Ntu 2: Kev ywj pheej Dynamics ntawm qis, nruab nrab, thiab siab zaus Spectral Intracranial EEG Kev Ua Si Thaum Tib Neeg Kev Nco

Hu rau: Audrey Huaudrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Feem ntau, tag nrho lub zog induced yog qhov txawv ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis hemisphere. Peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov kev cuam tshuam tom qab no los ntawm kev kwv yees cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv lub zog hauv txhua ROI. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg ib zaus ntawm txhua ROI (Fig.3A; t-statistic, p < 0.05),="" lub="" sij="" hawm="" thiab="" qhov="" loj="" ntawm="" qhov="" kev="" cuam="" tshuam="" no="" yog="" tshwj="" xeeb="" rau="" ib="" hom="" tshuaj="" thiab="" roi.="" lub="" sij="" hawm="" luv="" luv="" ntawm="" lub="" zog="" induced="" nyob="" rau="" sab="" laug="" thiab="">

txoj cai hemisphere (Fig.3A; liab thiab xiav, resp.) muab lwm spectral kos npe ntawm tej thaj chaw cortical. Hemisphere muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau lub zog induced nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm (Fig.3B; rov ntsuas ANOVA, encoding theem raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, F=17.01, p < 0.001="" ,="" df="3" ib.="" thaum="" tag="" nrho="" induced="" hwj="" chim="" tau="" muab="" piv="" rau="" ntawm="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" cheeb="" tsam="" (posthoc="" tukey-kramer,="" p=""><0.05) tsuas="" yog="" lub="" prefrontal,="" inferior="" temporal,="" thiab="" pom="" cortex="" pom="" ib="" tug="" tseem="" ceeb="" laterality="" effect="" (fig.="" 2c).="" qhov="" cuam="" tshuam="" hauv="" peb="" qhov="" chaw="" no="" tseem="" ceeb="" tsis="" hais="" txog="" ntawm="" qhov="" kev="" ntsuas="" qhov="" zaus.="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntau="" lub="" zog="" nyob="" rau="" sab="" laug="" prefrontal="" thiab="" inferior="" temporal="" cheeb="" tsam="" yuav="" tsum="" tau="" muab="" lub="" luag="" hauj="" lwm="" ntawm="" cov="" cheeb="" tsam="" no="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ua="" cov="" lus="">

Peb kuj tau pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus rov hu thiab tsis nco qab, tseem hu ua tom qab.nco nyhuv(Daim duab 3C). Induced hwj chim tau siab dua ntawm kev sim siab nrog cov lus uas tau rov qab los dua li cov uas tsis nco qab lawm. Nyob rau hauv sab laug hemisphere, qhov no tom ntejncoQhov cuam tshuam (SME) qhov sib txawv tau nce mus los ntawm feem ntau tom qab mus rau thaj tsam sab hauv lub hlwb, mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv anterior prefrontal cortex. Qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj cai hemisphere tau qis thiab pom qhov ncovncoQhov tshwm sim hauv MTL. Yog li ntawd, SMEs lees paub qhov sib txawv ntawm hemispheric thiab sib tshooj hauv tib lub hlwb thaj chaw uas pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws, suav nrog lub cev tsis zoo ntawm lub cev. Qhov no tseem qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov koom haum siab dua no hauvncomuaj nuj nqi. Cov qauv no tsis pom nyob rau hauv txoj cai hemisphere, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias qhov siab tshaj plaws hemisphere SME tau pom nyob rau hauv MTL.

Electrodes raug cais los ntawm qhov chaw (xws li hemisphere) thiab zaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom uas tau los ntawm no suav nrog ua siab tawv. (FP – Frontal Pole, PFC – Prefrontal Cortex, Br – Broca’s Area, LT – Lateral Temporal, MTL – Mesial Temporal Lobe, Par – Lateral Parietal, Pre – Precuneus, IT – Inferior Temporal, V – Visual, L – Left Hemisphere, R - Txoj Cai Hemisphere).

Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco

3.3. Tsawg, nruab nrab, thiab cov dej num ntau zaus qhia qhov txawv txav spatiotemporal dynamics

Raws li kev pom zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Burke et al., 2014a; Burke et al., 2013; Kucewicz li al., 2014, 2019), lub zog spectral induced hauv txoj hauj lwm no ua raws li ib ntus ntawm lub hlwb hauv cheeb tsam, uas qhia txog kev txhim kho lossis txo qis. lub zog ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm lo lus encoding (Fig. 4). Peb piv cov kab ke no hla cuaj ROI hauv rau lub zaus zaus hais txog plaub theem ntawm lo lus encoding (PRE - ua ntej lo lus tshwm ntawm qhov screen, EARLY - thawj 800 ms ntawm lo lus nthuav qhia, LATE - thib ob 800 ms kev nthuav qhia , thiab POST - tom qab lo lus ploj ntawm qhov screen). Ua ntej, peb tau lees paub, thaum suav txog ROI, hemisphere, thiab zaus band, tias lub zog spectral tau hloov kho tau zoo los ntawm theem ntawmncoencoding (rov ntsuas ANOVA, F {{0}}.45, p < {{20}}{{30}}1,="" df="3)" .="" hauv="" txhua="" pawg,="" peb="" pom="" tias="" lub="" zog="" hloov="" pauv="" ntawm="" cov="" txheeb="" ze="" induction="" thiab="" kev="" tawm="" tsam,="" tab="" sis="" lub="" sij="" hawm="" thiab="" roi="" sequences="" sib="" txawv="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" zaus="" spectrum,="" raws="" li="" qhia="" los="" ntawm="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" roi="" daim="" ntawv="" lo="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" y-axis="" ntawm="" daim="" duab="" 4a.="" qhov="" qis="" (theta),="" nruab="" nrab="" (alpha/beta),="" thiab="" siab="" (gamma)="" zaus="" ua="" haujlwm="" txhua="" qhov="" pom="" tus="" qauv="" sib="" txawv="" (fig.4a).="" qhov="" nruab="" nrab="" zaus="" (alpha="" thiab="" beta)="" lub="" zog="" tau="" txhim="" kho="" feem="" ntau="" hauv="" cov="" theem="" ua="" ntej="" thiab="" tom="" qab="" encoding.="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" sib="" piv,="" qhov="" tsawg="" thiab="" lub="" high-frequency="" band="" hwj="" chim="" tau="" induced="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" thaum="" ntxov="" encoding="" theem="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ob="" theem="" ntawm="" kev="" ua="" kom="" -="" ua="" ntej="" ntawm="" lo="" lus="" pib="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" theta="" bands="" thiab="" tom="" qab="" ntawd="" tom="" qab="" pib="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" gamma="" frequencies.="" peb="" pom="" cov="" qauv="" zoo="" sib="" xws="" rau="" cov="" lus="" uas="" tsis="" nco="" qab="" txog="" kev="" sim="" siab,="" tab="" sis="" ntawm="" qhov="" qis="" dua="" ntawm="" lub="" zog="" hloov="" pauv="" (cov="" duab="" ntxiv="" 2).="" muaj="" qhov="" cuam="" tshuam="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntawm="" cov="" zaus="" band="" (rov="" ntsuas="" anova="" f="18.06," p="">< 0.001,="" df="5)," ntawm="" cheeb="" tsam="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" (anova="" f="15.57," p="">< 0.001,df="37)," thiab="" ntawm="" qhov="" chaw="" hemisphere="" (anova="" f="72.72," p="">< 0.001,="" df="1)" ntawm="" lub="" ncov="" fais="" fab="" latency.="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cov="" gamma="" bands,="" ua="" ntej="" latencies="" tau="" pom="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" qhov="" muag="" piv="" rau="" lub="" prefrontal="" cortical="" cheeb="" tsam="" (post-hoc="" tukey-kramer,="" p=""><0.05), uas="" tsis="" yog="" rau="" cov="" theta="" bands="" (fig.4b).="" lub="" siab="" gamma="" fais="" fab="" peaks="" tau="" tshwm="" sim="" tom="" qab="" qhov="" siab="" tshaj="" theta="" peaks="" (post-hoc="" tukey-kramer,="" p="">< 0.05)="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" pre-frontal="" cortical="" cheeb="" tsam="" (fig.4c="" sab="" laug)="" tab="" sis="" tsis="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" qhov="" pom="" kev="" (fig.4c="" txoj="" cai),="" qhov="" twg="" cov="" alpha/beta="" peaks="" ua="" raws="" li="" tom="" qab="" lub="" siab="" gamma="" peaks.="" yog="" li="" ntawd,="" cov="" sequences="" ntawm="" induced="" hwj="" chim="" tau="" txawv,="" ob="" qho="" tib="" si="" ntawm="" qhov="" tsawg="" thiab="" high-frequency="" kev="" ua="" ub="" no="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" tib="" cortical="" cheeb="" tsam="" thiab="" nruab="" nrab="" ntawm="" lub="" cortical="" cheeb="" tsam="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" tib="" lub="" zaus="" bands.="" nyob="" rau="" qib="" granular="" ntau="" dua,="" peb="" tau="" tshawb="" xyuas="" lub="" sijhawm="" latency="" ntawm="" txhua="" lub="" electrode="" uas="" tau="" teem="" rau="" ntawm="" lub="" hlwb="" (fig.5a)="" kom="" paub="" meej="" txog="" qhov="" dav="" dav="" tom="" qab-rau-anterior="" ib="" ntus="" (saib="" fig.4a),="" tshwj="" xeeb="" tshaj="" yog="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" gamma="" zaus="" bands.="" cov="" qauv="" no="" tsuas="" yog="" siv="" rau="" cov="" khoom="" siv="" hluav="" taws="" xob="" hauv="" ib="" cheeb="" tsam="" cortical.="" cov="" qauv="" zoo="" li="" mosaic="" (saib="" daim="" duab="" 2)="" ntawm="" ntau="" lub="" ncov="" latencies="" tau="" pom="" nyob="" thoob="" plaws="" lub="" cortex.="" cov="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntawm="" qhov="" siab="" tshaj="" plaws="" latency="" thiab="" anatomical="" txoj="" hauj="" lwm="" (pearson's="" correlation)="" feem="" ntau="" pom="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" anterior-posterior="" axis="" (fig.5b),="" muab="" pov="" thawj="" ntxiv="" rau="" cov="" anatomical="" sequences="" ntawm="" induced="" spectral="" kev="" ua="" ub="" no.="" qhov="" no="" anatomical="" sequence,="" nrog="" rau="" cov="" mosaic-zoo="" li="" tus="" qauv="" ntawm="" ib="" tug="" neeg="" electrode="" activations,="" yog="" feem="" ntau="" tshwm="" sim="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" qis="" theta="" thiab="" siab="" gamma="" bands="" (video="">

