SARS-CoV-2: Cov ntaub ntawv loj Seroprevalence Los ntawm Pakistan-yog Herd Immunity Ntawm Tes?
Apr 24, 2023
Abstract
Lub hom phiaj
Kev tshawb fawb Seroprevalence los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tau tshaj tawm SARS CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qis dua 20 feem pua txawm tias nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj kev cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws thiab kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees txog ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov pej xeem kis tus kab mob. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam no yog los kwv yees qhov loj ntawm lub zej zog kev sib kis ntawm tus kab mob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev cia siab thiab qhov sib thooj rau 'cov neeg zej zog.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog thaum cov neeg txaus hauv ib pab pawg tau tiv thaiv kab mob uas tag nrho pawg tiv thaiv los ntawm tus kab mob ntawd. Thaum ntau thiab ntau tus neeg hauv cov neeg muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev sib kis ntawm tus kab mob qeeb lossis nres vim tus kab mob nrhiav tsis tau cov neeg tshiab los kis. Kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev ntsuas xws li kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, kev kis kab mob, thiab kev cais tawm. Kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu thiab kev tiv thaiv tus kheej yog ob qho tseem ceeb heev. Peb kuj yuav tsum txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv zoo. Cov polysaccharides hauv Cistanche tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txhim kho qhov muaj peev xwm kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhim kho cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Nyem cistanche deserticola ntxiv
Cov txheej txheem
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv pawg-randomized, hla ntu thoob tebchaws. Cov ntaub ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv zej zog no ntawm SARS-CoV-2 tau sau los ntawm 15th thiab 31st ntawm Lub Xya Hli 2020 los ntawm xya lub nroog uas tau xaiv los ntawm peb lub xeev uas muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws hauv Pakistan. Cov khoom siv tau pom zoo los ntawm FDA ntawm ROCHE tau siv rau kev kuaj pom ntawm SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Cov txiaj ntsig
Cov qauv kuaj ntshav ntawm 15,390 tus neeg koom tau kuaj rau SARS CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tag nrho seroprevalence ntawm 42.4 feem pua. Qhov seroprevalence muaj li ntawm 31.1 feem pua rau 48.1 feem pua hauv cov nroog sib txawv nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv xeev Punjab (44.5 feem pua). Hauv kev txheeb xyuas tsis sib xws, qhov txawv ntawm seropositivity ntau dua hauv cov txiv neej piv rau cov poj niam (los yog: 1.10, 95 feem pua CI: 1.01–1.19, P<0.05). In multivariable analysis, the risk of being seropositive was lower (OR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60–0.87, P<0.01) in the younger group (≤ 20 years) than in those aged above 60 years.
Xaus
Txoj kev tshawb no xaus lus tias txawm tias muaj qhov tsim nyog seroprevalence, lub teb chaws tseem tsis tau mus txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev kwv yees rau kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu. Lub zog ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob txawm hais tias sib cav nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tau qhia pom tias muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau sab ntev dua.
Ntsiab lus
Seroprevalence · Sars · CoV-2 · Antibody · Herd · Immunity.
Taw qhia
Novel Coronavirus ntsig txog tus kab mob (COVID{0}}) tau pib hauv Suav teb thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2019, thaum Pakistan tshaj tawm ob qhov xwm txheej zoo rau 26 Lub Ob Hlis 2020 [1]. Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb tau tshaj tawm SARS-CoV-2 tus kabmob kis thoob ntiaj teb thaum Lub Peb Hlis 11, 2020, thiab txij li ntawd los cov xwm txheej tau nce thoob ntiaj teb, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis tau pom dua rau tib neeg lub neej [2]. Lub koom haum WHO COVID{10}} cov txheeb cais ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau lees paub yog 81,533,368 txog rau Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31, 2020, suav nrog 1,799,911 tus neeg tuag thoob ntiaj teb [3]. Zoo li ntau lub tebchaws, Pakistan tau pom nws cov neeg mob tshiab thiab cov neeg tuag coob tshaj plaws thaum Lub Rau Hli 2020 tom qab los ntawm kev poob siab [4, 5]. Cov kev ntsuas coj los ntawm tsoomfwv Pakistan thiab qhov tshwm sim poob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tau raug qhuas los ntawm lub ntiaj teb [6, 7] tab sis cov laj thawj tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia tag nrho (vim tsis muaj pov thawj txhawb nqa / cov ntaub ntawv) [5]. Tau muaj qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm COVID-19 nrog rau thaum pib lub caij ntuj no thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau lees paub tau nce los ntawm 110,530 suav nrog 2060 tus neeg tuag txij thaum lub Kaum Hli mus txog rau nruab nrab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2020 [8].
