Cov Qauv Ntawm Arc MRNA Kev Tshaj Tawm hauv Cov Ncauj Ncauj Ncauj Tom Qab Rov Qab Rov Qab Dua Ntawm Kev Ntshai- Thiab Muab Khoom Plig-raws li Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Sib Raug Zoo (1)

Kev kawm tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev paub ncaj qha lossis los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm lwm tus neeg (piv txwv li, kev kawm hauv zej zog). Thaum cov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem neural ntawm kev kawm ncaj qha muaj ntau dua, kev ua haujlwm tsawg dua tau kuaj xyuas lub hlwb circuitry mediating qhov tau txais thiab rov qab los ntawm kev sib raug zoo cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm no, peb tsom mus ntxiv cov txheej txheem hauv qab ntawm kev rov qab los ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam nas rov qab los ntawm kev nyiam noj zaub mov sib raug zoo (STFP) thiab koom nrog kev ntshai ntawm kev ntshai los ntawm kev tso npe (FCbP). Cov ntaub so ntswg hauv hlwb tau ua tiav rau mRNA kev qhia ntawm cov noob tam sim ntawd (IEG) Arc, uas nthuav tawm hauv cov nucleus tom qab kev hloov pauv ua ntej tsiv mus rau cytoplasm dhau 25 feeb tom ntej. Muab lub sijhawm no, peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas seb qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm Arc tau tshwm sim los ntawm STFP rov qab, FCbP rov qab, lossis ob qho tib si. Contrary to yav dhau los kev tshawb fawb, peb pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv tej Arc qhia kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv ob peb lub prefrontal cheeb tsam thiab lub ventral CA3 ntawm lub hippocampus ntawm kev tswj, cov neeg tawm tsam, thiab cov neeg soj ntsuam. Peb theorize tias cov txiaj ntsig no yuav qhia tau tias qhov me me ntawm Arc-dependent neural restructuring yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub prefrontal cortices thiab ventral CA3 tom qab rov qab los ntawm tsis ntev los no kev sib raug zoo cov ntaub ntawv los yog tau txais ncaj qha mus cuag ntshai koom haum nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no.

Cistanche ntxiv nyob ze kuv-Kev Txhim Kho Kev Nco

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Txhim Kho Cov Khoom Siv Nco

【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692

Tus tsiaj lub peev xwm kom muaj sia nyob hauv ib puag ncig tshiab yog qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm nws lub peev xwm los kawm txog thiab hloov kho rau nws ib puag ncig los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ob qho tib si muaj peev xwm hem thiab qhov chaw rau kev ua tiav cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb. Ib txoj hauv kev uas tib neeg tuaj yeem kawm tau cov tswv yim zoo li no ntawm tus kheej yog los ntawm kev qhia los ntawm lossis kev soj ntsuam ntawm tus neeg muaj kev paub dhau los, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev kawm hauv zej zog. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob tias qhov tsis txaus ntawm lub peev xwm los kawm hauv zej zog, xws li kev puas tsuaj hauv kev kawm kev sib raug zoo / khoom plig uas tau pom nyob rau hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws spectrum, muaj peev xwm ua rau tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm 1-3. Piv txwv li, kev kawm tsis txaus ntseeg hauv zej zog ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb lossis tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Clinically, qhov no feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv phobias, uas feem ntau tau tshaj tawm tias tau txais los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lossis kev qhia (piv txwv li, saib niam txiv cuam tshuam nrog kev ntshai heev rau kab laug sab lossis tau txais lus ceeb toom tsis txaus ntseeg txog kev phom sij ntawm kab laug sab) es tsis yog los ntawm kev ncaj qha. kev 4,5. Kev sib raug zoo tau txais phobias kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau txoj hauv kev tau txais kev phobias tsis yog. Vim tias tus tib neeg tsis tau ntsib qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm qhov kev ntshai ntawm kev ntshai, lawv muaj kev ywj pheej los xav txog qhov tshwm sim uas yuav mob siab dua li qhov tshwm sim hauv kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog qhov no, cov tib neeg uas muaj kev sib raug zoo phobias qhia txog kev paub txog cov tsos mob 6 thiab teb tau zoo dua rau qee txoj kev kho mob 4 dua li cov tib neeg uas tau txais phobias ncaj qha.

