malone et al. (2020) tau siv AI los npaj cov phiaj xwm ntawm antigenic epitopes los tsim universal COVID-19 tshuaj tiv thaiv. Siv Monte Carlo tsom xam, lawv tau soj ntsuam epitope hotspots rau lub ntiaj teb epitope txheeb xyuas [140]. AI thiab cov txuj ci kev kawm tshuab tau pab txhawb kom tau txais kev paub zoo ntawm cov kab mob genomic ntawm SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob thiab nws qhov txawv (VOCs) thiab tuaj yeem pab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID{{6} } kev sib kis [118,119]. Zhu et al. (2021) tau tsim lub platform thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tsim thiab tsim SARS-CoV{11}} cov neeg sib tw tshuaj tiv thaiv siv multiplex bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles, uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob dav dav thiab ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv tag nrho tiv thaiv kab mob-kev sib tw kev tshawb fawb hauv tus qauv nas. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, CRISPR thev naus laus zis tau siv los txhim kho lub zog nanoparticle platform [141]. Novel nano-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tsim kho siv CRISPR thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem tso cai rau kev siv sai ntawm adjuvant-free, zoo, nanoparticle-associated phage-raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam txhua yam ntawm SARS-CoV-2 lossis lwm yam kab mob yav tom ntej. Tshawb nrhiav CRISPR engineering ntawm T4 bacteriophages los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 thiab lwm yam kab mob tshwm sim tau piav qhia meej los ntawm Zhu li al. [141]. Tag nrho cov tswv yim no tau siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los muab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 thiab VOCs yav tom ntej rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiam tom ntej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiam tom ntej lossis hloov kho yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab siv tau zoo dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no.
14. Kev txwv ntawm COVID-19 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Qee tus neeg tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hnyav heev ntawm COVID-19. Qhov no tshwm sim vim yog "cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm" los ntawm SARS-CoV-2 variants. Raws li kev hloov pauv, ntau qhov sib txawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev khiav tawm yog qhov tshwm sim zoo kawg nkaus hauv cov kev hloov pauv no. Qhov tseeb SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant thiab nws cov subvariants yog cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev khiav tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv [89,142–148]. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom sim daws qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis nrog ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem tsim muaj ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau ntau lub cim xeeb B los tiv thaiv kab mob yav tom ntej. Ib qho piv txwv yog nanoparticle-dotted "mosaic" tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm Caltech [136]. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom mus txog qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev sib txawv. Peb cia siab tias qhov teeb meem tshuaj tiv thaiv-kev khiav tawm yuav raug daws nyob rau yav tom ntej.
15. Coj mus tsev cov lus thiab kev txiav txim zaum kawg
Ntawm no, peb nthuav qhia ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas tej zaum yuav yog cov lus coj mus tsev thiab kev txiav txim siab zaum kawg hauv kab lus no. Cov xwm txheej no ua piv txwv cov lus qhia los tawm tsam kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb. Ua ntej, tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm SARS-CoV-2, tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 sai thiab ua tiav tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib xyoos. Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv sai no yeej tsis tau tshaj tawm. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau lwm yam kab mob tau tsim nyob rau ntau xyoo. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo no tuaj yeem raug coj los siv los tawm tsam kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov thib ob, kev sib koom tes los ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm pej xeem thiab ntiag tug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv sai. Yog li ntawd, kev sib koom tes yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb. Thib peb, kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev cuam tshuam mus ntev. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau pib ua ntau yam lus qhia, ob qho tib si hauv paus thiab siv. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab kuj tau ua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tshawb fawb raws li immunoinformatics tau pib los qhia cov kab mob antigenic epitopes thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis, uas yuav tsis tsuas yog txhawb cov lus teb rau kev kis thoob ntiaj teb tab sis kuj txhawb kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tiv thaiv thoob ntiaj teb. Thaum kawg, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev khiav tawm yog ib qho tshwm sim tshwm sim los ntawm ob qho tib si sib txawv thiab subvariants. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib txawv thiab subvariants, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiam tom ntej nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv dav dua thiab ntev dua. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau pib tshawb fawb txog "cov tsev qiv ntawv tshuaj tiv thaiv" rau cov tsev neeg muaj kab mob sib txawv los tawm tsam kev kis tus kabmob kis mus rau yav tom ntej thiab muab kev npaj dav dav rau kev hem thawj yav tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau kom muaj kev ncaj ncees thoob ntiaj teb kev nkag mus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tau nyiaj nruab nrab mus rau cov neeg tau nyiaj tsawg.
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
16. Cov lus xaus
Thaum kawg, cov kws tshawb fawb txaus siab rau qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. Nov yog thawj zaug uas tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw tau tawm ntawm "lub rooj zaum mus rau qhov chaw kho mob" hauv ib xyoos. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav txuas ntxiv dhau ntawm COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw. Kev vam meej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA tau txhawb kom cov kws tshuaj hauv zej zog los nqis peev hauv kev siv dav dav rau ntau yam kab mob sib kis. Cov tshuab no tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam kab mob metabolic thiab mob qog noj ntshav. Lub sijhawm tau los ua kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntxiv ntawm ntau qib. Kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv "broad-spectrum" COVID-19 uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv VUMs, VOIs, thiab VOCs. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau txhua tus kab mob sib kis uas muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev sib kis. Cov kev kawm tau kawm thaum lub sij hawm COVID-19 kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav pab tiv thaiv kev sib kis mus rau yav tom ntej.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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