Kev kis tus kab mob thoob plaws tau cuam tshuam rau txhua lub xeev ntawm Pakistan nrog 230,718 tus neeg mob hauv Sindh, 62,377 hauv Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 147,292 tus neeg mob hauv Punjab, thiab 39,624 tus neeg mob hauv lub nroog Islamabad [8]. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) yog tus qauv kub rau kev lees paub tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav plam ntau yam kab mob ua ntej thiab asymptomatic thaum lub sijhawm latency thiab tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas tuaj yeem pab qhia txog lub xeev ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu hauv zej zog [9, 10]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm cov neeg mob rov qab los ntawm SARS CoV-2 [11–13] tab sis qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau xaus tias qhov kev kuaj xyuas PCR zoo tuaj yeem yog vim muaj ntau qhov laj thawj xws li kev kis tus kab mob los ntawm kev hloov pauv SARS Cov-2 thiab kev siv tshuab yuam kev nrog cov qauv sau [14, 15].
Kev tshawb fawb Seroprevalence kuj tseem muab kev kwv yees ntawm cov pej xeem tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus kab mob [16]. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog muaj tseeb tseem tsis muaj nyob hauv Pakistan thaum feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob hauv tsev kho mob thiab muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob (11-40 feem pua), muab qhov tseeb tias ob peb ntawm lawv tau ua raws li kev nco qab [17- 19] ib.
Kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu tseem tsis tau pom dua nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb raws li kev tshawb fawb pej xeem serroprevalence qhia cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qis li 10-15 feem pua [20] thiab kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees txog ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov neeg tau txais tus kab mob [21]. Kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis xws li COVID-19 tuaj yeem ua tiav thaum 70–90 feem pua ntawm cov pej xeem muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob vim kev txhaj tshuaj loj lossis kis tau tus kab mob [22]. Qhov thib ob surge ntawm COVID-19 twb tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws suav nrog Pakistan [23, 24].
Qhov no ua rau nws tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov neeg sib txawv vim nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv thiab txoj cai cuam tshuam [25, 26]. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis kab mob yav dhau los tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog seroprevalence no tau ua nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev loj ntawm Pakistan muaj ntau dua 90 feem pua ntawm cov neeg hauv lub tebchaws. Lub hom phiaj yog kom muaj kev kwv yees zoo dua ntawm kev kis tus kab mob hauv zej zog, tus qauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis rau COVID-19, thiab qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev sib ze rau kev tiv thaiv pab tsiaj yav tom ntej.
Txoj kev
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua tiav raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv pawg-randomized, hla ntu thoob tebchaws. Xya tawm ntawm cuaj caum cuaj lub nroog tau raug xaiv los ua pawg kawm. Hauv txhua pawg, cov neeg tuaj koom tau raug xaiv los ntawm kev mus pw hav zoov los ntawm cov pawg sab laj xaiv xaiv tsa (ib pawg thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam nrog cov pej xeem loj ntawm 25,000–35,000). Cov pawg suav nrog Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Mansehra, Rawalpindi, Multan, thiab Hyderabad los ntawm peb lub xeev loj (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, thiab Punjab).
