Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Stimulation Tam sim no thoob ntiaj teb txhim kho kev kawm tab sis tsis xaiv qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Lub Hom Phiaj Memory Reactivation On Awake Memory Consolidation Part 2

2.2. Khoom siv

Cov npe nruab nrab thiab cov npe tsis zoo ntawm cov lus Fabkis tsis sib xws (18 khub / daim ntawv teev npe) raug xaiv raws li lawv lub siab lub ntsws (neutral=16.19 ± 13.7 vs. negative=77.67 ± 19.8,t(1 , 70)=15.33, p < 0.0001 [57]).

Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xav valence thiab nco. Emotional valence yog hais txog ib tus neeg qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav tau, nrog rau kev xav zoo thiab kev xav tsis zoo. Kev nco yog ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau, khaws cia, thiab rov tsim cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub neej.

Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev xav zoo muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nco. Qib siab ntawm cov kev xav zoo tuaj yeem txhawb nqa lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab txhim kho tib neeg txoj kev xav thiab kev nco. Piv txwv li, kev xav tsis zoo ua rau kev nco. Cov kev xav tsis zoo yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm, ua rau muaj teeb meem xws li kev tsis txaus siab thiab tsis muaj peev xwm mloog tau, uas txhua tus cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm kev nco.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev xav valence kuj muaj feem xyuam rau kev nco txog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tej yam. Piv txwv li, tib neeg feem ntau muaj peev xwm nco tau thiab ntsib qee qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev xav lossis xwm txheej ntau dua, uas tuaj yeem pab peb nkag siab zoo dua thiab daws cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ntsuas kev xav zoo kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho tus cwj pwm thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev nco txog qee yam, yog li cuam tshuam rau peb cov kev txiav txim siab niaj hnub thiab kev ua.

Yog li ntawd, kev tswj hwm lub siab lub ntsws zoo tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nco. Peb tuaj yeem txhim kho peb cov kev xav zoo hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, xws li kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm ntawm kev hlub thiab kev ris txiaj hauv lub neej, kev tawm dag zog, thiab koom nrog cov haujlwm uas peb nyiam. Tib lub sijhawm, peb yuav tsum sim peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom tsis txhob muaj kev xav tsis zoo, xws li kev ntxhov siab ntau dhau, kev txhawj xeeb, kev nyuaj siab, thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev tswj hwm txoj kev xav zoo tuaj yeem ua rau peb muaj kev paub zoo dua thiab hnov ​​​​qhov zoo nkauj hauv lub neej thiab ua rau peb nco zoo dua. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola muaj antioxidant, tiv thaiv kev mob, thiab tiv thaiv kev laus, uas tuaj yeem pab txo qis oxidation thiab inflammatory tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb, yog li tiv thaiv cov kab mob. kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche deserticola kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kho cov paj hlwb, yog li txhim kho kev sib txuas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural networks. Cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev nco, kev kawm, thiab kev xav nrawm, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab kab mob neurodegenerative.

Nyem paub cov tshuaj ntxiv los txhawb kev nco

Ob daim ntawv teev npe tau sib npaug raws li lexical zaus (nruab nrab {{{0}}}.06 ± 67.5 vs. negative=56.14 ± 86.2, t( 1, 70)=0.11, p=0.91; [58]), imagingvalence (neutral=5.43 ± 1.6 vs. negative=4.85 ± 1.5 , t(1, 70)=−1.55, p=0.12; [59]), tus lej ntawm cov lus (nruab nrab=1.75 ± 0.7 vs. negative {{35} }.97 ± 0.7, t(1, 70)=1.32, p=0.19) thiab tus lej ntawm cov ntawv (tsis suav=5.86 ± 1.5 vs. tsis zoo=6.38 ± 1.8, t(1, 70)=1.34, p=0.19).

Txhua lo lus khub tau randomly txuam nrog ib lub suab tshwj xeeb (ntev sijhawm 6 s), coj los ntawm International Affective Digitized Sounds database (IADS, Bradley thiab Lang, 2007).Neutral lo lus khub tau sib phim nrog cov suab nruab nrab thiab cov lus tsis zoo khub tau sib haum nrog cov suab tsis zoo.

