Ntu 2: Kev Tsim Kho Cov Qauv Kev Sib Tham Ntawm Cov Kab Mob Osteoporosis Ua Ke Nrog Alzheimer's Disease nyob rau hauv nas Thiab Ob Qhov Kev Ntsuas Ntawm Echinacoside Thiab Acteoside Los Ntawm Cistanche Tubulosa

Hu rau:joanna.jia@wecistanche.com/ WhatsApp: 008618081934791

Yi Chen, Ying Qi Li, Jia-Yi Fang, Ping Li, Fei Li

NYEEM NO PART 1

siv pdfrauAlzheimer tus kab mob

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Lub cev hnyav

Lub cev hnyav txhua lub lim tiam ntawm cov nas hauv txhua pab pawg thoob plaws tag nrho kev kho mob ntawm 8 lub lis piam tau pom hauv daim duab 1. Piv nrog rau pawg Sham, lub cev hnyav ntawm cov nas hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm thawj zaug. plaub lub lis piam (P<0.05). after="" being="" treated="" with="" ev="" and="" ech,="" the="" body="" weights="" of="" rats="" decreased="" obviously="" as="" compared="" to="" the="" ovx+d="" group=""><0.05,><>

3.2. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev txawj ntse

3.2.1. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev kawm muaj peev xwm nyob rau theem tau txais

Cov neeg sawv cev ua luam dej ntawm cov nas ntawm txhua pab pawg nyob rau theem tau txais nyob rau hnub 5 tau pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 2. Qhov kev khiav tawm ntawm txhua pab pawg thaum lub sij hawm nrhiav tau ntawm 5 hnub tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 1. Thawj hnub, lub Kev khiav tawm latency ntawm OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg thiab DPZ pawg, ACT pawg tau pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (P<0.05), respectively.="" from="" the="" second="" day,="" the="" escape="" latency="" of="" the="" sham="" group="" significantly="" shortened="" and="" the="" average="" latency="" was="" much="" lower="" than="" that="" of="" the="" ovx+d="" group.="" in="" the="" dpz="" group,="" the="" latency="" decreased="" significantly=""><0.05) as="" compared="" to="" the="" ovx+d="" group="" on="" the="" 3rd="" day.="" compared="" with="" the="" sham="" group,="" the="" latency="" of="" d="" and="" ovx+d="" groups="" obviously="" lengthened=""><0.01,><0.001) on="" the="" 4th="" day.="" in="" addition,="" compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" the="" latency="" of="" ev,="" dpz,="" and="">ECH, ACT pab pawg luv luv (P<0.05,><0.01,><0.001). on="" the="" 5th="" day,="" the="" latency="" of="" the="" ovx+d="" group="" was="" still="" significantly="" higher="" than="" that="" of="" the="" sham="" group=""><0.05), and="" the="" latency="" of="" ev="" and="">ECHpab pawg pom tseeb luv luv (P<0.05) as="" compared="" to="" the="" ovx+d="">

3.2.2. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev nco muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam sim

Cov neeg sawv cev ua luam dej ntawm cov nas ntawm txhua pab pawg hauv kev sojntsuam tau pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3. Raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4, piv nrog rau pawg Sham, lub sijhawm hla thiab lub sijhawm ua luam dej hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm OVX, D, thiab OVX plus D pab pawg poob qis heev (P<0.05,><0.01). compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" the="" crossing="" times="" of="" ev,="" dpz,="" and="">ECH, ACT pawg pom tseeb tau nce ntxiv (P<0.05,><0.01) and="" the="" time="" in="" the="" target="" quadrant="" of="" ev="" and="" dpz="" groups="" also="" increased="" significantly=""><0.05,><>