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua los ntawm 15th mus rau 31 Lub Xya Hli 2020 tom qab kev pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb (IRB) ntawm Prime Foundation, Pakistan (IRB pom zoo no. Prime/IRB/2020-248). Tom qab tau txais kev pom zoo, 5 mL ntawm cov ntshav peripheral venous tau sau rau hauv lub thawv lithium heparin. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem ntawm cov ncauj lus pom zoo raug kaw rau ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim qauv.
Kev khaws cia, ua, thiab kuaj xyuas cov ntawv kuaj phlebotomy
Cov qauv raug thauj mus rau cov chaw kuaj mob hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kub thiab txias. Cov ntshav tau muab cais tawm, centrifuged ntawm 2500 rpm, thiab khaws cia rau hauv lub khob ntim, thiab 20 μL tau siv los tshuaj xyuas. Cov qauv no tau txheeb xyuas siv Elecsys® (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) Anti-SARSCoV-2 immunoassay. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siv cov protein sib txuas uas sawv cev rau nucleocapsid (N) antigen rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2.
Nws yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau kev kuaj pom hauv vitro zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas suav nrog IgG rau SARS-CoV-2 hauv tib neeg cov ntshav ntshav thiab ntshav [27]. Cov khoom siv tau pom zoo los ntawm FDA ntawm ROCHE siv rau kev kuaj pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob SARSCoV-2 muaj qhov tshwj xeeb siab (100 feem pua) thiab rhiab heev ntawm ntau dua 98.8 feem pua, raws li cov chaw tsim khoom [28]. Txawm li cas los xij, Public Health England kwv yees nws qhov tshwj xeeb yog 100 feem pua tab sis qhov rhiab heev ntawm 87 feem pua [29]. Kev txiav rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tau raug coj los ua 1 AU / mL raws li cov chaw tsim khoom qhia.
Kev txheeb cais
Cov ntaub ntawv tau nkag mus thiab tshuaj xyuas hauv SPSS version 24.0. Qhov txhais tau tias, nruab nrab, thiab tus qauv sib txawv tau suav rau qhov sib txawv tsis tu ncua, thaum zaus, suav, thiab feem pua raug suav rau qhov sib txawv categorical. Lub sijhawm cog qoob loo rau cov proportions tau suav nrog kev siv Binomial Exact. Qhov kev xeem chi-square tau siv los sib piv categorical variables xws li poj niam txiv neej, pab pawg hnub nyoog, thiab qhov chaw. Lub logistic regression tsom xam tau khiav los kwv yees qhov txawv ntawm seropositivity ntawm ntau pawg hnub nyoog. Qhov chaw pib rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txheeb cais tau tsim los ntawm P tus nqi Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.05.
Cov txiaj ntsig
Tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm 15,390 cov qauv kuaj ntshav (ib tus qauv rau ib tus neeg) tau sim rau SARS-CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm peb lub xeev loj ntawm Pakistan hauv xya qhov chaw sib txawv, raws li tau teev tseg hauv cov txheej txheem saum toj no. Table 1 qhia txog kev kwv yees seroprevalence los ntawm kev sib deev, pab pawg hnub nyoog, thiab qhov chaw sib txawv. Feem coob ntawm cov neeg koom nrog Punjab xeev (n=8872, 57.6 feem pua ) ua raws li Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n=4797, 31.2%) thiab Sindh Province (n=1721, 11.2 feem pua).
Ntawm tag nrho, 12,280 (79.8 feem pua) yog txiv neej koom thiab 3110 (20.2 feem pua) yog poj niam uas muaj hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 35.21 xyoo (SD ± 13.29). Cov hnub nyoog ntawm 21–40 xyoo suav nrog feem coob ntawm cov neeg (n=9348, 60.7 feem pua) thaum cov hnub nyoog qis dua 60 xyoo suav nrog cov neeg koom qis tshaj (n=652, 4.2 feem pua ).
Thaum lub sijhawm kawm, ntawm tag nrho cov qauv (n=15,390), 6518 kuaj pom pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau SARS COV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tag nrho seroprevalence ntawm 42.4 feem pua (Binomial Exact 95 feem pua CI: 41.5–43.14 ).
