Txoj Kev Siv Cov Probiotics Los Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Astronaut Thaum Lub Hiav Txwv Spaceflight
Sep 28, 2023
Abstract:Kev saib xyuas tus neeg caij astronaut txoj kev noj qab haus huv thaum mus ncig hauv qhov chaw yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom ntau yam kev hloov pauv hauv plab microbiome thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub nkoj hauv International Space Station (ISS) tau hloov pauv hauv cov zej zog microbial hauv lawv lub plab, qhov ntswg, thiab tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg caij nkoj nrog kev hloov pauv hauv neutrophils, monocytes, thiab T-cells. Probiotics pab daws cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv no tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau los ntawm inhibiting pathogen adherence, txhim kho epithelial barrier muaj nuj nqi los ntawm kev txo cov permeability, thiab ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum raug microgravity, probiotics pom tau tias luv luv luv luv, kev loj hlob sai, txhim kho acid kam rau ua, thiab cov kua tsib tsis kam. Ib qho khov-qhuav Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota capsule tau sim rau nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ISS rau ib hlis thiab tau pom tias yuav txhim khu kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev thiab sib npaug ntawm plab hnyuv microbiota. Kev siv khov-qhuav spores ntawm B. subtilis ua pov thawj kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev mus ntev vim tias nws tsim nyog rau txhua yam kev sim rau kev lag luam probiotics hauv kev simulated. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm probiotics hauv kev simulated microgravity thiab spaceflight tej yam kev mob thiab siv lawv los kov yeej cov teebmeem tshwm sim los ntawm plab microbiome dysbiosis thiab cov teeb meem uas yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau.
cistanche cog-nce kev tiv thaiv kab mob
Lo lus tseem ceeb: astronaut; spaceflight; probiotics; microbiome; Simulated microgravity (SMG)
1. Taw qhia
Tib neeg qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav tau nce tsis ntev los no vim tias ntau lub luag haujlwm tau npaj los ntawm ntau lub chaw haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb. Lub National Aeronautics thiab Space Administration's "Human Research Program" tam sim no tab tom npaj lub sijhawm ntev ntawm tib neeg kev ya davhlau mus rau Mars thiab lub hli. Ntau yam kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias cov astronauts pom tias nws nyuaj rau tswj lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab ntsib ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv thaum lub sij hawm luv luv thiab ntev kev ya davhlau vim raug rau ntau yam kev ntxhov siab xws li microgravity thiab hluav taws xob. Yog li, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom nkag siab txog tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv txaus ntshai cuam tshuam nrog kev mus ncig hauv qhov chaw. Cov kws tshawb fawb uas siv sijhawm 6-12 lub hlis nyob rau hauv International Chaw Chaw Chaw Chaw Chaw (ISS) tau ntsib cov kev hloov pauv hauv plab microbiota thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev sib txawv. Cov kev hloov no suav nrog cov kab mob genitourinary, teeb meem plawv, kev hloov pauv hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ua phem ntawm cov kab mob, kev hloov hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav vim raug hluav taws xob [1,2]. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li qhov tsim nyog ceev faj kom khaws cia cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub kev noj qab haus huv raws li qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev heev [3]. Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb tau qhia txog cov tshuaj probiotics li "Cov kab mob nyob hauv uas, thaum noj cov nyiaj txaus, muab cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv rau tus tswv tsev" [4]. Kev noj ob peb hom probiotics tau pom tias tswj hwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov hnyuv, ua rau muaj cov kab mob zoo xws li Lactobacilli thiab Bifidobacteria thiab txo qis hauv cov kab mob phem. Probiotics xws li Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) tuaj yeem txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua kom cov neeg tua neeg ntawm tes ua haujlwm los ntawm feem ntau txhim kho kev tsim cov interleukin -12 los ntawm monocytes thiab macrophages. LcS, thaum noj, ncav lub plab hnyuv microbiome nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob thiab tswj cov hnyuv microbiome [5,6]. Probiotics tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tshuaj neuroactive synthesis thiab tso tawm. Lactobacillus acidophilus tau pom tias yuav hloov kho qhov kev qhia ntawm cannabinoid receptors [7]. Raws li lub peev xwm probiotic uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo ntawm plab hnyuv mucin, Akkermansia muciniphila yog inextricably txuas rau host metabolism thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws muaj peev xwm los ua lub hom phiaj kho mob hauv cov kab mob microbiota xws li colitis, metabolic syndrome, kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab mob qog noj ntshav [8]. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tias tiam tom ntej probiotics muab los ntawm Akkermansia tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog mob ntev [7]. Kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm cov plab hnyuv microbe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii tsis ntev los no tau tshawb pom los qhia cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev tsim cov IL-10 (ib cytokine) thiab qog necrosis factor (TNF) hauv txoj hnyuv los txhim kho cov kab mob hauv plab [9 ]. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm Lactobacillus bulgaricus thiab Streptococcus thermophilus strains cais los ntawm Bulgarian homemade yogurt. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, thiab Streptococcus probiotic hom yog siv los tiv thaiv lossis kho qhov ncauj [10]. Qee lub plab microbiota plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab ua rau muaj cov vitamin muaj thiab luv-chain fatty acid ntau lawm. Cov kab mob hauv plab tuaj yeem tsim cov vitamin B12, vitamin K, pyridoxine, folate, biotin, nicotinic acid, thiab thiamine [11]. Plaque los yog kho hniav biofilms nyob rau hauv lub buccal kab noj hniav ua rau lub qhov ncauj tsis zoo; Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob lactic acid (LAB) cuam tshuam nrog cov biofilm / plaque thiab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob, ua kom cov kab mob ua kom puas [12]. Thaum lub davhlau mus ntev, kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv yog qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, spaceflight ua rau kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg lub cev [13]. Cov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam xwm txheej: physiological suav nrog kev mob plab hnyuv, dermatitis, thiab kab mob ua pa; immunological [14] thiab microbiome [15]. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb tau pom tias cov tshuaj probiotics tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txhim kho cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv uas tau ntsib thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau. Lawv pab los ntawm kev sib tw nrog cov kab mob, txo cov teeb meem hauv plab hnyuv, ntxiv dag zog rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv epithelial, tsim cov metabolites tseem ceeb, thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov tswv tsev cell los txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob [16–18]. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tsom mus rau ntau yam teeb meem hauv lub dav hlau uas cov neeg caij dav hlau ntsib thiab yuav ua li cas kev noj cov tshuaj probiotics tuaj yeem pab daws cov teeb meem no, uas tuaj yeem pab cov neeg caij nkoj hla dhau qhov teeb meem hauv kev sib tw.
cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-nce kev tiv thaiv
2. Teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau
Qhov chaw yog ib puag ncig hnyav, thiab kev nce qib hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, tsim hluav taws xob, neeg hlau, thiab cov kev kho mob yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom cov neeg nyob hauv lub neej muaj sia nyob thaum muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib txuas lus. Qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm bioastronautics lub hom phiaj los daws qee qhov teeb meem kev kho mob uas cov neeg caij nkoj ntsib thaum nyob hauv qhov chaw. Vim tias muaj kev kub ntxhov nyob hauv qhov chaw, cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub ntsib ntau yam kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thaum lub sij hawm ntev thiab luv luv spaceflight [19,20]. Daim duab sawv cev ntawm cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv ntsib los ntawm astronauts thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau yog qhia hauv (Daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1. Daim duab sawv cev ntawm cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv ntsib los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Cov duab tau tsim siv BioRender.com.
2.1. Kev hloov pauv hauv Microbiome
Joshua Lederberg tau tsim lub ntsiab lus "tib neeg microbiome" hauv 2001. Nws qhia nws tias yog "Natural network of commensal, symbiotic thiab pathogenic microorganisms that really share our body space." Tib neeg microbiome muaj ntau yam zoo symbionts, feem ntau cov kab mob, uas nquag txhawb kev noj qab haus huv. Nrog rau kev hloov pauv hauv microbiota, qhov nce ntawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog homeostasis thiab ua rau muaj kab mob sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si ntev thiab lub sij hawm luv luv ua haujlwm, kev hloov hauv lub plab, qhov ntswg, thiab qhov ncauj cov kab mob ntawm cov astronauts tau pom. Cov kev nce qib no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis hauv tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm microbes los ntawm genera Lactobacillus thiab Bifidobacterium thiab kev nthuav dav hauv cov kab mob tsis zoo, piv txwv li, Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, thiab Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3]. Kev tshawb xyuas ntawm microbiota los ntawm cuaj tus neeg caij dav hlau uas tau siv sijhawm ib xyoos nyob hauv ISS nthuav tawm cov pov thawj qhia tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg microbial ntawm txoj hnyuv (GI) qhov ntswg, qhov ntswg, tus nplaig, thiab tawv nqaij thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Cov DNA sau los ntawm cov qauv microbial hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau raug rau 16S rRNA gene sequencing los txiav txim qhov microbial pleev. Txoj kev tshawb no txawv qhov kev nce ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv Parasutterella sp. tus lej. Nws yog categorically txuas mus rau lub plab hnyuv aggravation nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj inflammatory plob tsis so tswj kab mob. Txoj kev tshawb no tseem pom qhov txo qis ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv cov pej xeem ntawm peb cov kab mob uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob: plab hnyuv Fusicatenibacter, Pseudobutyvibrio, thiab Akkermansia. Kev hloov pauv tsawg dua tau ntsib hauv qhov ntswg microbiota [1,6].
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom
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Txoj kev tshawb no los ntawm Liu et al. [15] yog thawj zaug los qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub sijhawm luv luv spaceflight missions ntawm tib neeg lub plab microbiome. Txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias Bacteroides abundance tau nce tom qab ya davhlau, nrog rau kev txo qis hauv Lactobacillus thiab Bifidobacterium. Bacteroides zoo degrade noj fibers hauv tib neeg lub plab thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb phenolic acid thiab propionate tsim. Bacteroides genus muaj ntau hom kab mob pathogenic uas rov tsim dua sai dua thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab. Qhov chaw ib puag ncig ua rau tib neeg lub cev tsis muaj zog, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm Bacteroides tuaj yeem nce ntxiv. Hauv tib neeg lub plab, Lactobacilli yog lub luag haujlwm rau ntau cov lactic acid ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias Bifidobacterium tsim cov lactic thiab acetic acids los ntawm cov suab thaj. Kev poob qis hauv cov pejxeem ntawm Lactobacillus thiab Bifidobacterium hom tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm hauv plab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab microbiota, thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub dav hlau tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob latent reactivation thiab nce hauv cov kab mob kis tau tus lej hauv. lub plab. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav ntxaib kuj tau qhia tias cov metabolites, xws li 3-indole propionic acid, uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tau raug pom nyob rau theem qis hauv kev ya mus thoob plaws txoj kev tshawb no. Txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no kuj tau hais txog kev hloov pauv hauv microbiome ua haujlwm hauv kev sib tw davhlau piv rau cov ntsiab lus hauv av txog cov zej zog microbial [21]. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Siddiqui et al. [22] siv lub hindlimb unloading (HU) nas qauv rau hauv av los simulate microgravity tej yam kev mob los soj ntsuam cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub plab microbiota kab mob muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lawv pom tias hindlimb unloading ua rau muaj kev hloov hauv plab microbiota, nrog rau kev txo qis ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov plab hnyuv microbiota uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog permeability thiab plab o. Txoj kev tshawb no pom qhov txo qis hauv Akkermansia muciniphila, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, thiab Burkholderiales hauv cov nas uas raug simulated microgravity piv rau cov nas ib txwm. Cov kab mob no muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob, lub plab homeostasis, thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv xws li kev tiv thaiv lub raum pob zeb. Txoj kev tshawb no tseem qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm Firmicutes thiab Bacteroidetes hauv kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho, nrog rau kev hloov kho hauv lawv qhov kev faib ua feem ua rau dysbiosis thiab cuam tshuam txog kev noj qab haus huv. Firmicutes ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov tswv tsev metabolism thiab khoom noj khoom haus, thaum Bacteroidetes cuam tshuam nrog immunomodulation. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias kev hloov pauv hauv plab microbiota tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo uas tau ntsib hauv lub davhlau [22]. Cov cuab yeej tshuaj ntsuam "Similarity Test for Accordant and Reproducible Microbiome Abundance Patterns" los yog STARMAPs sim qhov zoo sib xws hauv ob qhov chaw tshawb fawb datasets rau nrhiav microbiota variations. Txoj kev tshawb no kuj pom tau hais tias spaceflight-related microbiota hloov thaum lub sij hawm RR-1 (Rodent Research 1) thiab STS-135 (Human Lub Hom Phiaj) txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws, txhais tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv mammalian plab microbiota vim yog spaceflight [ 23] ib. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm microgravity ntawm lub plab microbiota ntawm cov astronauts thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau kuj tau sau tseg hauv Table 1.