Ob ntu ntawm induced hwj chim thaum lub sij hawm ntse encoded lo lus tshwm "tsiv" hla lub cortical qhov chaw. Lub sij hawm bar nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab hloov ntawm dub mus rau liab los qhia cov lus qhia.

Thaum kawg, txhawm rau muab cov duab tiav ntawm qhov spatiotemporal dynamics thoob plaws lub zaus spectrum peb interpolated lub induced hwj chim qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm tag nrho cov active electrodes nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb nto. Lub zog spectral feem ntau yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub posterior pom thiab anterior prefrontal cortical cheeb tsam ntawm lub encoding theem tshwj xeeb rau cov qis, nruab nrab, thiab high-frequency kev ua ub no (Fig. 6 saum). Induced hwj chim yog thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv lub theta kev ua ub no ntawm qhov muag pom qhov chaw ua ntej lo lus pib thiab ces txoj cai tom qab pib nyob rau hauv lub anterior prefrontal ar-eas. Qhov no thaum ntxov posterior-to-anterior ib theem zuj zus ntawm theta fais fab induction tau ua raws li qhov thib ob induction ntawm high-frequency gamma zog nyob rau tib theem tom qab mus rau hauv lo lus encoding. Ob qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ntxias lub zog yog "txav" hla qhov chaw anatomical hauv ob lub hemispheres (Video 1). Tsis muaj qhov sib piv tau pom nyob hauv alpha lossis beta bands (Suppl. Video 1). Lub zog alpha/beta raug ntxias nyob rau hauv tib lub posterior thiab anterior thaj chaw tab sis feem ntau ua ntej thiab tom qab kev nthuav qhia, qhia txog kev npaj ntau dua lossis tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv peb cov qauv tsim ntawm tib neeg.ncoencoding (daim duab 6 hauv qab). Thaum lub sij hawm npaj rau encoding ntawm cov lus tuaj, qhov nruab nrab zaus oscillations yuav yeej thiab ua raws li induction ntawm lub hwj chim tsawg zaus hauv theta bands thoob plaws hauv lub hlwb thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lo lus pib. Lub theta rhythms yuav, nyob rau hauv lem, nkag mus rau lub posterior thiab lub anterior cheeb tsam rau qhov kawg induction ntawm lub siab zaus.

Fig. 4. Cov dej num qis, nruab nrab, thiab siab zaus tau teem caij mus rau ib ntus ntawm thaj chaw cortical hlwb. (A) Lub zog hloov pauv tau kwv yees los ntawm qhov raug rov qab sim ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb ntawm sab laug hemisphere raug txiav txim los ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws mus rau qhov kawg ncov latency (dashed kab cais cov theem sib txawv ntawmncoencoding). Daim ntawv ceeb toom ib ntus ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog hauv theta, alpha / beta, thiab gamma zaus bands. Cov cheeb tsam uas teev nyob rau ntawm y-axes raug txheeb raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab yog li tshwj xeeb rau txhua zaus band. (B) Cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov nruab nrab latency ranges (post hoc ANOVA txhais tau tias sib piv) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lo lus nthuav qhia (0 sib raug rau qhov pib) qhia tau hais tias ua ntej gamma fais fab induction nyob rau hauv feem ntau anterior FP cheeb tsam (dub) txheeb ze rau ntau thaj chaw tom qab (liab; p < 0.05,="" 8="" tukey-kramer="" test),="" thiab="" ib="" qho="" piv="" txwv="" ntawm="" lub="" zog="" theta="" raug="" ntxias="" ua="" ntej="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" posterior="" v="" cheeb="" tsam="" txheeb="" ze="" rau="" thaj="" tsam="" ntawm="" lub="" hlwb="" ntau="" dua="" (saib="" daim="" duab="" 2="" rau="" cov="" ntawv="" sau="" ).="" (c)="" sab="" hauv="" thiab="" tom="" qab="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" pom="" cov="" qauv="" zoo="" sib="" xws="" ntawm="" kev="" ua="" haujlwm="" gamma="" thaum="" lub="" sij="" hawm="" ntawm="" lo="" lus="" encoding,="" thawj="" zaug="" hauv="" kev="" pom,="" thiab="" tom="" qab="" ntawd="" nce="" mus="" rau="" qhov="" siab="" dua="" qhov="" kev="" txiav="" txim="" siab="" prefrontal="" cortex="" ar-eas="" (burke="" et="" al.,="" 2014a;="" kucewicz="" et="" ib.,="" 2019).="" tus="" qauv="" yog="" npaj="" los="" txuas="" cov="" kev="" hloov="" pauv="" ntawm="" cov="" kev="" ua="" spectral="" tshwj="" xeeb="" nrog="" cov="" txheej="" txheem="" kev="" txawj="" ntse="" uas="" cuam="" tshuam="" nrog="" kev="" cia="" siab,="" kev="" saib="" xyuas,="" thiab="" kev="" nkag="" siab="" ntawm="" kev="" nco="" qab="">