Cistanche ua li cas-Kev Txhim Kho Memory

Txhawm rau txhim kho kev kho kom zoo rau cov xwm txheej tshwm sim los ntawm kev kawm hauv zej zog lossis kev kawm dhau los, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lub hlwb cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam txog kev kawm kev sib raug zoo yog thawj kauj ruam tseem ceeb. Hauv cov nas tsuag, kev ntshai-raws li kev kawm hauv zej zog tau pom tias tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam xwm txheej, suav nrog (1) cov ntsiab lus lossis kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ntshai uas tau txais los ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho kev mob tshwj xeeb hauv ib puag ncig tshiab lossis ua raws li kev nthuav qhia tshiab stimulus7 , 8, (2) txhim kho qhov tau txais kev coj cwj pwm zoo los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm ib qho kev teb rau qhov kev hem thawj rau kev hem thawj 9–11, thiab (3) los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam ntshai ua rau muaj kev ntshai cuam tshuam nrog kev txhawb nqa (CS) tom qab mob. nyob rau hauv ib tug paradigm hu ua ntshai conditioning by-proxy (FCbP)12–14. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov neeg soj ntsuam pom tus cwj pwm ntshai (piv txwv li, khov hauv FCbP) hauv kev teb rau cov ntsiab lus lossis kev txhawb nqa tom qab soj ntsuam tus qauv kev ntshai teb. Txawm hais tias cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm kev kawm kev sib raug zoo hauv cov nas tau ua pov thawj me ntsis nyuaj rau kev txhim kho15, ib qho kev txhim khu kev qha thiab tsim tau zoo ntawm cov khoom plig raws li kev sib raug zoo kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nyiam zaub mov (STFP) paradigm16–19. Nyob rau hauv STFP paradigm, nas tau muab rau 'tus qauv' tus mob noj cov zaub mov tshiab (feem ntau cov hmoov nplej sib xyaw nrog kev nyiam, xws li cinnamon) ua ntej cuam tshuam nrog cov nas tsis zoo uas tau muab rau 'tus neeg soj ntsuam' mob. Thaum cov neeg soj ntsuam tom qab tau txais kev xaiv los haus ib qho kev pom zoo los yog qhov kev pom zoo tshiab, lawv ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyiam noj ntau dua ntawm kev pom zoo. Cov nyhuv no yog kho los ntawm semiochemical carbon disulfide (CS2) uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav ntawm nas thiab, thaum ua ke nrog ib tug tshiab ntxhiab, yog txaus los ntxias ib tug nyiam rau cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo sib xws 17.

Hauv cov nas tsuag, tau muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam lub hlwb cov txheej txheem kho kom haum rau qhov tau txais thiab rov qab cov txheej txheem rau STFP20-24 thiab kev ntshai ntawm kev sib raug zoo 7,12,13,25-27. Cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau hauv cov ncauj lus tom kawg kuj tau qhia tias ntau lub hlwb zoo li tau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb thaum muaj kev ntshai kev kawm thiab tsis ncaj qha kev ntshai kev kawm13,27. Kev sib koom ua qauv txiav txim siab txog cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm tib neeg thiab tsis yog tib neeg kev tshawb fawb tsiaj rau hauv lub hlwb circuitry hauv qab kev kawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xav tau thiab kev txhawb siab rau kev coj cwj pwm / kev koom tes pom zoo tias, txawm tias yuav muaj ntau qhov sib tshooj ntawm lub paj hlwb tswj cov txheej txheem kev kawm ncaj qha thiab kev kawm hauv zej zog cov txheej txheem, kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub hlwb yog xav tau rau kev kawm kev sib raug zoo kom tshwm sim13,28.

