PART 2 Cistanche Deserticola Polysaccharide Induces Melanogenesis nyob rau hauv Melanocytes Thiab Txo Oxidative Stress Via Activating NRF2/ HO-1 Pathway
Mar 02, 2022
Hu rau:joanna.jia@wecistanche.com
cistanchewhitening nyhuv ntawm daim tawv nqaij kom tiv thaiv oxidation
4|Kev sib tham thiab lus xaus
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau tshawb xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm CDP hauv HEMs thiab B16F10 hlwb. Thawj zaug, peb pom tias CDP tuaj yeem txhawb melanogenesis hauv melanocytes thiab txhawb cov pigmentation hauv zebrafish. Ib qho kev sim tom ntej tau pom tias MAPK teeb liab txoj hauv kev tau qhib rau hauv kev kho CDP. Peb tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv nws lub luag haujlwm hauvoxidativekev ntxhov siab thiab pom tias CDP tuaj yeem txo qis H2O2- induced cytotoxicity thiab apoptosis hauv melanocytes; lub sijhawm no, CDP tuaj yeem qhib NRF2 / HO-1 txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant thiab tshem tawm hauv cov cellular ROS hauv qaboxidativekev ntxhov siabtej yam kev mob.
CistanchePolysaccharides tuaj yeem tiv thaiv oxidant
Mitogen-activated protein kinase yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm MITF, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv uas txhawb nqa kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab tom qab ntawd cuam tshuam rau melanin synthesis thiab thauj.26,27 Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev ua kom ERK, JNK. , thiab p38 hauv melanocytes tau nce ntxiv tom qab kho CDP; Lub sijhawm no, cov lus qhia ntawm MITF / p-MITF thiab MITF-tsav TYR, TRP1, TRP2, thiab RAB27A tau nce-tswj raws li. Yog li, peb xav tias CDP tuaj yeem txhawb nqa melanogenesis ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm MAPK txoj hauv kev, tab sis yuav ua li cas CDP qhib MAPKs tseem tsis paub. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, tus xov tooj hu xov tooj zoo li receptor 4 (TLR4) tau qhia ntau heev hauv melanocytes thiab koom nrog hauv melanogenesis.28,29 TLR4 yog ib qho tseem ceeb transmembrane protein uas tuaj yeem khi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 30; Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias LPS tuaj yeem ua rau melanogenesis.29 Txaus siab heev, ntaupolysaccharidesrho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag lossis nceb tau tshaj tawm tias tau qhib TLRs thiab cov kev taw qhia qis qis xws li MAPK thiab cov khoom siv nuclear kappa beta (NF-κB).31,32 Yog li ntawd, peb xav tias CDP tuaj yeem lees paub thiab khi los ntawm TLRs, tom qab ntawd ua kom lub suab qis MAPK teeb liab- ling txoj kev thiab txhawb melanogenesis. Tsis tas li ntawd, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) paub tias paub txog cov ligands intracellular thiab tsav cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm MAPK thiab NF-κB signaling pathways.33,34 Raws li tau tshaj tawm, poly-saccharides muab rho tawm los ntawm Ganoderma lucidum thiab Astragalus tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov hlwb. thiab cuam tshuam rau NLRs.35,36 Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias CDP tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv melanocytes thiab tswj MAPK signaling txoj kev ntawm NLRs. Txawm li cas los xij, xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los txheeb xyuas qhov kev xav no.
Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog niaj hnub tau tshaj tawm txog kev sivtshuaj ntsuabpolysaccharidesnyob rau hauv melanogenesis los inhibit melanin ntau lawm.37,38 Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txoj kev tshawb no, CDP txhawb nqa melanogenesis hauv
melanocytes, thiab cov nyhuv no tau lees paub ntxiv tom qab kev sib piv nrog -MSH. CDP kuj yog ib hompolysaccharidemuab rho tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab, peb xav tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm CDP yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm CDP thiab lwm yam.polysaccharides. Polysaccharidesyog tsim los ntawm polymerization ntawm monosaccharides tab sis kuj sib txawv hauv hom monosaccharide, mono-saccharide muaj pes tsawg leeg, glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus, sab-chain qauv, thiab molecular hnyav 39,40; Cov xwm txheej no tau xav los txiav txim siab txog lawv cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg.41 Cov kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm tau hais txog cov qauv CDP thiab pom tias cov qauv CDP tom qab ntawd cuam tshuam rau nws txoj haujlwm.42 Yog li, yuav tsum muaj pov thawj ntxiv kom nkag siab txog CDP thiab lees paub peb qhov kev xav.