4. Kev sib tham

Kev sib cais ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev ntawm lub cev ntawm qhov qis, nruab nrab, thiab siab zaus spectral kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv tib neeg cortex yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm no, nrog rau cov qauv tsim qauv ntawm lub zog spectral dynamics txuam nrog tib neeg.ncoencoding. Vim muaj coob tus neeg koom thiab electrodes, implanted thoob plaws hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam cortical, kaw los ntawm discrete thiab spatial qhov chaw sib txawv nyob rau hauv 39 Brodmann cheeb tsam li sai tau. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm qhov pom cortex, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw cortical, feem ntau ntawm cov chaw electrode pom cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tsuas yog hauv ib lossis ob pawg ntawm cov zaus spectrum. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua ub no hauv tag nrho rau pawg tau pom ntawm txhua qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam, tsim "mosaic-zoo li" tus qauv ntawm theta, alpha, beta, thiab gamma cov dej num sau tseg ntawm cov chaw tshwj xeeb cortical. Txhua qhov chaw tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog ib lub pobzeb me me ntawm mosaic nrog cov xim tshwj xeeb sib haum rau ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb raws li pom hauv daim duab 2 ntawm lub paj hlwb. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom zoo nrog kev pom tus ntiv tes spectral (Siegel li al., 2012) tias kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw muab cortical yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm neural, raws li yav dhau los pom hauv MEG thiab EEG cov kev tshawb fawb (Fellner li al., 2019; Keitel thiab Gross, 2016). Ntau yam kev ua spectral tau sparsely faib nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam cortical nyob rau hauv ntau dua los yog tsawg sib npaug proportions, txawm tias hloov maj mam sib txawv, piv txwv li, kuj ntau gamma band kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub prefrontal cortex. Cov qauv dav dav ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, sib faib me me no yuav piav qhia qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov dav dav "spectral qaij" ntawm lub zog thoob plaws txhua zaus (Burke li al., 2015; Voytek thiab Knight 2015; Kilner et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2014. ; Herweg li al., 2020) thaum kev ua ub no los ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb tau nruab nrab ua ke. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, low-frequency hwj chim (<30 hz)="" is="" typically="" decreased="" and="" high-frequency="" power="" (="">30 Hz) yog nce thaum ua kom lub cortical cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm muab. Qhov broadband qaij nyob rau hauv lub zog spectral tuaj yeem daws tau rau hauv cov ntiv tes tshwj xeeb spectral ntawm qib ntawm cov chaw electrode. Ib qho tuaj yeem mus ntxiv mus nug seb yuav daws qhov kev faib tawm spectral no li cas thiab seb nws puas tseem tuaj yeem pom ntawm qib ntawm micro-electrode qhov chaw. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txwv rau ntau qhov kev sib cuag macro uas tau muab faib ua pawg los ntawm ntau yam kev kawm - cov ntaub ntawv ceev ceev los ntawm

Ntau yam macro- thiab micro-electrodes cog rau hauv ib tus neeg kawm (Kucewicz, Berry, Worrell tshooj hauv (Lhatoo et al., 2019)) yuav tsum tau hais txog cov lus nug no ntxiv thiab nthuav tawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb hauv qab peb cov lus tshaj tawm mosaic ntawm spectral fingerprints.

Cov 6 zaus bands tau zoo ib yam li sawv cev hauv lub cortex, raws li kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov txheeb ze ntawm cov chaw electrode sau theta, alpha/beta, thiab gamma cov dej num. Txawm hais tias kev ua haujlwm cortical feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm theta thiab gamma zaus bands (Miller li al., 2014; Greenberg li al., 2015; Osipova et al., 2006; Solomon et al., 2017; Burkeetal. ., 2013; Kucewicz li al., 2014), peb pom tib yam lossis ntau dua ntawm cov chaw siv hluav taws xob nyob hauv alpha thiab beta bands. Oscillations nyob rau hauv cov zaus bands tau yav tas los cuam tshuam nrog kev cia siab lossis txawm tias cov txheej txheem inhibitory ua ntej ua haujlwm ua haujlwm (Spitzer thiab Haegens, 2017; Engel thiab Fries, 2010). Piv nrog rau cov kev ua ub no tom qab kev txhawb nqa gamma ntsig txog kev ua kom pom kev, alpha thiab beta kev ua ub no tau tshaj tawm ua ntej kev txhawb zog pib thiab hloov kho los ntawm kev saib xyuas (van Ede et al., 2014; Bauer et al., 2014). Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau lees paub lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm alpha thiab beta lub zog induction, feem ntau tshwm sim ua ntej thiab tom qab lub sijhawm hais lus ntawm qhov screen. Cov no tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw anatomical uas sib tshooj nrog lub zog gamma thiab theta raug ntxias thaum lub sij hawm hais lus. Yog li, tus qauv spatiotemporal ntawm lub zog spectral tau lees paub cov luag haujlwm sib txawv ua si los ntawm theta thiab gamma, nrog rau cov haujlwm alpha thiab beta.