Suab puam ginseng

Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem neural koom nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau tshawb nrhiav, kev tshawb fawb qhia meej txog kev khaws cia ntawm kev nco uas tau txais los ntawm kev kawm hauv zej zog rau kev nco tau los ntawm kev kawm ncaj qha yog, rau peb txoj kev paub, yuav luag tsis muaj. Hauv qhov kev sim piav qhia ntawm no, peb tau sim tshuaj xyuas kev ua kom muaj zog hauv ntau thaj chaw hauv lub hlwb tom qab rov qab los ntawm kev nco txog kev sib raug zoo los ntawm ob qho khoom plig- thiab kev ntshai-raws li txoj haujlwm. Cov nas tau txais kev cob qhia hauv cov nqi zog raws li kev kawm hauv zej zog, STFP, thiab tus qauv kev ntshai ntawm kev kawm txog kev sib raug zoo, FCbP, tom qab ntawd peb tau pib rov qab los ntawm ob qho tib si nco. Cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm cov nas no tau ua tiav rau mRNA kev qhia ntawm cov noob tam sim-thaum ntxov (IEG) Arc uas, thaum muab luam tawm, ua rau mRNA rau kev ua haujlwm- tswj cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein. Arc mRNA muaj cov qauv kev kwv yees ntawm kev qhia xws li hauv thawj 5 feeb tom qab kev hloov pauv nws tau nthuav tawm hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab, tom qab li 25 min, tsiv mus rau cytoplasm ncig lub nucleus29. Raws li xws li, cov hlwb stained rau Arc mRNA uas yog qhib rau ntawm ob lub sij hawm cov ntsiab lus qhia kev qhia nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si cytoplasm thiab nucleus, tso cai rau meej meej localization ntawm cell cell qhib nyob rau hauv ntau yam dej num (saib daim duab 1).

Suab puam nyob cistanche

Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov lus qhia ntawm Arc mRNA hauv cov neeg soj ntsuam nas lub hlwb perfused tom qab rov qab los ntawm FCbP thiab STFP cov dej num thiab muab piv rau cov neeg tawm tsam uas tau rov qab los ntawm kev rov qab los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm ncaj qha thiab kev tswj tsis tau, peb tsom los txheeb xyuas cov cheeb tsam hauv lub hlwb tshwj xeeb hauv cov retrieval ntawm socially tau txais cov ntaub ntawv (saib daim duab 2 thiab "Txoj kev" rau ib tug kev sim txheej txheem cej luam). Lub anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 7,13,28, ventral thiab lateral orbitofrontal cortices (vOFC thiab lOFC) 23,24, ventral CA3 (vCA3) ntawm lub hippocampus22,23, thiab infralimbic thiab prelimbic cortices (IL), ) 23,30–32 yog tag nrho cov kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau cuam tshuam rau lawv hauv kev ntshai kev kawm, kev ntshai kev sib raug zoo, kev kawm STFP, lossis qee qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm peb. Peb xav tias yog ib cheeb tsam tau koom nrog hauv kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv hauv zej zog tshwj xeeb, peb yuav pom ntau theem ntawm Arc mRNA hauv cov neeg soj ntsuam piv rau cov neeg tawm tsam thiab kev tswj hwm. Ib yam li ntawd, peb xav tias cov neeg tawm tsam yuav pom cov qib siab dua ntawm Arc mRNA hauv cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb rau kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv tau txais ncaj qha. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb kwv yees tias ob tus neeg soj ntsuam thiab cov neeg tawm tsam yuav qhia ntau dua piv rau kev tswj hwm hauv cheeb tsam koom nrog hauv kev nco txog kev cia siab ntawm qhov nws tau txais (piv txwv li, kev sib raug zoo vs ncaj qha. Cov cheeb tsam koom nrog feem ntau hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab / lossis kev kawm ntawm tus kheej (xws li, Txawm li cas los xij ntawm qhov valence ntawm cov ntaub ntawv) yuav qhia cov pab pawg sib txawv nyob rau hauv qhov kev qhia dual suav. STFP lossis FCbP).

Daim duab 1. Cov qauv ntawm Arc mRNA nthuav qhia. Te saum toj no fgure qhia tus qauv thiab cheeb tsam hauv ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes uas peb yuav pom Arc mRNA qhia tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm FCbP lub sijhawm rov nco qab, STFP lub sijhawm rov nco qab, lossis kev ua haujlwm uas tau tshwm sim ntawm ob lub sijhawm.