2.1.1. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis thiab Nws Kev Sib Raug Zoo rau Kev Mob Siab Rau Cov Neeg astronauts
Lub plab microbiota yog suav nrog 106 kab mob, kab mob, thiab protozoa hlwb, ua rau nws muaj ntau lub zej zog ntawm tib neeg microbiota. Lub hlwb cuam tshuam microbiota muaj nuj nqi thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm kev hloov cov hnyuv permeability. Lub hlwb, ntawm lub paj hlwb autonomic (ANS), kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lub plab-hlwb axis (GBA) yog ib txoj kev sib txuas lus bidirectional ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab thiab enteric paj hlwb. Nws txuas cov kev xav thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm lub hlwb nrog peripheral plab hnyuv ua haujlwm. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub plab microbiota hauv kev cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam no [24]. Cov kab mob ntawm lub plab microbiota tau dhau mus ntau qhov kev hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ua neej nyob uas lub sijhawm sib npaug ntawm lub hlwb kev loj hlob, kev laus, thiab kev loj hlob. Dysbiosis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ib puag ncig xws li kev noj zaub mov, lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, kev ntxhov siab, thiab hluav taws xob. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub plab microbiota plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntawm ob qho tib si yoog raws thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv ua raws li qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib sau thiab xa mus rau qee qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov cerebellum, cuam tshuam rau kev puas hlwb. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig yam cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw mus ncig ua ke ntawm cov kab mob no [25].
2.1.2. Kev Nyuaj Siab Kev Nyuaj Siab ntsib los ntawm astronauts thaum lub sij hawm Spaceflight
Spaceflight yog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb thiab nyuaj uas tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv [26]. Kev rho tawm, kaw, microgravity, cuam tshuam ntawm circadian rhythms, thiab kev sib txuas lus qeeb tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub hlwb, kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, thiab lwm yam teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws [27,28]. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub yuav muaj kev xav ntau dua thiab muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws thaum lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw [29]. Qhov tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib cais uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau cov neeg caij nkoj. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau cais tawm ntawm lawv tsev neeg thiab cov phooj ywg rau lub sijhawm ntev, ua rau lawv nyuaj rau kev koom nrog kev sib raug zoo. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev xav ntawm kev sib cais, kev dhuav, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws [28]. Lwm qhov kev sib tw loj yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev pw tsaug zog-tsim lub voj voog uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb pom kev tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj lub voj voog nruab hnub- hmo ntuj hauv qhov chaw [30]. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm Ma et al. [31] kuj tau qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm probiotic-induced plab microbiome thiab txo cov kev ntxhov siab hauv cov neeg laus, yog li ua pov thawj lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub plab-hlwb axis hauv kev txo cov kev ntxhov siab.
Table 1. Cov nyhuv ntawm microgravity ntawm lub plab microbiota ntawm cov astronauts thaum ya davhlau.
Kev puas siab puas ntsws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub davhlau ya nyob twg, thiab cov neeg caij astronauts feem ntau yuav ntsib kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab, thiab lwm yam teeb meem kev puas hlwb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tshawb nrhiav thiab siv cov tswv yim los txhim kho cov neeg nyob hauv lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv thaum nyob hauv qhov chaw.
2.2. Kab mob genitourinary kab mob
Ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm mus sij hawm ntev, cov neeg caij nkoj ntsib ntau yam teeb meem ntawm lub cev uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv genitourinary. Thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau, qhov chaw microgravity ua rau txo qis hauv cov ntshav plasma thiab cov zis tso zis ntau ntxiv vim cov kua hloov pauv ntawm qis qis mus rau lub cev sab sauv, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob urinary tract (UTIs) vim txo qis cov zis thiab tso zis. . Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ntxhov siab thiab hloov pauv pw tsaug zog-tsim lub voj voog thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntau ntxiv ntawm nocturia [33]. Cov txiv neej astronauts tej zaum yuav raug txo qis testosterone qib vim raug hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau, ua rau txo libido thiab erectile kawg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, poj niam astronauts tej zaum yuav muaj kev coj khaub ncaws tsis xwm yeem thiab pelvic congestion syndrome, ua rau mob, siab, thiab tsis xis nyob hauv cheeb tsam pelvic [33,34]. UTIs yog cov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw, nrog rau cov poj niam astronauts ntsib ntau zaus tshaj li txiv neej astronauts. Uropathogens xws li Staphylococcus saprophyticus thiab Escherichia coli yog qhov tseem ceeb ua rau tag nrho cov kab mob urinary vim lawv lub peev xwm los txuas rau uroepithelial hlwb los ntawm adhesion molecules. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro tau pom tias cov kab mob pathogenic thiab nonpathogenic E. coli muaj qhov zoo adhesion thiab ntxeem tau hauv microgravity. Qhov adhesion siab dua no, ua ke nrog E. coli qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm kev loj hlob kinetics hauv qhov chaw, tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev kis kab mob [3].
cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-nce kev tiv thaiv
2.3. Tus kab mob Reactivation hauv Spaceflight
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Sonnenfeld & Shearer [35] elucidated lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob cuam tshuam, muaj peev xwm txhim kho tus mob malignant, thiab tus kab mob latent reactivation kab mob hauv tib neeg thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau. Thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau, muaj tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsos mob no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob vim qhov rov ua haujlwm ntawm ob tus kab mob: tus kab mob Epstein-Barr thiab Varicella-Zoster virus [1]. Tus kab mob latent reactivation yog biomarker rau cov xwm txheej ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ua rau nws yog qhov nce hauv glucocorticoid secretion, kev hloov pauv hauv cytokine ntau lawm, thiab txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsom ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kab mob. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tus kab mob DNA hauv cov kua hauv lub cev qhia tau hais tias tus kab mob rov ua haujlwm [36].