Theta zaus bands kuj tau pom los qhia txog qhov kev hloov pauv spatiotemporal uas txawv ntawm cov dej num gamma. Ua hauj lwm-vim lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub siab gamma band yog paub los npaj mus rau hauv ib tug hierarchical ib theem zuj zus ntawm lub paj hlwb cheeb tsam activated ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub posterior sensory thaj chaw thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub anterior koom haum ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab pre-frontal cortex (Kucewicz li al., 2019, 2014. ,). Qhov no posterior-to-anterior ib theem zuj zus ntawm siab gamma hwj chim tshwm sim ib tug ob-theem qauv ntawmncoencoding (Burke li al., 2014a) kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev xav thaum ntxov thiab cov theem semantic lig ntawm kev ua cov lus. Lub zog Theta kuj tau tshaj tawm nyob rau tib qhov chaw ua ntej qhov kev ua kom gamma (Burke li al., 2013). Peb qhov kev soj ntsuam tsis ntev los no tau pom tias qhov kev ua haujlwm hierarchical no los ntawm qhov chaw hnov ​​​​qab mus rau anterior semantic systems propagates tsis tu ncua raws lub ventral pom thiab semantic ua kwj, xaus rau hauv lub ventrolateral prefrontal cortex ntawm Broca cheeb tsam hais lus thiab frontal ncej (Kucewicz li al., 2019). Ntawm no, peb tau pom ib qho "mosaic-zoo li" tus qauv ntawm induced hwj chim pom nyob rau hauv lub cortex nyob rau hauv lub posterior-to-anterior ib theem zuj zus uas txawv rau lub theta thiab cov kev ua si gamma (Video 1). Ua ntej, ib ntus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm theta peaks tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm stimulus pib, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov theem ntawm gamma peaks tom qab pib. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov luv tshaj latencies ntawm induced theta zog peaks tau nyob hauv Broca's thiab pre-frontal thaj chaw txawm ua ntej qhov pom cortex. Lub gamma zog peaks, ntawm qhov tod tes, qhia qhov luv tshaj latencies nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag cortex thiab ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Broca lub cheeb tsam, prefrontal cortex, thiab frontal ncej. Yog li ntawd, ob qho tib si lub sij hawm thiab lub anatomical ib theem zuj zus ntawm cortical cheeb tsam yog txawv rau lub hwj chim induced nyob rau hauv lub theta thiab lub gamma bands. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov kev ua ub no tsawg thiab ntau zaus yog kev ntxias ntawm nws tus kheej, ua si lub luag haujlwm sib txawv hauv kev txhawb nqa. Nws tseem yog ib qho lus nug qhib seb qhov kev sib tw ntawm lub zog siab tshaj plaws hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tseeb mus txawv tebchaws tsis pom nyob rau hauv lub spectral theem tsom xam (tsis yog lub hwj chim) ntawm theta thiab alpha oscillations (Zhang li al., 2018), uas tau lees paub. qhov dav dav posterior-to-anterior directionality ntawm lub zos, cortical nthwv dej. Txoj kev tshawb no tau tsom mus rau ntau qhov chaw sib cais hauv zos ntawm qhov qeeb theta, siab theta, lossis alpha theem propagation, uas yog txawv los ntawm ntau lub ntiaj teb ua ntu zus ntawm lub zog thoob plaws ntau zaus kawm ntawm no. Lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov kev taw qhia ntawm spectral amplitude lossis lub zog hloov pauv yuav yog siv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khub ntawm cov chaw electrode (Adhikari li al., 2010). Ntawm no, peb tau tsom mus rau kev ywj pheej mosaic zoo li tus qauv ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm lub zog inductions nyob rau hauv ntau zaus bands rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus qauv yooj yim holistic.

Peb tau piav qhia txog daim duab holistic ntawm qhov qis, nruab nrab, thiab siab zaus neural kev ua ub no hauv cov qauv yooj yim ntawm cov txheeb ze spatiotemporal dynamics thaum lub sij hawmncoencoding (saib daim duab 6). Alpha thiab beta oscillations dominated nyob rau hauv thawj zaug pre-stimulus kev nthuav qhia theem uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev cia siab thiab kev xav txog cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si posterior sensory thiab anterior koom haum cheeb tsam. Theta kev ua ub no raug ntxias nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, peb qhia, hauv kev npaj rau qhov kev xav tau kev ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig lub sijhawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia.