Daim duab 2. Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm kev sim tsim. Daim duab no qhia txog kev kho cov nas nyob rau txhua hnub ntawm kev sim los ntawm thawj hnub ntawm kev txwv zaub mov. Tom qab lub sijhawm txwv tsis pub noj zaub mov, cov neeg tawm tsam tau ntshai ua rau muaj kev txhawb nqa (CS). 24 teev tom qab ntawd, cov neeg soj ntsuam tau nrog lawv cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntshai tsam kev tso npe los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev tom qab luv luv los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nyiam noj zaub mov. Cov kev tswj hwm tau txais CS raug rau hnub tom qab uas tsis muaj tus qauv tshwm sim. Thaum kawg, 48 teev tom qab kev soj ntsuam kev kawm, txhua tus neeg soj ntsuam thiab cov neeg tawm tsam tau txais kev xaiv xaiv / tau txais kev nkag mus rau cov zaub mov pom. Cov tswj tau txais cov hmoov nplej dawb rau lub sijhawm no. Tag nrho cov nas tau rov qab los rau hauv lawv lub tsev tawb rau 10 feeb ua ntej rov qab mus rau chav tsev ntshai thiab ua si ib leeg CS. Tag nrho cov nas tau tom qab euthanized, thiab lawv lub hlwb tau ua tiav rau Arc mRNA qhia.

Cov txiaj ntsig

Kev coj cwj pwm tshwm sim. Ntshai txias thiab ntshai txias txias los ntawm npe. Tus kws qhia ua kom khov rau hnub 2 (thaum lub sijhawm soj ntsuam FCbP) tau txheeb xyuas siv ib txoj hauv kev hauv cov ntsiab lus ANOVA nrog lub sijhawm (pre-CS, CS1, CS2, thiab CS3) raws li cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntsiab lus. Peb pom qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cue (F(3,87){10}}.96, p<0.0001) and posthoc pairwise testing using a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons confirmed that freezing during the CS was significantly higher than at baseline (all p<0.001) (Fig. 3a). Kruskal-Wallace analyses were run on freezing on to the CS presentation on the terminal day (day 4) of the experiment as a nonparametric alternative to an ANOVA due to violations of ANOVA assumptions by the untransformed dependent variable. Kruskal-Wallace analyses were run on sex, experimental conditions, and a combined sex/condition factor. While there was no overall effect of sex (H1=1.55, p=0.2132), there was a significant effect of experimental condition (H2=35.1, p<0.0001) and a significant effect of the combined factor (H5=37.38, p<0.0001). Post-hoc analyses using Holm's adjusted Dunn's tests showed that rats in the Demonstrator condition froze significantly more to the CS than both Observers (p<0.0001) and Controls (p<0.0001). Observers and Controls did not significantly differ in their freezing from each other (p=0.814). Dunn's testing on the combined sex and condition variable found that the overall effect detected via Kruskal-Wallace was driven entirely by the Demonstrator condition (Fig. 3b). Notably, Demonstrators also displayed an unusually low percentage of freezing to this final CS (mean=25.2) that we were unable to replicate using near identical behavioral procedures (see Supplementary Materials). We did, however, confirm that the Demonstrators' freezing during the CS period was not just context-based by using a Wilcoxon signs-rank test (due to violation of the assumption of normality because of a floor effect for pre-CS freezing) to compare freezing during the CS to their freezing before CS presentation (Z=49, p=0.0013). Surprisingly, and counter to our previous observations12–14,26, observers did not show sigdefiantly higher freezing to the CS as compared to controls at recall. While concerning, this is likely the result of our using only a single CS presentation. Although past research in our lab has found that FCbP observer rats will freeze over controls on the first CS presentation of a long-term memory test12, there were some methodological changes (pre-exposure of controls to the CS and rats being run during their dark cycle) that resulted in slight changes in behavior. This was confirmed in a follow-up experiment run under similar conditions where we ran a full three CS recall tests (see Supplementary Materials and Fig. S3).