2.4. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev hloov hauv cov kab mob kab mob
Zhang et al. [37] kawm txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov kab mob S. enteritidis, uas tau nqa mus rau qhov chaw los ntawm Shenzhou -11 spacecraft. Piv nrog rau hauv av strain, lub davhlau strain pom kev txhim kho amikacin tsis kam, nce kev loj hlob, thiab qee qhov kev hloov pauv metabolism. Escherichia coli MG1655 qhia tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thaum raug rau lub sij hawm ntev low-shear modeled microgravity (LMMG) thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tom qab xws li chloramphenicol, cefalotin, tetracycline, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, thiab cefoxitin. Cov kab mob pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv rau chloramphenicol thiab cefalotin rau ntau tshaj 110 tiam, txawm tias tom qab tshem tawm ntawm LSMMG ib puag ncig thiab taug qab cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Kev hloov pauv ntawm Escherichia coli's genome sequence tau pom txog 25 qhov kev hloov pauv. Cov kev hloov genomic no tau cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm plaub yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob: ompF, acrB, mdfA, thiab Marr [38]. Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Liu et al. [15] spaceflight hloov cov kab mob virulence. Thaum kuaj xyuas cov noob kab mob virulence, lawv pom tias lub plab microbiome muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qee yam kab mob phem (VF). Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no yog qhov nce ntxiv ntawm VF0367, txuas nrog lipopolysaccharide txoj kev loj hlob, uas tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv hauv Brucella [15]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias tus naj npawb ntawm kev nyeem ntawv rau Streptomyces EF-Tu kev hloov pauv tus cim tau nce ntxiv tom qab tus neeg caij nkoj taug kev. Cov cim no qhia txog rifamycin tsis kam-inducing sequence variations ntawm Streptomyces cinnamoneus elongation factor Tu. Qhov nce hauv EF-Tu kev hloov pauv tom qab lub dav hlau ya dav hlau qhia tias rifamycin tsis kam tuaj yeem nce ntxiv vim muaj xwm txheej dav hlau [39]. Cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tias muaj kab mob ntau ntxiv ntawm qee cov kab mob microbes tom qab kis tau mus rau qhov chaw dav hlau.
2.5. Epithelial Barrier Disruption thiab Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory plob tsis so tswj kab mob (IBD) yog ib tug mob ntev, rov tshwm sim inflammatory mob ntawm lub plab hnyuv ib ntsuj av tau cim los ntawm epithelial barrier cuam tshuam thiab immunological dysregulation. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau dhau los ua qhov tsis xis nyob hauv plab, suav nrog cov tsos mob zoo li IBD, thaum nyob hauv qhov chaw, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm microgravity ntawm txoj hnyuv epithelium. Cov kev hloov hauv nruj hlws ris (TJ) cov proteins ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm epithelial barrier cuam tshuam, uas ua rau cov hnyuv permeability nce ntxiv thiab tom qab hloov chaw ntawm luminal antigens hla lub epithelium [40,41]. Kev hloov pauv hauv qhov kev qhia lossis qhov chaw ntawm TJs tuaj yeem ua rau lub plab zom mov vim muaj qhov permeability ntxiv rau cov molecules diffusing ntawm lumen mus rau lamina propria [42]. Hauv lawv txoj kev kawm, Alvarez li al. [43] pom qhov ncua sij hawm hauv zos ntawm TJ proteins-occludin thiab ZO-1 nyob rau hauv simulated microgravity tej yam kev mob. Cov kev tshawb pom qhia tau hais tias simulated microgravity puas lub epithelial barrier thiab ib tug nyob rau hauv lub susceptibility rau barrier persisted txawm tom qab lub microgravity mob raug tshem tawm. Qhov kev cuam tshuam hauv qab no ua rau cov neeg caij nkoj ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob hauv plab hnyuv epithelial cell barrier defects xws li Crohn's kab mob, ulcerative colitis, kab mob celiac, thiab hom I ntshav qab zib [44]. IBD tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv astronauts thaum lub sij hawm spaceflight nrog nce plab hnyuv paracellular permeability vim TJ protein cuam tshuam [1,45]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog kev txo qis thiab kev faib tawm ntawm TJ cov proteins xws li occludin, claudin-1, claudine 04, thiab JAM-A, thiab nce kev qhia ntawm claudin -2 [46]. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Yi et al. [47] qhia tias Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 tuaj yeem kho cov kab mob hauv plab uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob epithelial. Kev kis kab mob nrog enterotoxigenic E. coli K88 ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov permeability ntawm IPEC{17}} cell monolayers. Lub probiotic LR1 tau txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm epithelial barrier thiab txo adhesion thiab colonization los ntawm coliforms.
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
2.6. Immunological Alteration Thaum lub sij hawm Spaceflight
Astronauts face the issue of immune cell alteration during spaceflight. Innate immunity, or the first line of defense, plays a vital role in prolonging healthcare among astronauts. Immunological changes observed in astronauts during space flight have been shown in (Table 2). A study conducted at Johnson Space Center, Houston, showed an 85% increase in neutrophils during a 5–11-day spaceflight mission as compared to pre-flight levels along with remarkably lower values in phagocytosis [48]. An increase in the number of white blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, was also observed in short-duration spaceflight missions to the ISS [49]. Similar effects have been observed in astronaut long-duration spaceflight missions. An increase in the level of white blood cells [14]. Another study by Makedonas et al. [50] reported an increased inflammation in the astronauts during 1-year NASA "twins" study aboard the International Space Station. Cosmonauts on a long duration (>140 hnub) spaceflight tau pom tias muaj kev tso tawm ntau ntxiv ntawm endocannabinoids ua ke nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob, uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob ntsig txog mob hauv tib neeg. Qhov mob hnyav zuj zus ntxiv rau 30 hnub tom qab ya davhlau [51]. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tau ntsib los ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau microenvironments ntawm ob lub hauv paus tseem ceeb lymphoid, lub thymus thiab cov pob txha pob txha. Cov kabmob no yog lub luag haujlwm rau tsim cov lymphocytes lossis cov qe ntshav dawb. Kev hloov pauv hauv lymphocyte ntau lawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov lus teb tiv thaiv kab mob, hloov pauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau cuam tshuam rau qhov mob, kis kab mob, thiab qog nqaij hlav [52].