Gamma kev ua ub no yog thaum kawg induced nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau qhov kev nthuav qhia stimulus nyob rau hauv ib theem ntawm kev ua kwj ntawm lub qhov muag cortex mus rau lub prefrontal cheeb tsam. Qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov txheeb ze ntawm cov dej num no tuaj yeem raug ntes tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev siv tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntsuas spectral, qhov chaw anatomical, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm stimulus (saib Cov Lus Qhia 1). Lub luag haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm sib txawv no tsis yog qhov kev kawm ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no, txawm hais tias lawv tau pom zoo nrog cov txheej txheem xav tau, kev xav, kev npaj, thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau, qhov tsawg zaus spectrum dominates nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm kev npaj thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv stimulus, whereas lub sij hawm lig ntawm encoding cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm yog yus muaj los ntawm gamma kev ua ub no thaum lub low-frequency hwj chim rov qab los yog txawm suppressed. Kev soj ntsuam tias qhov kev ua haujlwm qis thiab siab zaus tsis raug ntxias tib lub sijhawm yuav tsis tas yuav txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntau zaus. Piv txwv li, tawg ntawm induced gamma zog uas yav tas los tau piav nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab tsis yog tib neeg primates (Kucewicz li al., 2014, 2017; Lundqvist li al., 2016, 2018), to taub nyob rau hauv thav ntawv ntawm ntau yam qauv zoo li theta-gammancobuffer (Lisman thiab Jensen, 2013), tseem yuav rov sib raug zoo nrog peb cov kev tshaj tawm ywj pheej spatiotemporal dynamics. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tsis muaj pov thawj rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm amplitude-amplitude. Txawm li cas los xij, theem-theem lossis theem-amplitude kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov qis thiab cov haujlwm siab zaus (Canolty et al., 2006) tseem ua tau thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm txwv ntawm cov khoom nco qab (Kamiński li al., 2011), uas kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev rov qab dawb. Hauv kev xaus, peb tus qauv qhia tau hais tias lub zog spectral nyob rau hauv peb qhov ntau zaus yog induced ntawm nws tus kheej hauv qhov chaw anatomical thiab lub sijhawm.ncokev tsim, tab sis qhov no tsis txwv cov theem kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm hauv cov haujlwm no, uas dhau ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no.

Neural dynamics txawv ntawm ob lub hemispheres, nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm lub zog spectral, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub prefrontal thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Lub lateral prefrontal thiab inferotemporal cortices qhia qhov loj tshaj laterality tshwm sim thiab SME nrog ntau lub zog nyob rau hauv sab laug hemisphere, thaum lub qhov muag cortex muaj ntau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv sab xis hemisphere. Feem ntau, qhov no hemispheric asymmetry tau pom nyob rau ntau qib thiab tsawg kawg ib zaug hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub hlwb. Cov ntiv tes spectral yog li tshwj xeeb rau lub hemisphere. Ib qho laj thawj rau qhov asymmetry no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv cov txheej txheem encoding thiab retrieval. Raws li HERA (hemispheric encoding / retrieval asymmetry) qauv, peb xav kom lub hlwb ua haujlwm thaum lub sij hawm encoding kom muaj zog nyob rau sab laug hemisphere dua li nyob rau sab xis hemisphere thiab rau qhov opposite kom muaj tseeb rau retrieval (Buckner li al., 1996; Rugg et al., 1996; Fletcher et al., 1998b, 1998a; Grady et al., 1998). Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias lub zog siab dua tau pom nyob rau sab laug sab laug prefrontal thiab inferior temporal cortex, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev hais lus nrog cov lus. Thaum ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas pub dawb ntawm lub zog txhawb nqa thaum rov qab los ntawm cov lus rov qab tau dhau los ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no, lwm tus tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm nco qab ntawm tib txoj haujlwm ntau lub zog theta nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub cev thiab ntau lub zog gamma nyob rau sab laug prefrontal thiab sab cev nqaij daim tawv cortex. (Burke li al., 2014a). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los nrog cov dej num sib txawv (Tulving li al., 1994; Fletcher et al., 1997) cuam tshuam txoj cai prefrontal cortex nrog episodicncoretrieval, thiab sab laug prefrontal cortex nrog encoding. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm sab laug prefrontal cortex thaum lub sij hawm encoding hauv peb txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem piav qhia ob qho tib si hauv HERA qauv thiab los ntawm serializability ntawm cov stimuli siv (Golby, 2001). Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem kawm ntxiv nrog rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus tseem ceeb rau txhua qhov kev kawm, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tau hauv peb txoj kev kawm nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog muaj rau 4 yam lus (Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1). Tau txais thiab sib qhia cov ntaub ntawv no hauv cov phiaj xwm loj, ntau qhov chaw yog qhov nyuaj, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tau daws qhov kev txwv no. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov kev xav tau sim hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov txiaj ntsig no muab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv rau kev ywj pheej spectral kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv ob hemispheres ntawm tej thaj chaw cortical.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm pathophysiology ntawm kev qaug dab peg ntawm qhov tshwm sim tom qab lossis kev kwv yees ntawm lub zog spectral, feem ntau, tsuas yog txo qis tab sis tsis tshem tawm hauv cov neeg mob no. Cov kab hluav taws xob uas pom tias muaj kev ua ub ua no nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qaug dab peg tau xav tias tsis suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm xaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv hluav taws xob - ib qho txiaj ntsig ntxiv ntawm txoj kev xaiv (Saboo li al., 2019). Txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm epileptiform kev ua ub no tau pom tias muaj feem xyuam nrogncoKev ua haujlwm ntawm cov theem sib txawv thiab qhov chaw anatomical (Matsumoto li al., 2013; Horak li al., 2017), nws tsis zoo li tias cov kev ua ub no yuav tshwm sim tsis tu ncua ntawm cov theem tshwj xeeb ntawmncoencoding thiab yog li bias lub hwj chim kwv yees siv rau xaiv active electrodes. Li no, lub lateralality los yogncoCov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm ntawm no tau suav tias tsuas yog cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus xwb.