Kev xaiv xeem / khoom noj khoom haus. Kev xaiv xeem kev ua tau zoo siv ib feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov sij hawm siv cuam tshuam nrog lub khob zaub mov uas muaj Cin lossis feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov zaub mov noj uas yog kev noj zaub mov Cin tau muab piv los ntawm Cov Neeg Pom Zoo thiab Cov Saib Xyuas uas siv ob qho qauv t-test. Peb pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob pawg raws sij hawm siv ntawm kev noj zaub mov Cin zaub mov khob (t31=0.97, p=0.3404) lossis ntawm feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj uas yog Cin (t 31=0.74, p=0.4636). Txhawm rau txiav txim siab seb qhov tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam no yog vim ob pawg uas qhia txog kev nyiam rau kev noj zaub mov Cin, peb tau khiav ib qho piv txwv t-test piv rau feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov noj uas tau noj Cin tiv thaiv rooj plaub uas cov nas tsis nyiam. rau kev noj haus (μ=50). Peb pom tias thaum ob tus Demonstrator (t16=2.204, p=0.04265) thiab Observer (t{17}}.105, p=0.0068) nas pom qhov tseem ceeb nyiam kev noj zaub mov Cin raws li feem pua ​​​​tau noj, tsis yog Cov Thawj Coj (t16=0.476, p=0.641) lossis Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas (t15=1.885, p=0 .079) siv sij hawm ntau dua los cuam tshuam nrog kev noj haus Cin food cup (Fig. 4a,b). Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no ua rau nws tsis paub meej tias cov neeg soj ntsuam tau txais qhov nyiam hauv qhov kev sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los los ntawm peb lub chaw kuaj sim siv tib yam khoom noj uas nyiam thiab cov txheej txheem tau txais STFP tau ua rau muaj kev nyiam rau qhov kev pom zoo thaum qhov kev pom zoo tau sib txawv thiab ntev dua (18 teev) kev xaiv xaiv tau tso cai33. Qhov tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas thiab lawv Cov Thawj Coj tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm: (1) ib qho kev nyiam me ntsis rau kev noj haus Cin over diet Co, raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los hauv peb lub chaw kuaj mob tau pom hauv SpragueDawleys14, (2) peb qhov kev txiav txim siab tsuas yog siv cov khoom noj Cin Raws li kev pom zoo hauv kev sim txo qis qhov sib txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm peb cov neeg soj ntsuam, thiab (3) qhov brevity ntawm qhov kev xaiv xaiv piv rau peb tus qauv tsim (10 min vs 1 h). Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias Cohen qhov loj me me rau Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas qhov nyiam ntawm cinnamon (d=0.75) yog qhov loj dua li cov txiaj ntsig loj suav rau Cov Neeg Tawm Tsam (d=0.53), txawm tias ob qho tib si poob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov nyhuv nruab nrab qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Thaum kawg, peb tau khiav ob txoj kev ANOVA nrog tag nrho cov khoom noj uas tau noj thaum lub sijhawm xaiv raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab kev sim thiab kev sib deev raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ywj pheej. Peb pom tias thaum, raws li qhov xav tau, muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm kev sib deev (F(1,82)=35.66, p<0.0001) (Fig. 4c) with females eating less than males, there was no significant effect of experimental condition (F(2,81)=0.334, p=0.717) (Fig. 4d) and no interaction between the two (F(2,81)=1.02, p=0.365).

Daim duab 3. Fear conditioning and fear conditioning by-proxy behavioral results. Te saum toj no fgures qhia qhov nruab nrab feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov sij hawm uas nas khov thaum lub sij hawm los yog ua ntej (Pre-CS) rau CS kev nthuav qhia rau (a) Cov neeg tawm tsam hnub 2, thaum FCbP kev sib cuam tshuam thiab (b) tag nrho cov nas mus rau ib qho kev nthuav qhia CS ntawm lub hnub kawg ntawm qhov kev sim. Thaum cov neeg tawm tsam khov ntau dua li cov neeg soj ntsuam thiab cov tswj hwm, qhov txawv txav, cov neeg soj ntsuam tsis khov ntau dua li kev tswj hwm. Tus nqi yog qhov nruab nrab ± SEM. **p<0.005.

Daim duab 4. Hnub 4 kev ua hauj lwm kev coj tus cwj pwm tshwm sim. Rau cov nas uas tau dhau los ntawm kev xaiv qhov kev sim rau hnub kawg ntawm kev sim, peb pom tias (a) thaum cov neeg soj ntsuam thiab cov neeg tawm tsam tsis sib txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev noj zaub mov Cin (kev pom zoo) noj, lawv tau ua ob qho tib si qhia ib tseem ceeb nyiam rau kev noj haus. Txawm li cas los xij, (b) ob pab pawg tsis tau siv sijhawm ntau ntxiv nrog rau lub khob zaub mov uas muaj Cin. Kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov nyiaj tau noj thaum lub sijhawm ua zaub mov kawg rau txhua tus nas peb kwv yees pom tias (c) cov poj niam tag nrho noj tsawg dua cov txiv neej. (d) Qhov kev sim no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho rau tag nrho cov nyiaj noj. Tag nrho cov graphed qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov nruab nrab ± SEM. #p<0.1, *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Cov txiaj ntsig Arc. (Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev txheeb cais rau txhua cheeb tsam tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv S1–S4 Tables. Tsis tas li ntawd, saib "Statistical analysis overview" rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov txheej txheem txheeb cais dav dav).