Table 2. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov thaum caij dav hlau.
2.7. Kev hloov pauv hauv Cov Ncauj Lus Ua Haujlwm
Astronauts fim weightlessness nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas ua rau ib tug redistribution ntawm lub cev kua rau lub thoracic-cephalic cheeb tsam los ntawm lub qis ib nrab ntawm lub cev. Qhov kev hloov pauv kua dej no yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev mob plawv tsis zoo uas tshwm sim los ntawm hypotension, muaj peev xwm ntawm presyncope lossis syncope, thiab txo qis kev ntxhov siab [57]. Astronauts muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv metabolic thaum nyob hauv qhov chaw. Metabolic kev nyuaj siab yog ib qho kev kwv yees muaj zog ntawm cov kab mob plawv thiab ntshav qab zib hom 2 [58]. Spaceflight tseem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm malignant arrhythmias txoj kev loj hlob, raws li cov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim thaum lub davhlau ya nyob hauv qab qhia txog qhov augmented repolarization heterogeneity. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab txog cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev uas tshwm sim hauv lub cev, uas tseem yuav pab muab kev nkag siab tob rau kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv raws li kev lag luam ntawm lub dav hlau [59].
2.8. Cov nyhuv ntawm Cosmic Radiation rau astronauts
Tib neeg raug rau qhov chaw hluav taws xob thaum nyob hauv qhov chaw. Cov no yog cov galactic cosmic rays tsim tawm sab nraum peb lub hnub ci, hnub ci hais tawm los ntawm lub hnub, thiab cov hluav taws xob kaw vim lub ntiaj teb magnetic teb. Cov hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw no ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub vim lawv ua rau ntau hom mob qog noj ntshav. Poj niam astronauts muaj 20% siab dua yuav mob cancer dua li txiv neej astronauts. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim mob qog noj ntshav mis thiab zes qe menyuam muaj ntau dua rau cov poj niam. Thaum mus ncig, tib neeg tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam luv luv xws li kev hloov pauv hauv lawv cov ntshav, raws plab, xeev siab, thiab ntuav [3]. Radiation txo qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hnyuv thiab hloov cov kab mob hauv plab microbiota [60]. Cov ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm yav dhau los Apollo, Skylab, thiab Lavxias teb sab chaw nres tsheb chaw nres tsheb (MIR) qhia tias cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub pom lub teeb txav mus thoob plaws lawv qhov pom kev, xav tias yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev xaav uas tsim los ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob, qhia tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov muag kuj zoo li cuam tshuam. nrog hluav taws xob raug [61]. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm 6-hli mus rau ISS, Lub hli, thiab dhau mus, tus kws tshawb fawb tau raug hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig 50–2000 millisieverts (mSv). Ib koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab tshaj 100 mSv tau sau tseg ua rau mob qog noj ntshav [62]. STARMAPs txoj kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb pom tau tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub dav hlau ntsig txog microbiota piv nrog qhov chaw zoo li hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau hauv av sib txawv. Lawv tau hais tias qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem yog vim ISS nyob hauv qis qis hauv Van Allen txoj siv. Yog li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis raug rau cosmic hluav taws xob. Txoj kev tshawb no ua pov thawj tias kev nkag siab qhov chaw hluav taws xob nyob deb ntawm Van Allen Belts yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau yav tom ntej [23]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis haum rau qhov hnyav, hluav taws xob, kev ntxhov siab vim hyperthermia, lossis kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej no thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau tuaj yeem ua rau "qhov kub taub hau," uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov neeg caij nkoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub zog, cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab kev txawj ntse hauv lub sijhawm ntev. - ncua sij hawm spaceflight [63].
3. Probiotics thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv Space Biology
Kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw tau hais kom cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim thiab npaj tib neeg-crewed missions mus rau lub hli thiab Mars. Lub luag haujlwm ntev li no yuav tsum muaj kev paub dav dav txog qhov kev mus ncig hauv qhov chaw cuam tshuam li cas rau cov neeg caij nkoj noj qab haus huv. Kev tshwm sim ntawm Apollo 11 thiab ntau yam kev simulation simulation hauv ntiaj teb thiab ntawm ISS tau tso cai rau peb nkag siab tias qhov chaw cuam tshuam li cas rau cov kab mob thiab tib neeg. Raws li tau hais hauv Tshooj 2.1, kev saib xyuas ntawm tib neeg lub plab microbiome yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev mus ncig ntev mus rau qhov chaw. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv plab microbiome tau ua rau ntau yam kab mob, thiab qhov chaw mus ncig tau pom tias ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv plab microbiome. Probiotics tuaj yeem pab nrog cov teeb meem GI xws li mob raws plab, kab mob Helicobacter pylori, tshuaj tua kab mob raws plab, mob plab plob tsis so tswj, mob plab hnyuv, thiab cem quav, nrog rau kev txhim kho plab barrier functions [64,65]. Probiotics kuj pab tswj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav, thiab pab cuam tshuam txog kev puas siab puas ntsws [66]. Cov probiotics uas siv dav tshaj plaws suav nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, lossis Saccharomyces hom [67]. Peb pom ntxiv tias probiotics tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li cas ntxiv (Table 3).