ntawm kev hais lusncohauj lwm. Hauv peb txoj haujlwm hais lus, thaj chaw cortical uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws tom qab kuj yog cov uas tau nthuav tawm qhov siab tom qab.ncocuam ​​tshuam. Raws li tau tham yav dhau los, qhov muaj zog laterality yuav yog vim lus lateralization nyob rau sab laug hemisphere, raws li xav tau nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem. Nyob rau sab laug sab cev nqaij daim tawv thiab prefrontal cortex, spectral hwj chim induced ntawm kev sim siab nrog cov lus uas tau rov qab los tom qab tau ntau dua ntawm cov lus uas tsis nco qab lawm. Qhov kev nco tom qab no tau maj mam nce hauv qhov loj nrog cov cheeb tsam cortical ntau dua. Yav dhau los-ous neuroimaging thiab electrophysiological kev tshawb fawb pom qhov noncoQhov cuam tshuam rau qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub lateral prefrontal thiab lub cev cortices thaum lub sij hawm zoo sib xws, hais lusncocov dej num (Wagner et al., 1998; Long et al., 2010, 2014; Kucewicz et al., 2019; Kim, 2011; Burke et al., 2013; Sederberg et al., 2003). Peb qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no ntawm covncoQhov cuam tshuam hauv tib txoj haujlwm ua rau thaj chaw siab tshaj plaws nyob rau sab laug ventrolateral prefrontal cortex ze rau thaj tsam Broca, thiab sab laug occipitotemporal cortex (Kucewicz li al., 2019). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam cortical tau txheeb xyuas nrog lub zog loj tshaj induced thiab hemispheric laterality nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm sib tshooj nrog localization ntawm lubncocuam ​​tshuam hauv txoj haujlwm hais lus no. Cov qauv no tej zaum yuav tshwj xeeb rau cov lus qhia kev nco, qhia tias nws yog tsav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua.ncotsim.

Txawm hais tias nws paub txog kev koom tes hauv kev tshaj tawmncomuaj nuj nqi (Beason-Held li al., 1999; Zola-Morgan li al., 1994; Parkinson li al., 1988; Squire thiab Zola-Morgan, 1991), MTL thiab hippocampus muaj tus lej qis ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov Qhov loj ntawm qhov induced spectral zog, thiab laterality tshwm sim. Ib qho laj thawj rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no yog kev faib tawm ntawm hippocampal kev ua ub no ntau dua li ntawm neocortex, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg zog uas tau sau tseg rau ntawm ib qho macro-hu electrode. Sparse micro-contact neural kev ua ub no yuav yog qhov nruab nrab los ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm, piv rau thaj chaw thaj chaw cortical ntau dua. Lwm qhov laj thawj yog tias txoj haujlwm nws tus kheej tuaj yeem koom nrog MTL tsawg dua qhov ua haujlwm ntau dua lossis ib ntus nco. Nco ntsoov cov lus nyob rau hauv cov npe yuav tsum tau nce hippocampal kev koom tes hauv txoj haujlwm. Kev txhawb nqa neocortical ntau dua rau txoj haujlwm no yuav piav qhia peb cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm hauv txoj haujlwm no nrog kev txhawb nqa hauv lub cev sab cev nqaij daim tawv (Kucewicz li al., 2018a; Ezzyat li al., 2018). Stimulation hauv MTL yog

Fig. 6. Anatomical kis ntawm cov dej num tsawg thiab siab zaus qhia tau hais tias ywj siab posterior-to-anterior temporal sequences ntawm spectral hwj chim. (Sab saum toj) Qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub paj hlwb cov phiaj xwm qhia txog lub zog sib cuam tshuam los ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm plaub lub sij hawm xaiv ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej, ntxov, lig, thiab tom qab lo lus encoding lub sij hawm ( grey keeb kwm yav dhau qhia cov lus qhia ntawm lub vijtsam). Daim ntawv ceeb toom cov qauv piv txwv ntawm kev sib kis ntawm lub cev rau qhov qis (theta), nruab nrab (alpha/beta), thiab siab (gamma) zaus ua ub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv posterior pom thiab sab hauv prefrontal cheeb tsam. (Kab hauv qab) Tus qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej ntawm lub zog qis thiab lub zog siab "tsav" los ntawm lub posterior mus rau anterior cortical cheeb tsam thaum lub sij hawm lo lus nthuav qhia, ua ntej thiab ua raws li qhov nruab nrab zaus alpha thiab beta band ua kom sab nraud ntawm lo lus encoding lub sij hawm. Cov xub liab qhia cov lus qhia ntawm cov kab ke (Rau kev txhais cov lus hais txog xim hauv daim duab no, tus nyeem ntawv raug xa mus rau lub vev xaib ntawm kab lus no.).