Hauv pab pawg hnub nyoog sib txawv, pawg hnub nyoog laus dua 60 xyoo muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws seropositivity (44.6 feem pua, 95 feem pua CI: 40.7–48.5) thaum qhov qis tshaj seropositivity tau kwv yees hauv cov hnub nyoog qis dua lossis sib npaug. rau 20 (36.7 feem pua, 95 feem pua CI: 34.2–39.1) (Table 1). Lub seroprevalence yog siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev Punjab (44.5 feem pua) (Binomial Exact 95 feem pua CI: 43.5–45.6) ua raws li Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (42.2 feem pua) (Binomial Exact 95 feem pua CI: 41.2–44.0) thiab Sindhom (31.8 feem pua) 95 feem pua CI: 29.6–34.1) nrog cov txheeb cais tseem ceeb (P<0.01) when chi-square test was applied. The city-wise seroprevalence was also calculated that ranging from 31.1% (Binomial Exact 95% CI: 28.8–33.3) in Mansehra city to 48.1% (Binomial Exact 95% CI: 46.3–49.8) in Peshawar city (Fig. 1). For the remaining five locations, the seroprevalence estimates fell within this range (31.1–48.1%).
Hauv kev txheeb xyuas tsis sib xws, qhov txawv ntawm seropositivity ntau dua hauv cov txiv neej piv rau cov poj niam (los yog: 1.10, 95 feem pua CI: 1.01–1.19, P<0.05) but was not statistically significant in multivariable analysis (P>{{0}} 05) (Table 2). Qhov sib txawv ntawm seropositivity nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas muaj tsawg nyob rau hauv cov hnub nyoog yau (tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 20 xyoo) nrog OR: 0·72, 95 feem pua CI: 0.60–0.87 thaum piv nrog cov hnub nyoog ntawm cov hnub nyoog tshaj 60 xyoo thiab muaj tus lej tseem ceeb P tus nqi ntawm<0.01. Similarly, the age groups of 20–40 and 41–60 years also had a lower risk of being seropositive (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.77–1.07) and (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.83–1.16) respectively to the age group of above 60 years and was found to be numerically higher (P = 0.25, P=0.88) (Table 2).
Kev sib tham
Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb tam sim no, kev kuaj serological zoo li yog ib lub tswv yim muaj txiaj ntsig los txiav txim siab txog kev sib kis ntawm tib neeg mus rau tib neeg ntawm COVID-19. Kev siv cov kev ntsuam xyuas serological hauv cov neeg asymptomatic lossis cov tsos mob me yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim lawv tsis tshua xaiv rau kev kuaj PCR [30] npog cov pej xeem tus nqi ntawm tus kab mob. Cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv tau ua nyob rau ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb tau qhia tias ntau tus neeg uas kuaj pom tus mob SARS-CoV-2 tsis pom muaj tsos mob [31–33].
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua cov kev ntsuas serological rau COVID-19 hauv cov pej xeem los ntawm peb lub xeev ntawm Pakistan. Lub seropositivity tau nce nrog kev nce hauv hnub nyoog hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb. Kev tshuaj xyuas tshiab los ntawm Lai thiab cov npoj yaig tau tshaj tawm tias qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem tab sis tsis yog qhov kev tshawb pom thoob ntiaj teb, txawm li cas los xij hauv txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb [34]. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis yog lawv lossis Anand li al. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas pom muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv seropositivity ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam [34, 35]. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam kuj tsis pom muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv seropositivity ntawm poj niam txiv neej.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tshawb fawb pom muaj kev sib kis tag nrho ntawm 42.4 feem pua. Paub tias thaum feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis, nws muab kev tiv thaiv tsis ncaj, piv txwv li, pab tsiaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov neeg uas tsis tiv thaiv kab mob. Muab qhov kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau COVID-19 muaj ntau tus nqi pheej yig thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tebchaws tsim kho nrog rau qhov tseeb tias tus kab mob khaub thuas tau ntseeg tias yuav hloov pauv sai sai, qhov kev kis tus kab mob no tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yuav ua li cas kom tau txais herd kev tiv thaiv [36]
Cov lus nug tau raug nug txog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tiv thaiv COVID-19. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm hauv Science Journal tau tshaj tawm tias kev nco txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm SARS-CoV-2 tuaj yeem nyob ntev dua rau lub hlis thiab qhia ntxiv tias spike-IgG tau ruaj khov tshaj li rau lub hlis ntxiv, thiab cov kab mob tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb B hlwb yog ntau tshaj ntawm rau lub hlis tshaj ntawm ib lub hlis [37].