Two-way ANOVAs found no effect on the condition and no interaction between sex and condition was detected in the vCA3, ILC, ACC, lOFC, or vOFC (all p > 0.05) (Fig. 5). Additionally, none of the one-way ANOVAs detected effects of condition when rats were further separated based on the food task they were assigned in any of these areas or the PLC (all p>{{0}}.1). Ib qho kev cuam tshuam tag nrho ntawm kev sib deev tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau lub cheeb tsam suav nrog nuclear Arc qhia hauv vOFC (F(1,64)=4.851, p=0.031; η2 ib feem=0.07 ); dual expressing cells hauv lOFC (F(1,57)=6.18, p=0.016, η2 ib nrab=0.094); nuclear (F(1,69)=35.470, p < 0.001, η2 ib nrab=0.325), cytoplasmic (F(1,69)=60.715, p<0.0001, η2 partial=0.463), and dual expressing (F(1,69)=9.84, p=0.003, η2 partial=0.124) cells in the vCA3 of the hippocampus; dual expressing cells in the CG1 region of the ACC (F(1,66)=15.930, p < 0.001, η2 partial = 0.194); in nuclear-expressing cells (F(1,73) = 18.05, p < 0.001, η2 partial = 0.196) and dual expressing cells (F(1,73)=13.666, p<0.001, η2 partial=0.15) in the ILC (Fig. 6); and in cytoplasmic expressing cells (H1=4.3, p=0.038, η2 H =0.045) and dual expressing cells (F(1,70)=18.11, p<0.001, η2 partial=0.203) in the PLC (Fig. 7b,c). Female rats displayed higher Arc counts than males in areas other than the ACC, ILC, and PLC, in which male counts were higher across all conditions. Notably, post-hoc analyses found no overall significant effect of the condition within the Arc counts across any of the tested regions or areas of cell expression (all p > 0.1). The two-way ANOVA examining nuclear expression in the PLC found a significant interaction effect between sex and experimental condition (F(2,70)=3.96, p=0.023, η2 partial=0.102). Post-hoc testing found a significant difference between nuclear Arc expression in female Demonstrators and female Controls only (t9.7=3.9, p=0.0032, d=1.22) (Fig. 7a). Correlational analyses found a significant negative relationship between the social learning metric (SLM) score—a combined measure of estimated social learning success (see "Statistical analysis overview" in "Methods")—of Observer rats and the percent of cells showing dual Arc expression in the ventral orbitofrontal cortex (t10=− 3.41, p=0.0066, r=− 0.73) (Fig. 8a). Follow up analyses confirmed that this relationship was not significant when looking at either the standardized measure of percent cinnamon eaten (t10=− 1.795, p=0.103, r=− 0.49) or the standardized measure of sex relevant contact during FCbP (t10=− 0.75, p=0.47, r=− 0.23) alone (Fig. 8b,c). All other correlational analyses were not significant beyond our Bonferroni corrected alpha value (all p>0.01).

Figure 5. Arc counts across primary experimental condition. Te above graphs show the percent of total DAPI stained cells that displayed Arc expression in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or in both area (dual) across the primary experimental conditions in (a) the vCA3 of the hippocampus, (b) the CG1 region of the anterior cingulate cortex, (c) the infralimbic cortex, (d) the ventral orbitofrontal cortex, (e) the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and (f) the prelimbic cortex. Across all regions and areas of cell expression examined, no group diferences were found between any of the conditions (all p>0.1). Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig sawv cev qhov nruab nrab ± SEM.