3.1. General Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
3.1.1. Inhibition ntawm Pathogen Binding
Cov kab mob probiotic inhibits cov kab mob khi rau cov txheej txheem epithelial los ntawm kev hloov cov mucus secretion. Probiotics tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm txoj hnyuv los ntawm kev ua kom cov kab mob goblet (secrete mucin) uas txhawb nqa cov mucus txheej. Cov mucus txheej muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txo qis kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic rau mucosal epithelial hlwb, thiab probiotics ua haujlwm los ntawm inducing mucus secretion [68,69]. Otte thiab Podolsky [70] pom tias Lactobacillus hom hloov txoj kev MUC2, MUC3, thiab MUC5AC tau qhia hauv HT29 hlwb. Probiotic hom kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab mob sib txuas rau cov txheej txheem epithelial los ntawm kev sib tw rau qhov chaw adhesion. Tib neeg mucus-binding pili ua rau qee qhov probiotics tuaj yeem ua kom lub cev zoo dua [71]. Probiotics sib tw rau lectin-binding qhov chaw ntawm glycoconjugate receptors tam sim no nyob rau hauv microvilli nto ntawm epithelial hlwb [72,73]. L. plantarum thiab Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG tau pom tias inhibit qhov txuas ntawm cov kab mob E. coli mus rau epithelium [74].
3.1.2. Kev siv cov Probiotics rau kev mob plab hnyuv
Lub pathogenesis ntawm irritable plob tsis so tswj syndrome (IBS) tej zaum yuav muaj kev hloov lub plab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, plab microbiome dysbiosis, hloov lub hlwb-lub plab axis, thiab nce plab hnyuv epithelial cell permeability [75]. Probiotics cuam tshuam cov tsos mob ntawm IBS, xws li tsam plab, flatulence, hloov plab hnyuv, plab microbiota dysbiosis, thiab mob plab [76]. Probiotics ua los ntawm inhibiting pathogen adherence, txhim kho epithelial barrier muaj nuj nqi los ntawm kev txo nws permeability, thiab ua ib tug anti-inflammatory nyhuv [77]. Kev ncaj ncees ntawm GIT yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov kab mob epithelial, uas yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ib puag ncig sab nraud. Nyob rau hauv probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN), ib qho kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlwb epithelial. Qhov no ua rau probiotic EcN zoo dua ntawm kev kho mob plab hnyuv [41]. Lub probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 kuj tseem txhim kho txoj kev ncaj ncees ntawm txoj hnyuv los ntawm kev ua kom cov kab mob sib txuas ceev ceev-cingulin thiab occludin. Cov proteins no pab tswj kev kho cov hlwb epithelial [67]. Bifidobacterium sp. yog lwm pab pawg ntawm probiotics uas pab khaws cia nruj junctions 'kev ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv GI mucosa. Lawv tiv thaiv cov kab mob epithelial los ntawm kev mob colitis los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev faib tawm ntawm occludin thiab TJ proteins [78].
3.1.3. Immune System Maintenance
Probiotics tuaj yeem hloov kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau yog los ntawm (1) hloov kho immunoglobulin / cytokine secretion, (2) ntxiv dag zog rau lub plab epithelial, (3) nce macrophages lossis ntuj killer hlwb kev ua, (4) sib tw los ntawm cov txheej txheem epithelial tiv thaiv kab mob microbes. binding, thiab (5) modulating lub zais zis ntawm mucus. Antigenic hais tsim los ntawm probiotics, tsis yog tag nrho cov kab mob, tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb epithelial thiab tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [79]. Ob peb hom probiotics, xws li Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG thiab Bifidobacteria, modulate cytokine ntau lawm los ntawm ntau hom cell, hloov mucosal thiab systemic innate thiab adaptive immune teb [80]. Probiotics cuam tshuam nrog cov hlwb epithelial thiab modulate cytokine tso tawm los ntawm kev hloov pauv cellular teeb liab txoj hauv kev [81]. Cov kab mob probiotic sib txawv ua los ntawm kev txhawb kev tsim cov kab mob sib txawv. Cov no suav nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm IL-10 thiab IL-20 tsim los ntawm mononuclear hlwb hauv cov kab mob lactic acid [82], induction ntawm IL-6 ntau lawm hauv Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [80], thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm cytokine-induced apoptosis thiab inactivating activation ntawm pro-apoptotic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase los ntawm TNF, IL-1a, los yog gamma interferon hauv Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [83], qhia txog kev muaj sia nyob ntawm txoj hnyuv. Muab qhov cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob, siv cov tshuaj probiotics los txhawb kev tsim SCFA yog li ntawd txhawb cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov khoom noj metabolic nrog rau cov lymphocytes 'muaj peev xwm rau kev tshem tawm tus kab mob, muaj peev xwm txo qhov rov ua dua ntawm cov kab mob latent [84].
3.1.4. Antimicrobial Activity ntawm Probiotics
Lwm cov txheej txheem uas probiotics inhibit microbial kev loj hlob muaj xws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov organic acids, tshuaj lom, thiab bacteriocins [85]. Cov kab mob Lactic acid (LAB), cov kab mob propionic acid, thiab Bifidobacteria tau siv rau hauv kev khaws cia thiab fermentation kev lag luam rau ntau pua xyoo. Cov yam ntxwv ua rau lawv siv tau zoo hauv kev khaws cia tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau pH qis, txo cov carbohydrates, thiab tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov kab mob no tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob, ua rau lawv yog tus neeg sib tw tsim nyog rau kev xaiv ua probiotic [86]. LAB tsim cov organic acids xws li acetic acid, lactic acid, thiab propionic acid los ntawm fermentation ntawm qabzib. Lactic acid thiab acetic acid muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov poov xab, pwm, thiab kab mob [87]. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov nce pH, cov kua qaub uas tsis sib haum xeeb diffuses hla lub cell membrane. Nws dissociates, tso H + ions nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, ua rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm electrochemical gradient thiab cov bacteriostasis tom qab los yog tuag ntawm cov kab mob [88]. Bacteriocins uas tsim los ntawm LAB yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptides ua los ntawm ribosomes [89]. Bacteriocins feem ntau tsom rau cov cell membrane, inhibit spore germination, ua rau inactivation ntawm anionic carriers, thiab hloov enzymatic kev ua si nrog ib tug bacteriostatic los yog bactericidal nyhuv nyob ntawm seb lub rhiab heev ntawm lub cell. Cov peptides no feem ntau siv tau rau cov kab mob sib luag thiab cov kab mob Gram-positive [90].