3.3. Biochemical tsom xam ntawm cov ntshav

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 5A, B, piv nrog Sham pawg, cov dej num ntawm BALP thiab TRAP hauv OVX thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau nce ntxiv (P<0.001), which="" was="" the="" typical="" characteristic="" of="" high="" turnover="" osteoporosis="" caused="" by="" ovariectomy.="" the="" activities="" of="" balp="" and="" trap="" in="" ev,="" dpz,="">ECH, thiab ACT pawg tau txo qis dua piv rau OVX ntxiv rau D pawg (P<0.05,><0.01,><0.001). ovariectomy,="" intraperitoneal="" injection="" of="" d-galactose,="" and="" intragastric="" administration="" of="" alcl3="" could="" cause="" oxidative="" damage="" (muthusami="" et="" al.,="" 2005;="" prakash="" et="" al.,="" 2013).="" as="" shown="" in="" fig.="" 5c,="" d,="" the="" sod="" activities="" of="" ovx,="" d,="" and="" ovx+d="" groups="" were="" significantly="" lower="" than="" that="" of="" the="" sham="" group=""><0.05,><0.001), and="" the="" mda="" content="" of="" ovx,="" d,="" and="" ovx+d="" groups="" increased="" significantly=""><0.05,><0.001) as="" compared="" to="" sham="" group.="" compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" after="" being="" treated="" with="" ev,="" dpz,="" ech,="" and="" act,="" the="" sod="" activity="" increased="" significantly=""><0.01,><0.001), and="" the="" mda="" content="" decreased="" to="" a="" certain="" degree,="" especially="" in="" the="" ev="" group=""><>

3.4. Biochemical tsom xam ntawm hippocampus

Raws li pom hauv daim duab 6A, AChE kev ua ntawm OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau pom tseeb siab dua li ntawm pawg Sham (P<0.05), which="" indicated="" the="" learning="" and="" memory="" ability="" of="" the="" ovx+d="" group="" may="" reduce="" with="" the="" acceleration="" of="" hydrolysis="" of="" the="" acetylcholine="" in="" the="" brain.="" compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" the="" ache="" activity="" in="" drug="" treatment="" groups="" decreased="" to="" some="" extent,="" especially="" in="" the="" ev="" group=""><0.01). as="" shown="" in="" fig.="" 6b,="" compared="" with="" the="" sham="" group,="" the="" chat="" activities="" of="" ovx,="" d,="" and="" ovx+d="" groups="" obviously="" decreased=""><0.01,><0.001) which="" indicated="" that="" their="" learning="" and="" memory="" abilities="" of="" them="" could="" be="" influenced="" due="" to="" their="" slower="" synthesis="" of="" acetylcholine="" in="" the="" brain.="" compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" the="" chat="" activities="" of="" ev,="" dpz,="" and="">ECH, ACT pawg tau nce ntxiv (P<0.05,><0.01,><>

Kev puas tsuaj oxidative kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv hippocampus (Dilek li al., 2010; Yang et al., 2013). Raws li pom hauv daim duab 6C, D, piv nrog rau pawg Sham, cov haujlwm SOD ntawm OVX, D, thiab OVX ntxiv rau pawg D tau txo qis (P<0.01,><0.001), and="" the="" mda="" content="" obviously="" increased=""><0.01,><0.001). after="" being="" treated="" with="" ev,="" dpz,="" ech,="" and="" act,="" the="" sod="" activity="" increased="" significantly=""><0.001) and="" the="" mda="" content="" significantly="" decreased=""><0.001) as="" compared="" to="" the="" ovx+d="">

3.5. Analysis ntawm hippocampus histomorphology

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 7A, cov neurons nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus ntawm pab pawg neeg Sham twb uniformly stained. Lub caij no, cov yam ntxwv morphological ntawm cov neurons tau pom meej nrog cov nucleolus pom tseeb. Kev npaj ntawm lawv kuj zoo huv si thiab compact nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb thiab cov qauv tsis zoo. Hauv OVX, D, thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pawg, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neurons hauv hippocampus txo qis dua li piv rau Sham pawg. Cov neurons tau teeb tsa tsis zoo thiab cov voids tau nthuav dav. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv D thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg, tsawg dua neurons tau pom nyob rau hauv hippocampus thiab kev faib ntawm lawv tau tawg. Lub karyopyknosis thiab indistinct morphological nta ntawm neurons thiab necrotic neurons kuj tshwm sim hauv D thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pawg. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 7B, tom qab kev cuam tshuam cov tshuaj, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neurons nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus ntawm EV, DPZ, ECH, thiab ACT pawg tau nce ntau dua li ntawm OVX plus D pawg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neurons tau raug txiav txim siab thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov neurons nrog karyopyknosis thiab necrosis kuj txo.