Daim duab 6. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Arc qhia ntawm cov nas txiv neej thiab poj niam. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv Arc qhia tau pom ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam cov ntsiab lus thaum sib piv (a) dual Arc qhia hauv thaj tsam CG1 ntawm anterior cingulate cortex, (b) nuclear Arc qhia hauv ventral orbitofrontal cortex, (c) dual qhia nyob rau sab orbitofrontal cortex, (d) cytoplasmic, (e) nuclear, thiab (f) dual Arc qhia nyob rau hauv vCA3 ntawm lub hippocampus, thiab (g) nuclear thiab (h) dual Arc qhia nyob rau hauv infralimbic cortex. Tus nqi sawv cev qhov txhais tau tias ± SEM. plus p<0.1, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Daim duab 7. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Arc qhia ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam nas hla lub prelimbic cortex. Thawj ANOVA tsom xam pom muaj kev sib deev tseem ceeb thiab kev sib cuam tshuam hauv (a) cov kev suav nuclear prelimbic, nrog cov poj niam Demonstrators qhia ntau Arc qhia ntau dua li poj niam Tswj. Piv nrog rau cov txiv neej, cov poj niam muaj qis dua tag nrho (b) cytoplasmic thiab (c) dual Arc qhia nyob rau hauv prelimbic cortex. Tus nqi yog qhov nruab nrab ± SEM. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001.

Kev sib tham

Raws li peb qhov kev cia siab, peb cov txiaj ntsig tsis pom qhov sib txawv hauv Arc qhia tom qab kev nco qab mus ntev raws li seb qhov kev kawm tau txais txiaj ntsig- thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntshai siv kev kawm ncaj qha lossis kev kawm hauv zej zog. Tswj cov nas uas tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev coj tus cwj pwm ua ntej euthanasia tab sis qhov ntawd tsis tau txais kev ntshai - lossis kev cob qhia khoom plig tsis txawv hauv Arc qhia thoob plaws CG1 cheeb tsam ntawm ACC, ILC, vCA3 ntawm hippocampus, vOFC, lossis lub lOFC thaum piv rau Demonstrators lossis Observers. Tsuas yog PLC hauv cov poj niam, qhov sib txawv ntawm Arc qhia tau pom tsuas yog tau tsav los ntawm kev sib deev thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev sim. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb, qhov kev rov qab los yuav tsis tas yuav ua rau muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv mus sij hawm ntev hauv kev ua haujlwm neural thiab kev sib txuas uas Arc xav tias yuav koom nrog hauv 34 raws li kev kawm ua, kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom qee cov txheej txheem rov qab los kom txaus los txhawb kev nce Arc kev ua 35. ,36 ib. Yog li ntawd, qhov tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam thoob plaws cov xwm txheej uas peb pom tsis tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi tsuas yog siv lub sijhawm rov qab los. Ntawm no, peb yuav tshuaj xyuas peb qhov kev tshawb pom tag nrho hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los rau hauv lub hlwb cov txheej txheem rov qab los ntawm STFP paradigm, kev ntshai-txheej xwm, thiab kev soj ntsuam kev ntshai-txo cov txheej txheem, thiab peb cov kev tshawb pom hauv lub suab hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los. Tom qab ntawd peb yuav hais txog peb qhov kev tshawb pom - thiab cov kev txwv ib puag ncig peb lub peev xwm los txhais cov kev tshawb pom no - ntawm kev sib deev sib txawv hauv Arc qhia.