Cov xov xwm hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txhawj xeeb (VOC) hauv UK ntawm Brazilian keeb kwm yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem nyuaj ntawm kev taug qab thiab tswj kev sib kis ntawm VOCs thiab nkag siab txog lawv qhov cuam tshuam txog kev sib kis tshwj xeeb hauv cov nyiaj tau los qis rau nruab nrab. lub teb chaws (LMICs). Qhov no nrog rau kev tiv thaiv luv luv uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sib kis zoo li fu tsis txwv tsis pub rov ua dua tshiab thiab teeb meem hauv kev ua tiav pab tsiaj tiv thaiv kab mob [38].
Xaus
Tag nrho seroprevalence ntawm SARS CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv Pakistan yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv txoj kev tshawb no (raws li Lub Rau Hli 2020) tab sis tseem luv luv ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus rau kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu. Kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv lub nroog sib txawv ntawm Pakistan thiab los ntawm hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej, thiab. Kev tiv thaiv txawm yog nyob ntawm ntau tus neeg sawv cev, tus tswv tsev, thiab ib puag ncig, yuav tsis ua neej nyob ntev (3 lub hlis lossis yog li tau ntseeg ua ntej), thiab nrog lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov pov thawj tau nce mus rau qhov ntev ntawm lub neej. kev tiv thaiv ntau tshaj qhov ntawd.
Kev txwv
Ib qho kev txwv kom nco ntsoov tej zaum yuav yog qhov kev xaiv tsis ncaj ncees uas yuav tshwm sim vim kev yeem koom tes los ntawm UCs xaiv.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv
Cov ntawv online muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv muaj nyob ntawm https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01629-2.
Kev lees paub
Cov kws sau ntawv xav ua tsaug rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog kev kawm, thaj chaw, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw kuaj mob koom nrog hauv kev sau cov ntshav thiab tshuaj xyuas rau txoj kev tshawb no.
Nyiaj txiag
Cov nyiaj pab rau txoj kev tshawb no yog muab los ntawm Al-Khidmat Health Foundation thaum SARS CoV-2 cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pub dawb los ntawm ROCHE.
Muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv
Cov ntaub ntawv kawm muaj nyob ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv raws li qhov kev thov tsim nyog.
Cov lus tshaj tawm
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb
Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis muaj kev paub txog kev sib tw nyiaj txiag lossis kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los cuam tshuam cov haujlwm tshaj tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Cov ntaub ntawv
1. Noreen N, Dil S, Niazi S, Naveed I, Khan N, Khan F, et al. COVID-19 kev sib kis & Pakistan; kev txwv thiab qhov khoob. Glob Biosecurity [Internet]. 2020 May 21 [cited 2020 Nov 15]; 1 (4). Muaj los ntawm http://jglobalbiosecurity.com/articles/https://doi.org/10.31646/ bio.63/
2. Mahase E. Covid-19: LEEJ TWG tshaj tawm tus kabmob kis thoob ntiaj teb vim tias "tseem ceeb heev" ntawm kev sib kis, hnyav, thiab tsis ua haujlwm. BMJ. Xyoo 2020; 1036.