3.6. Uterus ntub qhov hnyav thiab tsom xam ntawm uterine histomorphology thiab morphometry

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 8, lub tsev menyuam ntub qhov hnyav ntawm OVX thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pawg tau qis dua li ntawm pawg Sham (P<0.05,><0.01). compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" the="" uterus="" wet="" weights="" of="" the="" ev="" group="" increased="" obviously=""><0.01) under="" the="" effect="" of="" estradiol="" valerate.="" in="" addition,="" the="" uterus="" wet="" weights="" of="" the="" dpz="" group="" and="" ech="" group="" also="" increased="" to="" a="" certain="" degree.="" as="" shown="" in="" fig.="" 9a,="" the="" uterus="" of="" the="" sham="" group="" was="" a="" thick-walled="" muscular="" organ="" and="" the="" uterine="" mucosal="" epithelium="" was="" a="" single-layer="" columnar="" epithelium.="" the="" lamina="" propria="" was="" distributed="" with="" uterine="" glands="" and="" blood="" vessels.="" the="" muscular="" layer="" was="" composed="" of="" bundled="" or="" pieces="" of="" smooth="" muscle="" and="" the="" muscle="" fiber="" was="" tightly="">

Hauv OVX thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg, lub tsev menyuam poob qis nrog luminal stenosis. Cov kab mob endometrium thiab cov leeg nqaij tau thinner dua li ntawm pawg Sham. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus naj npawb ntawm cov qog uterine txo qis thiab cov leeg nqaij nyias nyias. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 9B, piv nrog OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg, uterine histomorphology tau txhim kho mus rau ib qib tom qab tau kho nrog EV, DPZ, ECH, thiab ACT. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv pawg EV, lub tsev menyuam tau loj heev, cov endometrium thiab cov leeg nqaij tau pom tseeb tuab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus naj npawb ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv tsev menyuam tau nce thiab cov nqaij fibers nthuav dav. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev soj ntsuam morphometric ntawm lub tsev menyuam ntawm txhua pab pawg tau pom hauv daim duab 10A-C. Piv nrog rau pawg Sham, lub uterine txoj kab uas hla, uterine mucosal epithelial thickness thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov qog uterine hauv OVX thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau txo qis (P<0.01,><0.001). after="" being="" treated="" with="" ev,="" the="" uterine="" diameter,="" uterine="" mucosal="" epithelial="" thickness,="" and="" the="" number="" of="" uterine="" glands="" increased="" obviously="" as="" compared="" to="" the="" ovx+d="" group=""><0.001). in="" addition,="" ech="" and="" act="" also="" showed="" the="" trend="" of="" increasing="" uterine="" diameter,="" uterine="" mucosal="" epithelial="" thickness,="" and="" the="" number="" of="" uterine="">

3.7. Micro-CT tsom xam

Ob-dimensional dluab ntawm transection ntawm lub distal femoral cancellous pob txha tau txais los ntawm Bruker DataViewer software uas pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 11A. Tom qab ua tiav los ntawm CTvol software, peb-dimensional dluab ntawm cov pob txha trabecular nyob rau hauv VOI cheeb tsam ntawm lub distal femoral cancellous pob txha ntawm txhua pab pawg neeg tau pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 11B. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov txhais tau tias BMD, BV / TV, SMI, Tb. N, Tb. Sp, Tb.Th, BS/TV, and Tb. Pf uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm CTAN software kuj tau qhia hauv Table 2.1 thiab Table 2.2. Raws li cov duab tau qhia saum toj no, piv nrog Sham pab pawg, tus lej trabecular thiab trabecular cheeb tsam hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg pom tseeb txo qis. Meanwhile, qhov ntau ntawm ntau yam trabecular tsis tau qhia qhov txhais tau tias BMD, BV / TV, Tb. N, Tb. Th, BS / TV txo qis hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pawg (P<0.05,><0.01) and="" the="" smi,="" tb.="" sp,="" tb.="" pf="" of="" ovx+d="" group="" increased="" obviously=""><0.01). compared="" with="" the="" ovx+d="" group,="" the="" trabecular="" microarchitecture="" was="" improved="" to="" some="" extent="" after="" being="" treated="" with="" ev="" and="">