Cistanche deserticola kev sim

Arc hauv kev rov qab los ntawm kev nyiam noj zaub mov hauv kev sib raug zoo. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los soj ntsuam cov lus qhia ntawm IEG c-Fos tau pom tias ntau qhov chaw uas peb tau tshuaj xyuas, tshwj xeeb yog OFC, vCA3, ILC, thiab PLC22,23 qhia kev ua haujlwm ntawm 48 teev rov qab lub sijhawm rau STFP. Qhov tseem ceeb, cov txiaj ntsig no los ntawm Smith et al.23 tau txais los ntawm kev siv tib yam STFP kev tswj hwm kev coj ua raws li tau siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhia tias txawm tias STFP rov qab ua haujlwm hauv cov cheeb tsam no tuaj yeem kuaj pom nrog c-Fos, qhov no yuav tsis yog qhov rooj plaub ntawm lub sijhawm no taw tes thaum kuaj Arc. Qhov kev txhais lus no yog thim rov qab los ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Pilarzyk et al.36, uas tau tshuaj xyuas Arc mRNA kev ua haujlwm tom qab STFP rov qab los ntawm Pde11a cov nas knockout, uas ua rau pom qhov tsis zoo STFP tsis ntev los no thiab txhim kho tej thaj chaw deb STFP piv rau cov tsiaj qus-hom tswj. Lawv pom tias ob hom kab mob tau pom qhov nce hauv Arc qhia txog kev tswj hwm hauv tsev nyob rau lub sijhawm no taw tes rau hauv ventral thiab dorsal CA1, ventral thiab dorsal subiculum, thiab hauv CG1 thiab CG2 ntawm ACC. Ntxiv mus, thaum Pde11a knockout nas pom qhov txo qis Arc qhia tom qab rov qab cov txheej txheem rau qhov tau txais tsis ntev los no (24 teev tom qab) STFP nco thaum piv rau cov tsiaj qus hauv vCA1, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob kab caj ces tau tshwm sim hauv ib qho ntawm lwm thaj chaw. tshuaj xyuas. Ntawm lub sijhawm rov qab los ntawm cov chaw taws teeb ntau dua (7 hnub tom qab), cov nas tawm pob tau pom ntau dua Arc kev ua haujlwm tom qab rov nco qab hauv CG1 thiab CG2 ntawm ACC tab sis tsis nyob hauv vCA1 piv rau cov tsiaj qus tswj. Cov nas hauv tsev hauv tsev tsis pom qhov sib txawv hauv paus txawm hais tias muaj kab mob caj ces. Tese kev tshawb pom yog qhov nthuav tshwj xeeb vim tias cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv c-Fos kev ua haujlwm hauv cov cheeb tsam no thaum qhov kev rov qab los raug cuam tshuam rau tib lub sijhawm 22,23. Nrog rau qhov no hauv siab, tej zaum nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas peb kuj tau pom tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv Arc qhia hauv cov cheeb tsam uas peb tau tshuaj xyuas txawm tias lawv tsis tu ncua tau pom tias muaj kev siv c-Fos ua tus cim kev ua si. Raws nraim qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov no yog - sab nraud ntawm qhov pom tseeb tias tsis yog txhua qhov IEGs sib npaug - yog qhov nyuaj rau hais thaum ua haujlwm nrog feem ntau cov kev tshawb pom tsis muaj tseeb. Tat tau hais tias qhov kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov cellular compartment tsom xam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev los ntawm fluorescence nyob rau hauv situ hybridization (catFISH) thiab peb cov pab pawg loj loj rau cov kev coj cwj pwm tseem ceeb tau qiv siv tau rau qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm peb qhov kev tshawb pom. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias peb tsis tuaj yeem pom STFP tau txais hauv peb cov nas soj ntsuam. Qhov no yuav yog vim (1) qhov luv luv ntawm qhov kev xaiv xeem thiab (2) tsis muaj ib pawg tswj hwm tsis txaus ntseeg uas los sib piv peb cov neeg soj ntsuam. Yog tias qhov kev nrhiav tau ntawm STFP ua tsis tiav, qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia peb qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv peb qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, tib txoj kev yuav khoom tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev nyiam rau qhov kev pom zoo raws li pom los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev xaiv ntev dua 14,33. Yog li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau yuav tau txais thiab rov qab tau ua tiav hauv qhov kev sim tam sim no, tab sis qhov tsis muaj kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm zoo thiab cov txheej txheem kev xaiv luv luv txhais tau tias peb tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev nyiam rau qhov kev pom zoo.

Daim duab 8. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kawm txuj ci ntsuas dual Arc qhia hauv vOFC. (a) Ib qho kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo tau pom los ntawm kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo suav los ntawm kev suav cov qauv ntsuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm STFP thiab kev sib raug zoo tau txais kev ntshai koom nrog Cov Saib Xyuas thiab feem pua ​​​​ntawm Arc dualexpressing hlwb hauv ventral orbitofrontal cortex. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum saib ib qho (b) tus qauv ntsuas ntawm STFP lossis (c) tus qauv ntsuas ntawm kev sib deev cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo thaum lub sij hawm FCbP-siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev rau kev ntshai kev kawm-ib leeg. Qhov tseem ceeb, ob tus txiv neej thiab poj niam nas tau suav nrog hauv cov ntaub ntawv no.