Melanogenesis yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv ultraviolet kev puas tsuaj thiab tswj lub cev homeostasis43; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, melanocytes tau yooj yim raug rau qhov tsis zoo ib puag ncig xws li ROS overload.11 Nws paub tias ROS koom nrog kev txhawb nqa melanogenesis, ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem ua rau MAPKs.44 Tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia tias cov nyhuv no tsuas muaj nyob hauv ib qho ROS xwb. theem, thaum ROS overload impairs melanogenesis ho ntau.45 Kev sib raug zoo ntawm ROS, MAPK, thiab melanogenesis yog variable nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob, yog li, qhov sib npaug ntawm pro-thiab anti-oxidant systems yog obviously tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob depigmentation xws li vitiligo, ib qho kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo thiab kev tswj tsis tau ROS overload yuav ua rau melanocytes thiab txo cov cell viability.11,46 Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb siv ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm H2O2 los simulate ROS overload nyob rau hauv hlwb, thiab HEMs pom kev tsis zoo rau kev ua siab ntev. H2O2 tshaj B16F10 hlwb. Thaum melanocytes raug rau kev kho H2O2, lawv qhov muaj peev xwm thiab apoptosis tus nqi tau zuj zus, tab sis
acteoside hauvcistanchetuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev laus
CDP pretreatment tuaj yeem thim rov qab ib nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ROS raug khawb. Raws li tau tshaj tawm, NRF2/ARE antioxidation txoj kev ua kom muaj zog yog ib txoj hauv kev loj ntawm ROS scavenging hauv cov hlwb ntawm daim tawv nqaij.14 Hauv peb qhov kev sim, cov protein ntau ntawm NRF2 thiab HO-1 hauv melanocytes tau nce- tswj tom qab kev kho H2O2 yam tsis muaj CDP; qhov no txhais tau tias H2O2-inducedoxidativeKev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem ua rau NRF2/HO-1 txoj hauv kev, tab sis nws tsis txaus rau kev tswj hwm qhov sib npaug redox thiab tiv thaiv lub xov tooj ntawm kev raug mob. Txawm li cas los xij, CDP pretreatment txhim kho NRF2 / HO-1 txoj kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab rov ua kom qhov sib npaug. Yog li, peb xav tias CDP tuaj yeem tiv thaiv melanocytes los ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab raug mob los ntawm kev ua kom NRF2 / HO-1 txoj kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab scavenging ROS.
Peb pom tias kev kho CDP ib leeg tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ROS lossis NRF2/HO-1 hauv melanocytes. Qhov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias CDP tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau redox tshuav nyiaj li cas hauv qaboxidativekev ntxhov siab, tab sis tsis zoo li qub. Ntxiv mus, NRF2/HO-1 txoj kev tiv thaiv oxidation tau tshaj tawm los ntawm PI3K, NF-κB, thiab MAPK signaling pathways.47,48 Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, CDP muaj peev xwm qhib txoj hauv kev MAPK signaling. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias CDP tuaj yeem qhib NRF2/HO-1 txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev tswj hwm MAPKs. Raws li Slominski qhia, melanocytes yog cov kev ntxhov siab sensors koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm, thiab lawv cov dej num tuaj yeem hloov pauv sai hauv cov lus teb rau ib puag ncig.49 Peb xav tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm CDP cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej melanocytes, nws tuaj yeem pro-mote melanogenesis yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov antioxidant. system nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob tab sis restore lub redox tshuav nyiaj li cas nyob rau hauvoxidativekev nyuaj siab. Yog li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm melanocyte thiab kev ciaj sia tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv ob txoj kev sib txawv los ntawm CDP. CDP pab melanocytes tswj homeostasis, uas kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm melanogenesis.50,51
Hauv kev xaus, CDP tuaj yeem txhawb nqa melanogenesis ntawm melanocytes
los ntawm kev ua kom lub MAPK signaling txoj kev. CDP tuaj yeem txhim kho melanocyte ciaj sia los ntawm kev ua kom NRF2 / HO-1 txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant thiab tshem tawm hauv cov cellular ROS nyob rau hauv oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Peb qhov kev tshawb pom muaj txiaj ntsig vim tias lawv pom tau tias CDP tuaj yeem txhawb nqa melanogenesis thiab tiv thaiv melanocytes los ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab raug mob, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau melanocyte dysfunction thiab poob. Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau hais tias CDP tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj tshiab hauv kev kho cov kab mob depigmentation.