3. LEEJ TWG Tus Kab Mob Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. Covid19.who.int. Xyoo 2020[Dec 13, 2020]. Muaj los ntawm: https://covid19.who.int/?ftag=MSF0951a18
4. Pakistan Coronavirus: 356,904 Tus Neeg Mob thiab 7,141 Tus Neeg Tuag - Worldometer [Internet]. [Nov 15, 2020].
5. Qhov tsis tau piav qhia txog kev poob qis hauv COVID-19 cov neeg mob cov lus nug txog kev noj qab haus huv [Internet]. Xov xwm.com.pk.2020[cited 18 December 2020].
6. Yav tas los WB tus kws tshaj lij nyiaj txiag qhuas Pakistan kev tswj hwm tus kabmob coronavirus [Internet]. [Nov 15, 2020].
7. Dawn.com A. WHO tus thawj coj qhuas Pakistan rau kev tawm tsam Covid19 thaum ua kom kev lag luam nce mus [Internet]. DAWN.COM. 2020[cai 15 Nov 2020].
8. COVID-19 Lub Chaw Pab Tswv Yim Txog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv los ntawm Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination [Internet]. Covid. gov. pk ua. 2020 [cited 18 Kaum Ob Hlis 2020].]
9. Gao Z, Xu Y, Sun C, Wang X, Guo Y, Qiu S, et al. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob asymptomatic nrog COVID-19. J Microbiol Immunol Kab Mob. 2021; 54:12–6.
10. Moghadas S, Fitzpatrick M, Sah P, Pandey A, Shoukat A, Singer BH, et al. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib kis ntsiag to rau kev tswj hwm ntawm COVID-19 tshwm sim. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020; 117:17513–5.
11. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Cov yam ntxwv kho mob ntawm tus mob hnyav ua pa nyuaj ua rau tus mob coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Kab mob. 2020; 80: e14–7.
12. Ravioli S, Ochsner H, Lindner G. Reactivation of COVID-19 pneumonia: ib daim ntawv qhia txog ob kis. J Kab mob. 2020; 81:e72–3.
13. Loconsole D, Passerini F, Palmieri V, Centrone F, Sallustio A, Pugliese S, thiab al. Kev rov tshwm sim ntawm COVID-19 tom qab rov zoo: cov ntaub ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Ltalis. Kab mob. 2020; 48:965–7.
14. SeyedAlinaghi S, Oliaei S, Kianzad S, Afsahi A, MohsseniPour M, Barzegary A, et al. Reinfection risk of novel coronavirus (CoVID-19): kev tshuaj xyuas cov pov thawj tam sim no. World J Virol. 2020; 9:79–90.
15. Colson P, Finaud M, Levy N, Lagier J, Raoult D. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection with a different genotype. J Kab mob. 2021; 82:84–123.
16. Khan S, Qureshi M, Haq I, Majid S, Bhat A, Nabi S, et al. Seroprevalence ntawm SARS-CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IgG tshwj xeeb hauv Cheeb Tsam Srinagar, sab qaum teb Is Nrias teb—kev tshawb fawb hla ntu. PLOS IB. Xyoo 2020; 15:e0239303.
17. Younas A, Waheed S, Khawaja S, Imam M, Borhany M, Shamsi T. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies of healthy blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. Transf Apheresis Sci. Xyoo 2020; 59:102923.
18. Javed W, Baqar JB, Abidi SHB, Farooq W. Sero-prevalence tshawb pom los ntawm metropoles hauv Pakistan: cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam COVID-19 qhov ntau thiab cov neeg tuag nyob hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm hnyav, hauv nroog. Arch Epidemiol. Xyoo 2020; 4:143.
19. Chughtai OR, Batool H, Khan MD, Chughtai AS. Ntau zaus ntawm COVID-19 IgG cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb Squad Lahore, Pakistan. J Coll Tus Kws Kho Mob Surg Pak. 2020; 30:735–9.
20. Byambasuren O, Dobler C, Bell K, Rojas DP, Clark J, McLaws ML, et al. Kev sib piv ntawm seroprevalence ntawm SARS-CoV-2 kab mob nrog cov kab mob sib kis thiab imputed COVID-19 mob: kev tshuaj xyuas zoo. PLOS IB. 2021; 16:e0248946.