cistanche tubulosa rau AD

3.8. Analysis ntawm pob txha histomorphology

Cov txheej txheem trabecular ntawm cov pob txha pob txha nyob rau hauv qhov distal femora ntawm txhua pab pawg tau pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 12. Sham pawg muaj ntau yam trabeculae uas tuab thiab sib cuam tshuam rau hauv lub network. Piv nrog rau pawg Sham, trabeculae ntawm OVX thiab OVX ntxiv rau pawg D tau txo qis thiab thinned. Tshwj xeeb, trabeculae ntawm OVX plus D pab pawg tau raug puas tsuaj heev, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv tsis tuaj yeem txuas nrog lub network. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov trabeculae ntawm pawg D kuj pom tseeb thinned. Tom qab tau kho nrog EV thiab ECH, cov trabeculae tau nce ntau thiab lawv tau tuab thiab rov ua dua tshiab piv rau OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg. Cov yam ntxwv morphological ntawm EV pawg tau ze rau ntawm pawg Sham. Lub caij no, cov qauv trabecular ntawm DPZ thiab ACT pawg kuj tau txhim kho rau qee qhov.

3.9. Biomechanical tsom xam

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov ntsuas peb-point dabtsi yog khoov tau pom nyob rau hauv Table 3. Piv nrog rau pawg Sham, qhov siab tshaj plaws load thiab siab tshaj plaws kev ntxhov siab txo qis (P<0.05,><0.01) in="" ovx="" and="" ovx+d="" groups,="" and="" the="" energy="" absorption="" also="" decreased="" greatly.="" after="" being="" treated="" with="" ev="" and="" ech,="" the="" maximum="" load,="" maximum="" stress,="" and="" energy="" absorption="" increased="" to="" some="" extent="" as="" compared="" to="" the="" ovx+d="">

kuv tuaj yeem yuav cistanche bark rau AD

4. Kev sib tham

Kev tshawb nrhiav kab mob qog noj ntshav tau qhia tias cov poj niam cov neeg mob muaj ntau dua li cov txiv neej cov neeg mob thiab feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov neeg laus thiab cov poj niam tom qab yug me nyuam (Chen et al., 2016). Osteoporosis tau cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg laus thiab nws tau dhau los ua ib qho teeb meem loj thoob ntiaj teb (Deal, 2009; Roy et al., 2011; Bessette et al., 2011). Kev tshawb fawb epidemiological ntawm Alzheimer's tus kab mob tau qhia tias qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawmAlzheimer tus kab mobnce exponentially raws li lub hnub nyoog nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus dua 65 xyoo (Sosa-Ortiz li al., 2012). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm AD tau ntau dua rau cov poj niam piv rau cov txiv neej (Mielke li al., 2014). Cov kev kwv yees tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias yuav luag ob feem peb ntawm cov neeg uas kuaj mob AD yog poj niam (Hebert li al., 2013). Remarkably, lub ntiaj teb no prevalence ntawm AD tau tso ib tug ntau lub nra rau tib neeg (Reitz thiab Mayeux, 2014).

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas ua rau mob qog noj ntshav tom qab yug menyuam yog qhov tsis muaj estrogen (Klein-Nulend li al., 2015). Nws tuaj yeem ua kom cov pob txha hloov pauv tau zoo thiab ua rau cov pob txha resorption ntau tshaj cov pob txha tsim tus nqi uas ua rau poob ntawm cov pob txha loj, qhov poob ntawm pob txha pob txha pob txha, thiab txo cov pob txha lub zog (Tella thiab Gallagher, 2014). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj tau pom tias cov poj niam postmenopausal muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev paub tsis meej lossis dementia (Rocca li al., 2007). Qee cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj estrogen ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho AD nrog rau kev tswj hwm hippocampal muaj nuj nqi thaum laus (Han li al., 2013), nce choline acetyltransferase kev ua haujlwm hauv hippocampus (Gibbs thiab Aggarwal, 1998), txo cov aggregation ntawm amyloid. -beta (Nilsen et al., 2006).