Cistanchedeserticola muaj ntau yam teebmeem
TXOJ CAI
Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm National Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (No. 81703101), New Xiangya Talent Projects ntawm Third Xiangya Tsev Kho Mob ntawm Central South University (No. JY201623 thiab No. 20170301), Natural Science Foundation ntawm Hunan Province ( No. 2018JJ3788 thiab No. 2018JJ3793) thiab Project of Hunan health commission (No. C2019173). Dr. Yibo Hu tau ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm thiab sau cov ntawv sau; Xib fwb Jing Chen thiab Qinghai Zeng tau tsim txoj kev kawm thiab coj cov ntawv sau; Xib fwb Jinhua Huang, Lihua Huang, thiab Hong Xiang tau muab kev txhawb nqa thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv; Dr. Yixiao Li, Ling Jiang, Yujie Ouyang, Yumeng Li, Lun Yang, thiab Xiaojiao Zhao tau pab ua ib feem ntawm qhov kev sim.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab
Cov kws sau ntawv lees paub tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txaus siab.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Cov ntaub ntawv uas txhawb nqa qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no muaj los ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv raws li qhov kev thov tsim nyog.
REFERENCES
1. Bleuel R, Eberlein B. Kev kho mob ntawm vitiligo. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018; 16:1309-1313.
2. Taieb A, Meurant JM. Peb puas yuav tsum ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm vitiligo? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Xyoo 2018; 32: 2053-2054.
3. Picardo M, Dell'Anna ML, Ezzedine K, et al. Vitiligo. Nat Rev Dis Primers. Xyoo 2015; 1:15011.
4. Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation nyob rau hauv mammalian daim tawv nqaij thiab nws cov kev cai hormonal. Physiol Rev. 2004; 84:1155-1228.
5. Slominski A, Zmijewski MA, Pawelek J. L-tyrosine, thiab L-dihydroxyphenylalanine ua cov tshuaj hormone-zoo li regulators ntawm melanocyte zog. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012; 25:14-27.
6. Spritz RA. Sib koom kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv generalized vitiligo thiab autoimmune thyroid kab mob. Cov thyroid. 2010; 20:745-754.
7. Lin X, Tang LY, Fu WW, Kang KF. Menyuam yaus vitiligo hauv Suav teb: kev kho mob profile thiab kev tshawb pom kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv 620 tus neeg. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011; 12:277-281.
8. Boehncke WH, Brembilla NC. Autoreactive T-Lymphocytes nyob rau hauv Inflammatory Skin Disease. Pem hauv ntej Immunol. Xyoo 2019; 10:1198.
9. Iannella G, Greco A, Didona D, et al. Vitiligo: Pathogenesis, kev kho mob sib txawv, thiab kev kho mob. Autoimmun Rev. 2016; 15:335-343.
10. Forrester SJ, Kikuchi DS, Hernandes MS, et al. Reactive oxygen hom nyob rau hauv metabolic thiab inflammatory signaling. Circ Res. 2018;122:877-902.
11. Denat L, Kadekaro AL, Marrot L, et al. Melanocytes ua instigators thiab cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab. J Invest Dermatol. 2014; 134:1512-1518.
12. Qiu L, Song Z, Setaluri V. Oxidative stress and vitiligo: the Nrf2-YOG signaling connection. J Invest Dermatol. 2014; 134:2074-2076.
13. Hayes JD, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Nrf2 kev tswj hwm network muab kev sib txuas ntawm redox thiab intermediary metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci. Xyoo 2014; 39:199-218.
14. Marrot L, Jones C, Perez P, Meunier JR. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Nrf2 txoj hauv kev (duab) - oxidative kev nyuaj siab teb hauv melanocytes thiab keratinocytes ntawm tib neeg epidermis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008; 21:79-88.
15. van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Mollet I, et al. Hauv vivo vitiligo induction thiab kho qauv: ob qhov muag tsis pom kev, randomized soj ntsuam sim. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012; 25:57-65.