Cov suab tsis zoo raug xaiv raws li qhov siab arousal thiab qis siab zoo ntawm qhov {{{0}}} point Likert scale [60], thaum lub suab nruab nrab raug xaiv raws li qhov nruab nrab arousal thiab nruab nrab kev zoo siab kev ntaus nqi (txhais tau tias IADS txaus siab ratingneutral=4.94 ± 0.21 vs. negative=2.12 ± 0.38, t(1, 34)=26.92, p < 0. } -10.48, p <0.001).

2.3. Txheej txheem

Cov txheej txheem kev sim tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 1. Txhua tus neeg tuaj koom tau pib nrog lub sijhawm encoding, thaum lub sij hawm txhua tus ntawm 36- lo lus khub tau tshwm sim ib los ntawm ib qho ntawm lub tshuab computer rau 6 vib nas this thaum lub suab sib txuas tau xa los ntawm lub mloog pob ntseg.

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm txhua lo lus khub, tus ntoo khaub lig fixation daj tau tshwm sim rau 4 s. Nws tig liab 1 sbefore lub apparition ntawm lub tom ntej no khub. Cov 36- lo lus khub tau nthuav tawm ob zaug hauv randomorder. Cov neeg koom nrog tom qab ntawd tau tswj hwm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tam sim ntawd rov qab los (IRT): thawj lo lus ntawm txhua tus khub tau tshwm sim rau ntawm qhov screen ua ke nrog nws lub suab cuam tshuam, thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum ntaus cov lus sib txuas.

Cov lus teb raug yog tom qab ntawd tso rau ntawm qhov screen los txhawb kev kawm tsis raug yuam kev. Yog tias tus neeg koom nrog tag nrho cov qhab nia rov qab tau qis dua qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 75% ntawm cov lus teb raug, qhov tsis raug rov qab lo lus khub tau sawv cev, thiab tom qab ntawd IRT tau muab rov qab rau txhua tus khub kom txog rau thaum cov neeg koom nrog rov qab ua haujlwm tsawg kawg yog 75%. Tom qab qhov kev kawm no, cov neeg koom tau zaum hauv lub rooj zaum xis thiab thov kom so ntsiag to li 20 feeb (lub sijhawm so tsaug zog) thaum mloog ntau lub suab. Lawv tau pseudo-randomly muab rau ib qho ntawm plaub qhov ua tau.

Hauv TMR nkaus xwb (n=16 cov neeg koom), ib nrab ntawm lub suab ( cuaj neutraland cuaj tsis zoo) cuam tshuam nrog cov lus kawm tau muab peb zaug ib zaug rau tag nrho 54 auditory stimulations.

Lub sijhawm ntawm txhua lub suab yog 6 s, thiab lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 6 thiab 12 s. Nyob rau hauv TMR-anodal lefttDCS mob, cov neeg koom (n=17) tau txais TMR raws tu qauv thiab tau txais inparallel tDCS nrog cov anode nyob rau sab laug DLPFC thiab cov cathode hla sab xis DLPFC.

TMR-anodal txoj cai tDCS mob (n=20) yog zoo tib yam rau TMR-anodal sab laug tDCS, tshwj tsis yog tias lub polarity ntawm cov electrodes tau thim rov qab (txoj cai anode / sab laug cathode ntawm tDCS). Nyob rau hauv TMR-sham tDCS mob (n=16), tDCS tau xa tsuas yog rau 15 s thaum pib ntawm TMR txheej txheem.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab lub sijhawm 20- feeb stimulation, cov neeg tuaj koom tau ua haujlwm acued recall task (RT1) ntawm txhua lo lus khub uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov kev kawm. RT1 zoo ib yam rau txoj haujlwm rov qab los tam sim (IRT), tshwj tsis yog tias cov neeg koom tsis tau txais kev tawm tswv yim txog qhov tseeb ntawm lawv cov lus teb thiab tsis muaj qhov txiav tawm.

Ib lub lim tiam tom qab, cov neeg koom tau raug tswj hwm qhov kev rov qab los zaum thib ob (RT2) hauv cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam thiab tib lub sijhawm ntawm hnub li RT1.

Kev pw tsaug zog thiab lub hom phiaj ceev faj tau raug soj ntsuam thaum pib ntawm kev kawm (KSS 1, PVT 1), RT1 (KSS 2, PVT 2) thiab RT2 (KSS 3, PVT 3) zaug siv Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS, [61]) thiab lub 10 min version ntawm Psychomotor VigilanceTask (PVT, [62]), feem.