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xaiv cov qauv nas uas siv tau rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev mob pob txha thiabAlzheimer tus kab mob. Tus qauv ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis tau siv dav hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm osteoporosis (Zhao li al., 2011; Liu et al., 2018). Txawm hais tias cov kab mob ntawm AD muaj ntau haiv neeg, kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab raug txhuas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm AD (Xiao li al., 2011; Bhattacharjee et al., 2014). D-galactose yog ib hom kev txo cov piam thaj hauv vivo. Thaum nws tau siab dua li qib ib txwm nyob hauv lub cev, nws tuaj yeem oxidized los ntawm galactose oxidase rau aldehydes uas tsis tuaj yeem ua rau metabolized ntxiv thiab tuaj yeem ua rau hauv lub hlwb loj heev uas ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab apoptosis ntawm neurocyte (Cui li al. , 2006). Aluminium tuaj yeem yooj yim hla cov ntshav-hlwb teeb meem thiab muaj qhov pom tseeb neurotoxicity rau lub hlwb (Prakash li al., 2013). Nws tuaj yeem ua rau extracellularly A deposition ntawm neurons thiab induce zus tau tej cov reactive oxygen hom (ROS), uas ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab tsis zoo nyob rau hauv neurons (Walton, 2013). Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev kho D-galactose ua ke nrog AlCl3 hauv cov tsiaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nas, tuaj yeem ua rau lawv txoj kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm (Chiroma li al., 2018). Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev qhia thiab kev sib sau ntawm A 1-42 hauv lub paj hlwb cortex thiab hippocampus (Yang li al., 2014). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia tias ovariectomy ua ke nrog kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal ntev ntawm D-galactose tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv pathophysiologic cuam tshuam nrog Alzheimer's kab mob, xws li kev poob qis, astrocyte impairment, intracellular A tsub zuj zuj, thiab neurofibrillary tangles, uas tuaj yeem ua tau. ua tus qauv raug mob ob npaug rau AD (Su li al., 2010).

Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, peb pawg qauv ntawm OVX pawg, D pab pawg, thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau teeb tsa kom paub meej tias txoj kev phais ovariectomy ua ke nrog kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal ntawm D-galactose thiab kev tswj hwm intragastric ntawm AlCl3 tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob zoo dua. nta ntawm osteoporosis thiabAlzheimer tus kab mobtib lub sijhawm. Ntau txoj hauv kev tau siv los ntsuas tus qauv ntawm osteoporosis ua ke nrog Alzheimer's disease. Kev kawm thiab kev nco yog cov haujlwm siab hauv lub hlwb. Alzheimer's kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau ntau qib ntawm kev paub tsis meej (Albert li al., 2011). Kev kawm thiab nco txog cov nas yog ib txoj hauv kev los kawm txog kev paub txog tus cwj pwm thiab cov txheej txheem hauv thaj tsam ntawm neuroscience (Kwon et al., 2011). Morris Water Maze (MWM) xeem tau siv rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntsuas kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm ntawm nas, uas tau siv dav hauv neurobiology thiab ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab kev puas tsuaj hauv neurons (Walton, 2013). Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev kho D-galactose ua ke nrog AlCl3 hauv cov tsiaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nas, tuaj yeem ua rau lawv txoj kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm (Chiroma li al., 2018). Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev qhia thiab kev sib sau ntawm A 1-42 hauv lub paj hlwb cortex thiab hippocampus (Yang li al., 2014). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia tias ovariectomy ua ke nrog kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal ntev ntawm D-galactose tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv pathophysiologic cuam tshuam nrog Alzheimer's kab mob, xws li kev poob qis, astrocyte impairment, intracellular A tsub zuj zuj, thiab neurofibrillary tangles, uas tuaj yeem ua tau. ua tus qauv raug mob ob npaug rau AD (Su li al., 2010). Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, peb pawg qauv ntawm OVX pawg, D pab pawg, thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau teeb tsa kom paub meej tias txoj kev phais ovariectomy ua ke nrog kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal ntawm D-galactose thiab kev tswj hwm intragastric ntawm AlCl3 tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob zoo dua. nta ntawm osteoporosis thiab Alzheimer's kab mob tib lub sijhawm.