3.1.5. Probiotics Siv rau Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kabmob-Associated Diarrhea
Lub plab microbiota tau hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau, thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau siv rau kev kho mob [1]. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tseem ceeb heev rau kev tshem tawm cov kab mob, lawv ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov kab mob hauv plab microbiota [91]. Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau yam, xws li colonization los ntawm cov kab mob Clostridium difficile, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv plab hnyuv thiab mob plab heev. Hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, C. difficile ntsib kev sib tw los ntawm cov kab mob commensal hauv cov kab mob GI, tab sis thaum lub plab microbiota raug cuam tshuam (raws li tau pom thaum mus ncig hauv qhov chaw), C. difficile tuaj yeem ua rau lub plab zom mov [92]. Probiotics tuaj yeem siv los ntxiv rau GI microbiota, thiab lawv tuaj yeem siv los kho cov kab mob C. difficile [93]. Probiotics tuaj yeem siv los kho cov kab mob raws plab ntsig txog kab mob.
3.1.6. Probiotics li Prophylaxis for Cancer
Vim muaj hluav taws xob raug hluav taws xob, astronauts muaj feem yuav mob qog noj ntshav ntau dua. Kev noj cov kua mis fermented nrog probiotics ua raws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav los ntawm kev tiv thaiv estrogenic nyhuv ntawm isoflavones [94]. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav plab nyob ntawm ntau yam. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tau pom tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev pleev xim ntawm lub plab microbiome thiab kev loj hlob ntawm mob qog nqaij hlav hauv plab. Probiotics tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lub plab microbiota sib txuas lus thiab tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav [95]. Kefir (fermented mis nyuj nrog probiotics) muaj cov tshuaj bioactive, xws li polysaccharides thiab peptides, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob thiab apoptosis induction hauv qog hlwb. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias kefir tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav thiab mob qog noj ntshav [96].
cistanche cog-nce kev tiv thaiv kab mob
3.1.7. Probiotics rau Kev ntxhov siab / ntxhov siab
Kev tuav cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub lub siab lub ntsws thiab lub cev lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntev mus ntev. Kev ntxhov siab yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho vim nws cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua haujlwm [97]. Kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ntxhov siab tau txuas rau lub plab dysbiosis. Txoj kev tshawb no los ntawm Ma et al. [31] qhia tias noj Lactobacillus plantarum P-8 ameliorated ntxhov siab vim / kev ntxhov siab hauv tib neeg. Nws kuj tseem pom tau hais tias kev noj cov tshuaj probiotic ua rau lub plab-derived metabolite gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis txoj hauv kev los ntawm Bifidobacterium adolescentis, GABA thiab histamine yog cov neurotransmitters tseem ceeb uas taug kev los ntawm cov hlab ntsha vagus mus rau lub plab-hlwb axis.
3.1.8 ib. Probiotics rau Urinary Tract Infection
Probiotics xws li Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 thiab Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas tau sim rau cov poj niam thiab tau tshwm sim rau forestall UTIs rau ib qho kev sib piv rau qhov ntev-ntev, qis qis. tshuaj tua kab mob tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv [3].
Table 3. Probiotics: cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv.
3.1.9. Short-Chain Fatty Acids thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv Gut Microbiota Maintenance
Probiotics tuaj yeem tsim cov roj ntsha luv luv (SCFAs) [98]. SCFAs yog cov organic los ntawm cov khoom ntawm fermentation. Cov no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lumen ntawm txoj hnyuv thaum cov carbohydrates uas tsis yog digestible tsis tiav nyob rau hauv lub anaerobic ib puag ncig los ntawm lub plab microbiota. SCFAs feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm acetate, butyrate, thiab propionate [99,100]. SCFAs muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Kev tu, qauv, thiab kev tsim cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv yog nyob ntawm lub plab microbiota thiab kev noj haus. Kev noj zaub mov muaj fiber ntau ua rau kev tsim cov SCFAs los ntawm lub plab microbiota, uas txhim kho cov hnoos qeev thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob peptide ntau lawm thiab kev qhia ntau dua ntawm TJ proteins. Kev noj zaub mov tsis muaj fiber ntau ua rau hloov plab hnyuv microbiota, ua rau txo qis hauv cov hnoos qeev thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob inflammatory [100]. SCFAs kuj tseem qhia txog cov molecules uas tswj kev tsim ntawm interleukin -18 los ntawm kev khi rau GPR41 thiab GPR43 receptors ntawm plab epithelial hlwb thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [101]. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Silva et al. [102] tau tshaj tawm tias SCFAs tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub hlwb los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntshav-hlwb barrier (BBB) kev ncaj ncees, hloov kho neurotransmission, cuam tshuam rau qib neurotrophic, thiab txhawb kev nco ua ke. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tias SCFA butyrate txhim kho txoj hnyuv ua haujlwm. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) thaum ua kom yooj yim rau kev sib dhos nruj thiab tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv fatty acid metabolism thiab protein synthesis [103]. MARS 500 yog qhov kev sim rau lub hlis hauv av uas suav nrog kev kuaj quav ntawm rau tus neeg ua haujlwm. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom qhov sib txawv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm butyrate-ua Faecalibacterium prausnitzii thiab Roseburia faecis hauv plab microbiota ntawm txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm. Qhov no qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv SCFA ntau lawm thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau rau kev txhawb nqa microbiota-tus tswv tsev kev sib raug zoo [7]. Lunar Palace 1 yog lwm qhov kev sim uas tau ua hauv av. Peb cov neeg ua haujlwm tau siv los ntsuas seb Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) ua haujlwm zoo npaum li cas. Lawv tau noj cov zaub mov muaj fiber ntau thiab ua raws li lub sijhawm teem tseg uas suav nrog kev ua haujlwm ntau hauv cov nroj tsuag cab. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom qhov hloov pauv zoo sib xws hauv lub plab microbiota muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj pes tsawg tus Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, thiab Blautia microorganisms. Qhov no kuj tau hais tias kev noj zaub mov muaj fiber ntau thiab kev ua neej nyob yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm plab hnyuv microbiota [32].