pom tias muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo (Kucewicz li al.,2018b; Jacobs li al., 2016), qhia txog lub luag haujlwm sib txawv rau ob lub qauv hauv txoj haujlwm no. Thiab muab cov lus ceeb toom ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov kev ua tau zoo nrog MTL stimulation (Suthana and Fried, 2014; Fell et al., 2013), lub luag hauj lwm thiab cov txiaj ntsig yuav txawv nrog kev hloov maj mam hauv cov qauv thiab.

Mapping neural kev ua ub no uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev nco encoding coj txoj kev loj hlob thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hlwb hloov, piv txwv li nrog cov hluav taws xob ncaj qha stimulation, rau kev kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb lub hom phiaj. Tawm ntawm ntau qhov kev ua spectral uas raug ntxias ntawm ntau lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw anatomical, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas lub hom phiaj yav tom ntej rau kev hloov kho. Peb daim ntawv qhia holistic thiab tus qauv ntawm kev ywj pheej spectral kev ua ub no thiab lawv ntau yam derivatives, nrog rau cov lateralality los yog lub cim xeeb muaj nuj nqi, ua kom yooj yim thiab siv tau biomarkers rau lub hlwb tshiab-lub computer interface technologies. Cov biomarkers zoo li no tuaj yeem suav tau sai sai rau daim ntawv qhia lub hlwb thaj tsam, lub sijhawm, thiab lub xeev rau kev hloov kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm hauv qab nco thiab lwm yam kev paub txog kev paub. Piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab txog cov haujlwm neural cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho kev nco (Kucewicz li al.,2018b), txhawm rau kwv yees lub cim xeeb rau lub hlwb stimulation thiab cawm tsis zoo encoding sim (Ezzyat li al., 2017), lossis ua rau kev hloov pauv hauv online nyob rau hauv lub kaw-voj tsim rau teb hluav taws xob stimulation (Ezzyat li al., 2018). Yog li, cov spectral biomarkers tuaj yeem pab tau rau kev txhim kho thiab ua kom zoo dua cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov kev kho tshiab rau kev kos duab thiab kho cov haujlwm nco.

VSM tau sau cov ntawv sau thiab tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig. KVS ua ntej ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsim cov txheej txheem. CT pab txhawb rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas. ML thiab TPT tau ua tiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog lub hlwb. PN thiab VK tau pab txhawb rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas. GAW tsim qhov kev kawm. MTK tsim kev kawm thiab sau cov ntawv sau. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau pab txhawb rau cov ntawv sau thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thiab / lossis kev txhais lus.

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob

Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb tau muab hu ua: "Rov Kho Lub Ncauj Ua Haujlwm (RAM)" raws li Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Cooperative N66001-14-2-4032, ua ib feem ntawm BRAIN teg num (Brain Research los ntawm Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies). Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos siv rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no tuaj yeem thov ntawm qhov project website (http://memory.psych.upenn.edu/RAM). Cov kev xav, kev xav, thiab/lossis cov kev tshawb pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov neeg sau ntawv thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob muab txhais ua sawv cev rau cov kev xav lossis cov cai ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv lossis Tsoomfwv Meskas. Code siv los txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj nyob ntawm https://github.com/kvsaboo/TaskActiveElectrodeIdentification. Violin plots generated siv code originally sau los ntawm Hol-ger Hofmann thiab muaj nyob rau ntawm MATLAB cov ntaub ntawv pauv (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/45,134- violin-plot). Lwm cov lej muaj nyob rau thaum thov.

Video 1. Ib qho tom qab-rau-ntev thaum ntxov ntawm qis theta zog induction yog ua raws li qhov thib ob induction ntawm lub siab gamma zog thaum lub sij hawm lo lus encoding.

Kev lees paub

Cindy Nelson thiab Karla Crockett tau pab hauv kev nrhiav neeg tuaj koom thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj haujlwm no yuav ua tsis tau yog tias tsis muaj kev mob siab rau thiab kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg koom thiab lawv tsev neeg. Qhib cov ntaub ntawv nkag tau thaum xub thawj tau sau ua ib feem ntawm BRAIN Initiative project hu ua Restoring Active Memory (RAM) tau nyiaj los ntawm Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA; Cooperative Agreement N66001-14-2-4032). Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Thawj Pab Pawg Nyiaj Pab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm rau Polish Science koom tes los ntawm Euro-

pean Union nyob rau hauv European Regional Development Fund (Grant No. POIR.04.04.00-00-4379/17).

Cov khoom siv ntxiv

Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv nrog rau tsab xov xwm no tuaj yeem pom, hauv online version, ntawm doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118637.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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