Ntau txoj hauv kev tau siv los ntsuas tus qauv ntawm osteoporosis ua ke nrogAlzheimer tus kab mob. Kev kawm thiab kev nco yog cov haujlwm siab hauv lub hlwb. Alzheimer's kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau ntau qib ntawm kev paub tsis meej (Albert li al., 2011). Kev kawm thiab nco txog cov nas yog ib txoj hauv kev los kawm txog kev paub txog tus cwj pwm thiab cov txheej txheem hauv thaj tsam ntawm neuroscience (Kwon et al., 2011). Morris Water Maze (MWM) xeem tau siv hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntsuas kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm ntawm nas, uas tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb neurobiology thiab neuropharmacology ntawm nas (Gacar et al., 2011). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm MWM xeem tau pom tias kev khiav tawm latency ntawm OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau nce ntxiv thiab lub sijhawm hla thiab lub sijhawm ua luam dej hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm pawg OVX ntxiv rau D tau txo qis dua qhov pom tseeb tias piv rau pawg Sham, uas qhia tias kev txawj ntse. peev xwm ntawm nas nyob rau hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg neeg raug puas tsuaj loj. Lub hippocampus, lub paj hlwb tseem ceeb rau kev kawm thiab kev nco, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj kev puas tsuaj thaum ntxov ntawm AD. (Mus thiab Gage, 2011). Kev tshuaj xyuas biochemical ntawm hippocampus tau qhia tias AChE kev ua haujlwm tau pom tseeb dua thiab cov haujlwm CAT qis dua hauv pawg OVX ntxiv rau D ntau dua li ntawm pawg Sham, uas tau qhia tias kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm ntawm OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg yuav yog. impaired vim qhov txo qis ntawm acetylcholine hauv lub hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev puas tsuaj oxidative kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm hippocampus vim qhov txo qis ntawm SOD kev ua haujlwm thiab nce MDA cov ntsiab lus hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg. Kev soj ntsuam histomorphology ntawm hippocampus tau pom tias cov neurons txo qis heev thiab cov neurons tau teeb tsa tsis zoo hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg piv rau pawg sham, uas qhia tias cov neurons hauv hippocampus tau raug mob hnyav.

Kev tsim cov pob txha pob txha raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev kuaj ntshav biochemistry, Micro-CT, pob txha histomorphology, thiab kuaj biomechanical hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb. Cov dej num ntawm BALP thiab TRAP nyob rau hauv cov ntshav yog cov neeg sawv cev Performance index hauv pob txha tsim thiab pob txha resorption (Rufus li al., 2013). Piv nrog Sham pab pawg, cov kev ua ub no ntawm BALP thiab TRAP hauv OVX thiab OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg tau nce ntxiv, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntau ntawm osteoporosis los ntawm ovariectomy. Lub caij no, kev puas tsuaj oxidative kuj tshwm sim hauv cov nas ntawm OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg rau kev txo qis ntawm SOD kev ua haujlwm thiab nce ntawm MDA cov ntsiab lus, uas ntxiv cov txheej txheem ntawm pob txha. Micro-CT yog ib hom txheej txheem nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov duab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb nrhiav histological ntawm kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb uas tsim nyog rau kev kuaj pob txha thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov pob txha tsis (Ito, 2011).