3.2. Microgravity / Simulated Microgravity Studies ntawm Probiotics
Txhawm rau kom probiotic ua tau zoo, nws yuav tsum muaj qee yam tshwj xeeb. Qee qhov no yog kev ruaj ntseg tiv thaiv cov kua qaub thiab cov kua tsib, ua raws li tib neeg lub plab hnyuv hlwb, antagonism tawm tsam enteric pathogens, thiab tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov yam ntxwv no tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li ib puag ncig thiab microgravity. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav los kuaj cov tshuaj probiotics hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo kom nkag siab txog lawv cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg caij nkoj kev noj qab haus huv thaum caij dav hlau. Peb sau qee qhov kev tshawb fawb no hauv cov kab lus hauv qab no. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Shao et al. [104] los tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm simulated microgravity tej yam kev mob ntawm Lactobacillus acidophilus tau nthuav tawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau qee cov haujlwm lom neeg thiab cov yam ntxwv. Cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb yog (1) tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv L. acidophilus morphology, (2) luv luv lag theem, (3) nce kev loj hlob, (4) txhim khu kev kam rau acids (pH 2.5) nrog rau cov kua tsib, (5) txo qis. rhiab heev rau sodium penicillin, cephalexin, thiab sulfur gentamicin, (6) tsis muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv L. acidophilus adhesion muaj peev xwm, thiab (7) nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv S. aureus thiab S. Typhimurium. Cov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim los ntawm kev simulated microgravity (SMG) ntawm L. acidophilus probiotics tuaj yeem ua tau zoo rau cov neeg caij nkoj thaum caij dav hlau. Cov probiotics tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab ua rau lub sijhawm ntev dua hauv GI ib puag ncig. Vim tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv nws lub peev xwm ua raws li, nws tuaj yeem pab tswj txoj hnyuv epithelial barrier muaj nuj nqi thiab tiv thaiv cov kab mob nkag mus [103]. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, Senatore et al. [105] kuaj Lactobacillus reuteri rau nws cov metabolism thiab cov noob qhia hauv SMG tej yam kev mob. Lawv pom tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob loj hlob, cell loj, thiab cov duab nrog rau kev tswj hwm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ua rau muaj kev ua siab ntev rau GI txoj cai thiab txhim kho kev tsim khoom ntawm bioactive compound reuterin tau pom [32]. Lub freeze-dried Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota capsule (LcS) tau sim rau nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ISS rau ib hlis. LcS tsiav tshuaj los ntawm spaceflight tsis txawv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, cov qauv kev loj hlob, carbohydrate fermentation, reactivity rau LcS tshwj xeeb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab cytokine-inducing muaj peev xwm hais txog kev tswj cov qauv khaws cia hauv av-raws li kev sim. LcS tau pom tias yuav txhim khu kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev thiab sib npaug ntawm plab hnyuv microbiota thiab tuaj yeem siv los tawm tsam cov teeb meem tiv thaiv kab mob cuam tshuam nrog lub davhlau [6,44].
3.3. Commercial Probiotics 'Tsheb Lub Neej thiab Ciaj sia nyob hauv Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract
Peb qhov kev lag luam probiotics, xws li Lactobacillus acidophilus strain DDS-1, Bifidobacterium longum strain BB536, thiab spores ntawm Bacillus subtilis strain HU58 tau sim kom muaj sia nyob raws li cov xwm txheej xav tias yuav ntsib thaum lub sijhawm 3- xyoo puag ncig mus rau Mars. Cov kev ntsuas tsis muaj sia nyob rau: 1. Lub sijhawm ntev cia ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig; 2. Simulated galactic cosmic hluav taws xob thiab hnub ci particle tshwm sim hluav taws xob; 3. Kev simulated gastric kua; 4. Raug simulated plab hnyuv kua. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, hluav taws xob raug cuam tshuam me ntsis rau cov kab mob probiotic tshuaj xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, lub txee lub neej thiab kev muaj sia nyob ntawm peb hom sib txawv heev thaum simulations ntawm lawv txoj kev mus rau sab sauv plab hnyuv siab raum. Raws li kev tshawb pom, tsuas yog Bacillus subtilis spores tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv txhua yam mob. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias probiotics ua los ntawm cov kab mob spores tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau tib neeg mus rau qhov chaw mus ntev [106].
4. Cov lus xaus
Rau kev mus ncig mus rau qhov chaw mus sij hawm ntev, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tswj hwm tus neeg caij nkoj txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev hauv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg caij dav hlau tau pom, uas suav nrog cov khoom xws li kev hloov pauv hauv plab microbiome ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv MGB axis cuam tshuam rau kev mob hlwb, kab mob genitourinary, rov ua kom tus kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab Kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua phem, txo qis ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, teeb meem plawv, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm qog nqaij hlav vim raug hluav taws xob. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no sim nkag siab txog kev siv tau ntawm probiotics, uas tuaj yeem siv los daws cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv no los ntawm kev ya davhlau. Kev tuav lub plab microbiome yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov chaw mus ntev, thiab ntau yam kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv lossis qhov tsis sib xws hauv plab microbiome. Vim qhov paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm probiotics rau lub plab microbiome thiab kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho, lawv siv raws li kev noj haus ntxiv lossis ntxiv rau cov zaub mov thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau tuaj yeem yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv cov kev cai thiab kev noj qab haus huv uas tau ntsib los ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim ua ntawm probiotics hauv simulated microgravity tej yam kev mob tsis ua raws li qhov chaw mus sij hawm ntev. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua ntawm probiotics kom siv tau lawv cov kev siv hauv qhov chaw, tshawb xyuas lawv cov kev ua tau zoo raws li kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv uas tau hais los saum no, thiab hloov cov khoom ntawm probiotics uas yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau.
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