21. Fontanet A, Cauchemez S. COVID-19 kev tiv thaiv pab tsiaj: peb nyob qhov twg? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20:583–4.
22. Rogers L, Health J. Kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu yog dab tsi thiab peb tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog COVID-19 li cas? [Internet]. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv. 2020 [Siv rau 18 Kaum Ob Hlis 2020].
23. Looi M. Covid-19: Puas yog nthwv dej thib ob ntaus Europe? BMJ. Xyoo 2020: m4113.
24. Thib ob ntawm Covid-19 hauv Pakistan; puas muaj ntau ntu ntawm txoj kev? [Internet]. The BMJ. 2020 [Siv rau 18 Kaum Ob Hlis 2020].
25. Xwm. 2020. Vim li cas kev txiav txim siab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv COVID tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Xwm. Nkag mus: 10 Aug 2020. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02943-9
26. Xwm. 2020. Vim li cas kev txiav txim siab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv COVID tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Xwm. Nkag mus: 14 Lub Rau Hli 2020. Muaj los ntawm: https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586- 020-02943-9/d41586-020-02943-9
27. Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. Kev kuaj mob. 2021 [cited 01 Plaub Hlis 2021]. Muaj los ntawm: https://diagnostics.roche.com/ global/en/products/params/elecsys-anti-sars-cov-2.html
28. Roche's COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau txais FDA Daim Ntawv Tso Cai Siv Kub Kub Kub thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov khw uas lees txais CE cim. Tau txais los ntawm 14 Sep 2020.Available from: http://www.roche.com/ media/releases/med-cor-2020-05-03.html
29. Baraniuk C. Covid-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob: kev qhia luv luv. BMJ. Xyoo 2020: 369: 2284.
30. Infantino M, Damiani A, Li Gobbi F, Grossi V, Lari B, Macchia D, et al. Ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm qhov zoo thiab kev txwv ntawm kev soj ntsuam serological rau saRs-coV-2 kab mob sib kis. Italian J Lab Med. 2020; 16:7–17.
31. Sutton D, Fuchs K, D'Alton M, Gofman D. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 in women admitted for delivery. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 2163–4.
32. Li R., Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Yang W, et al. Cov kab mob tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ua rau muaj kev sib kis sai sai ntawm tus mob coronavirus tshiab (SARS-CoV-2). Kev tshawb fawb. Xyoo 2020; 368: 489–93.
33. Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Jonsson H, Magnusson OT, Melsted P, Norddahl GL, et al. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic population. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 2302–15.
34. Lai C, Wang J, Hsueh P. Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: an up-to-date review. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 101:314–22.
35. Anand S, Montez-Rath M, Han J, Bozeman J, Kerschmann R, Beyer P, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies nyob rau hauv ib tug loj lub teb chaws qauv ntawm cov neeg mob ntawm dialysis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws USA: ib tug cross-sectional txoj kev tshawb no. Lancet. 2020; 396: 1335–44.
36. Mills MC, Salisbury D. Cov teeb meem ntawm kev faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. E Clin Med. Xyoo 2020; 100674.
37. Dan JM, Mateus J, Kato Y, et al. Immunological memory rau SARS-CoV-2 soj ntsuam txog li 8 lub hlis tom qab kis kab mob. Kev tshawb fawb. 2021; 371: ab 4069.
38. Covid-19: Brazil 'variant of concern' detected in UK [Internet]. BBC Xov Xwm. 2021 [cited 01 Plaub Hlis 2021].
Mohsina Haq1 · Asif Rehman1 · Junaid Ahmad2 · Usman Zafar3 · Sufyan Ahmed4 · Mumtaz Ali Khan5 · Asif Naveed6 · Hala Rajab1 · Fawad Muhammad1 · Wasifa Naushad1 · Muhammad Aman1 · Hafeez Ur Rehman1 · 1 Hafeez Ur Rehman1 · Sajqed Ahmad
For more information:1950477648nn@gmail.com