2.4. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Peb xaiv ntawm no ob sab dorsolateral prefrontal electrode montage raws li yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev paub thiab kev soj ntsuam kev tshawb fawb (xws li, rau ib tug txheej txheem cej luam saib [36,63]). Conceptually, bilateralprefrontal stimulation yuav tsum txhim khu cov teebmeem ntawm stimulation nyob rau hauv txhua electrodevim hais tias ntawm transcallosal connectivity, piv txwv li, excitability-txhim kho anodal tDCS yuav txo cov kev ua ntawm lub contralateral prefrontal cortex ntxiv vim yog enhanced transcallosalinhibition, thiab cathodal stimulation yuav muaj cov antagonist ntawm contradictions.

Yog li, ib hom lateralized boosting nyhuv tuaj yeem xav tau nrog qhov kev npaj electrode no. Nco ntsoov, peb tau xaiv tsis tso cov electrode rov qab rau ntawm thaj av supraorbital ze rau thaj chaw nyob ze ntawm ventral prefrontal, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab yog li yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev txawj ntse ntawm nws tus kheej, uas yuav tau txhais cov txiaj ntsig nyuaj thiab tsis meej meej txog kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam. ntawm cov teebmeem.

Ib khub ntawm saline-soaked daim txhuam cev electrodes (50 × 70 mm) tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw scalpat F3 thiab F4 (Daim duab 2) raws li 10-20 thoob ntiaj teb system rau electrodeplacement, txiav txim siab siv lub Beam F3 qhov chaw [64].

Kev txhawb nqa ncaj qha tam sim no tau xa los ntawm DC-Stimulator Plus (Rogue Resolutions, Cardiff, UK) ua los ntawm cov ntawv qhia kev nyab xeeb [65]. Nyob rau sab laug tDCS mob, stimulation yog anodal (excitatory) ntawm F3 thiab cathodal (inhibitory) ntawm F4. Nyob rau hauv txoj cai tDCS mob, polarity tau thim rov qab (anode ntawm F3 thiab cathode ntawm F4). Qhov kev siv tam sim no tau teeb tsa ntawm 1milliamp, sib xws rau qhov ceev tam sim no ntawm 0.029 mA / cm2.

Qhov kev txhawb siab nce mus txog thaum {{0}}s nce mus txog 1 mA, tom qab ntawd ruaj khov hauv 20 min toj siab thiab ploj mus rau 0 mA hauv 10 s. Lub toj siab tsuas yog 15 s nyob rau hauv sham tDCS mob, ces stimulation raug txiav tom qab fading tawm.

Cov neeg koom tau dig muag txog hom kev txhawb nqa. Qhov muag tsis pom kev tau lees paub los ntawm qhov muaj ob tus neeg sim. Oneprepared lub stimulation tsis yog tus thib ob uas yog interacting nrog cov neeg koom thiab nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov kauj ruam sib txawv ntawm qhov kev sim yog qhov muag tsis pom rau lub stimulation tsis.

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Pw tsaug zog thiab ceev faj

Ib qho kev ntsuas rov qab ANOVA ua rau cov ntsiab lus pw tsaug zog (KSS) cov qhab nia nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm (KSS 1 (kawm) vs. KSS 2 (RT1) vs. KSS 3 (RT2)) thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (TMR-anodal sab laug tDCS . 45 ± 1.6, F(3, 65)=0.48, p=0.627). Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm tus mob thiab tus mob los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tam sim no kuj tsis tseem ceeb (txhua tus ps > 0.370).

Cov kev soj ntsuam zoo sib xws tau ua los ntawm ob qhov PVT tsis, piv txwv li, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab qhov sib txuam RT (txhais tau tias 1 / RT; [66]). Ntxiv dua thiab, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov encoding thiab qhov kev rov qab los ntawm kev siv cov coefficient ntawm variation (PVT1=0.168 ± 0.08 vs. PVT2=0.159 ± 0. }}.81,p=0.396) lossis RT (PVT1=0.0029 ± 0.0004 vs. PVT2=0.0030 ± 0.0005,PVT{28}}.0030 ± 0.0003, F(3, 65)=0.49, p=0.488). Cov teebmeem tseem ceeb ntawm tus mob thiab cov xwm txheej-los ntawm lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam kuj tsis tseem ceeb (txhua tus ps > 0.311).

Ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tham thiab rov qab los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab ceev faj, thiab cov xeev no tsis tau hloov kho los ntawm kev tswj hwm nruab nrab ntawm tDCS thiab TMR.

3.2. Pre-Stimulation Learning Session (IRT)

Ib qho kev ntsuas rov qab ANOVA suav txog cov lej ntawm cov lus raug muab rov qab rau qhov kawg ntawm kev kawm (IRT) txoj haujlwm nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntsiab lus cueing (cued vs. non-cued) thiab kev xav (nruab nrab vs. tsis zoo) thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ( TMR-anodal lefttDCS, TMR-anodal txoj cai tDCS, TMR-sham tDCS, thiab TMR-tsuas) tsuas yog nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav (F(1, 65)=35.16, p < 0 . saum toj no 75% txiav tawm cov qhab nia rau ob pawg.

Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov qhab nia retrieval tau pom nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov lus khub uas yuav tsum tau ua tom qab thiab cov lus khub tsis txhob raug cued tom qab (F(1, 65)=0.13, p=0.717, ib nrabη{{ 6} }. 14}}.041).Txhua lwm yam tseem ceeb thiab kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb (tag nrho ps > 0.174, ib nrab η2 < 0.054).Yog li ntawd, cov xwm txheej ua ntej stimulation zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv plaub qhov kev sim.

3.3. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev sim ntsuas qhov ntsuas (RT1)

Ib qho kev ntsuas rov qab ANOVA suav txog qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus raug rov qab los nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev xav (nruab nrab thiab tsis zoo lo lus khub) thiab cueing (cued vs. non-cued) thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (TMR-anodal sab laug tDCS, TMR -anodal txoj cai tDCS, TMR-sham tDCS, thiab TMR-tsuas yog) nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm tus mob (F(3, 65)=4.58, p=0.006, ib nrab η{{13 }}.174 ib.).

Muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm cueing(F(1, 65)=6.78, p=0.001, ib nrab η2=0.094) nrog ntau dua rov qab rau cued (82.90 ± 1.7 %) thannon-cued (79.34 ± 1.7%) lo lus khub. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov tseem ceeb cueing los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam (F(3, 65)=4.41, p=0.006; ib nrab η 2=0.169; saib daim duab 4).

Lub cueing byemotion cuam tshuam tsis tseem ceeb (F(3, 65)=0.69, p=0.410, ib nrab η2=0.010), thiab tsis yog qhov xwm txheej los ntawm cueing los ntawm kev xav cuam tshuam (F(3, 65)=0.64, p=0.595, ib nrab η2 =0.029). Ib yam li ntawd, qhov xwm txheej los ntawm kev xav tsis tseem ceeb (F(1, 65)=0.86,p=0.467, ib nrab η2=0.038).

Kev npaj sib piv tau ua los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau pom tias kev nco poob qis qis hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov neeg koom tau txais kev txhawb nqa hluav taws xob tiag tiag (TMR-anodal sab laug tDCS 88.82 ± 3.10% thiab TMR-anodalright tDCS 83.75 ± 3.05%) tshaj nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob uas tsis muaj los yog ib tug sham hluav taws xob stimulation tau siv (TMR-sham tDCS 76.01 ± 2.93% thiab TMR-tsuas yog 74.94 ± 3.10%; F(1, 65)=12.58,p < 0.001, ib nrab η 2=0.157).

Ib qho kev sib piv sib txawv ntawm tDCS tiag (TMR-anodal lefttDCS thiab TMR-anodal txoj cai tDCS) thiab sham (TMR-sham tDCS) cov xwm txheej tau lees paub qhov kev ua tau zoo dua hauv tDCS tiag tiag (F(1, 51)=8.89, p=0.004, ib nrab η2=0.148).

Qhov kev sib piv ntawm TMR-anodal sab laug tDCS thiab TMR-anodal txoj cai tDCS cov xwm txheej tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb (F(1, 31)=1.86, p=0.18; ib nrab η {{ 9.057 ib.).

Ib yam li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm TMR-sham tDCS thiab TMR-tsuas yog cov xwm txheej (F(1, 34)=0.05, p=0.82; ib nrab η 2=0. 002).

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