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Micro-CT tsom xam tau qhia tias qhov txo qis ntawm BMD, qhov poob loj ntawm cov pob txha loj, thiab kev puas tsuaj microarchitecture ntawm trabeculae tau pom nyob rau hauv OVX plus D pawg piv rau pawg Sham. Cov pob txha histomorphology kuj qhia tau hais tias cov trabeculae raug puas tsuaj loj hauv OVX ntxiv rau D pawg. Osteoporosis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha, thiab kev kuaj pob txha biomechanical tuaj yeem siv los kuaj xyuas pob txha muaj zog (Mears et al., 2010). Qhov peb-point dabtsi yog khoov kuaj ntawm tibia tau pom tias cov pob txha lub zog ntawm OVX ntxiv rau D pab pawg neeg poob qis dua li piv rau pawg Sham. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam ntawm uterine histomorphology thiab morphometry qhia tau hais tias lub tsev me nyuam txo qis, lub endometrium tau pom tseeb thinner thiab cov qog uterine txo qis hauv OVX plus D pawg piv rau pawg sham rau qhov tsis muaj estrogen.Cistanche tubulosayog ib tug paub zoo tonic nyob rau hauv tsoos suav tshuaj uas muaj cov teebmeem ntawm immunoregulation, antioxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotection, thiab txhawb osteoblast kev loj hlob (Li et al., 2016).Echinacosidethiab acteoside yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauvCistanche tubulosa, thiab lawv ntau yam tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig tsim nyog tau kawm hauv qhov tob (Fu li al., 2018).

Hauv peb qhov kev sim tam sim no, cov teebmeem ntawmechinacoside cov tshuajlos yog acteoside ntawm tus nas qauv ntawm osteoporosis ua ke nrogAlzheimer tus kab mobtau kawm ntxiv. Nws pom tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau pob txha thiab Alzheimer's kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog echinacoside. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias echinacoside tuaj yeem txhim kho kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm thiab txhim kho kev paub tsis meej los ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov synthesis ntawm acetylcholine thiab tiv thaiv cov neurons hauv hippocampus. Lub caij no, echinacoside thiab acteoside tuaj yeem txo cov pob txha resorption los ntawm kev txo qis cov dej num ntawm BALP thiab TRAP. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov pob txha pob txha pob txha muaj zog thiab cov pob txha muaj zog los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev poob ntawm cov pob txha loj thiab txhim kho microarchitecture ntawm trabeculae. Tsis tas li ntawd, echinacoside thiab acteoside kuj tau pom cov qauv ntawm kev txhim kho lub tsev menyuam. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias echinacoside thiab acteoside muaj cov tshuaj estrogen zoo li (Wang li al., 2014). Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los kuj tau pom tias yog hom phytoestrogen tshiab,echinacoside cov tshuajtuaj yeem tiv thaiv osteoporosis thiab inhibit pob txha resorption tom qab ovariectomy hauv nas (Li et al., 2013). Raws li cov txiaj ntsig no, echinacoside lossis acteoside tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm txoj kev qhia cov tshuaj estrogen lossis lwm txoj hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog estrogen. Hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no, ntau koob tshuaj echinacoside lossis acteoside yuav raug teeb tsa los qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm koob tshuaj thiab cov kev qhia txog kev cuam tshuam yuav raug kawm ntxiv kom paub meej txog cov txheej txheem ntawm echinacoside lossis acteoside ntawm osteoporosis ua ke nrog Alzheimer's disease.

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Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov nyem qhov no.

5. Cov lus xaus

Cov qauv nas ntawm pob txha pob txha ua ke nrogAlzheimer tus kab mobtau ua tau thiab ua tiav hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb. Meanwhile, echinacoside thiab acteoside los ntawmCistanche tubulosatau qhia txog cov teebmeem tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev kawm thiab kev nco muaj peev xwm, tswj cov pob txha metabolism, txo cov oxidative puas tsuaj, thiab tiv thaiv cov neurons ntawm cov qauv no.Echinacosidethiab acteoside tuaj yeem yog cov neeg sib tw muaj peev xwm nrog ob qhov teebmeem thiab muab cov pov thawj kev sim rau kev kawm ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem molecular hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no.