16. Nicolaidou E, Antoniou C, Stratigos A, Katsambas AD. Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy thiab 308-nm excimer laser hauv kev kho mob vitiligo: kev tshuaj xyuas. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009; 60:470-477.
17. Novak Z, Bonis B, Baltas E, et al. Xenon chloride ultraviolet B laser muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho psoriasis thiab inducing T cell apoptosis tshaj qhov nqaim-band ultraviolet B. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2002; 67:32-38.
18. Xu P, Su S, Tan C, et al. Cov teebmeem ntawm aqueous extracts ntawm dab noj hnub herba, Polygoni multiflora radix praeparata thiab Rehmanniae radix praeparata ntawm melanogenesis thiab migration ntawm tib neeg melanocytes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;195:89-95.
19. Wang T, Zhang X, Xie W. Cistanche deserticola YC Ma, "Desert ginseng": kev tshuaj xyuas. Am J Chin Med. 2012; 40:1123-1141.
20. Guo Y, Cao L, Zhao Q, et al. Cov yam ntxwv ua ntej, kev ua haujlwm antioxidant thiab hepatoprotective ntawm polysaccharide los ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Int J Biol Macromol. Xyoo 2016; 93: 678-685.
21. Cai RL, Yang MH, Shi Y, et al. Antifatigue kev ua ntawm phenylethanoid-nplua nuj extract los ntawm Cistanche deserticola. Phytother Res. 2010; 24:313-315.
22. Zhang H, Xiang Z, Duan X, et al. Antitumor thiab anti-inflammatory teebmeem ntawm oligosaccharides los ntawm Cistanche deserticola extract ntawm tus txha caj qaum raug mob. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;124:360-367.
23. Liu Y., Wang H., Yang M., et al. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides tiv thaiv PC12 hlwb tiv thaiv OGD / RP-induced raug mob. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 99:{5}}.
24. Song D, Cao Z, Liu Z, et al. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide attenuates osteoclastogenesis thiab pob txha resorption ntawm inhibiting RANKL signaling thiab reactive oxygen hom ntau lawm. J Cell Physiol. Xyoo 2018; 233: 9674-9684.
25. Fu C, Chen J, Lu J, et al. Downregulation ntawm TUG1 txhawb nqa melanogenesis thiab UVB-induced melanogenesis. Cov tshuaj dermatol. Xyoo 2019; 28:730-733.
26. Johannessen CM, Johnson LA, Piccioni F, et al. Ib qhov kev pab cuam melanocyte kab mob confers kuj rau MAP kinase txoj kev inhibition. Xwm. 2013; 504:138-142.
27. Vachtenheim J, Borovansky J. "Transcription physiology" ntawm pigment tsim nyob rau hauv melanocytes: central lub luag hauj lwm ntawm MITF. Cov tshuaj dermatol. 2010; 19:617-627.
28. Yu N, Zhang S, Zuo F, et al. Cultured human melanocytes ex- press functional hu-like receptors 2–4, 7 thiab 9. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;56:113-120.
29. Ahn JH, Park TJ, Jin SH, Kang HY. Tib neeg melanocytes nthuav qhia kev ua haujlwm hu xov tooj zoo li receptor 4. Exp Dermatol. 2008; 17:412-417.
30. Reed SG, Carter D, Casper C, et al. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm GLA tsev neeg adjuvants cov dej num. Semin Immunol. Xyoo 2018; 39:22-29.
31. Guo MZ, Meng M, Feng CC, et al. Ib qho tshiab polysaccharide tau los ntawm Craterellus cornucopioides txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm immunomodulatory hauv immunosuppressive nas qauv los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm TLR4-NF-kappaB txoj hauv kev. Food Funct. 2019;10(8):4792-4801.
32. Wei W, Xiao HT, Bao WR, et al. TLR-4 tuaj yeem kho cov kev taw qhia ntawm Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induced cytokine qhia ntawm RAW264.7 hlwb. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016; 179:243-252.
33. Chen H, Yang D, Han F, et al. Cov kab mob T6SS effector EvpP tiv thaiv NLRP3 inflammasome activation los ntawm inhibiting Ca(2 ntxiv) - nyob ntawm MAPK-Jnk txoj kev. Cell Host Microbe. 2017; 21:47-58.
34. Levy M, Shapiro H, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. NLRP6: a multifaceted innate immune sensor. Trends Immunol. Xyoo 2017; 38:248-260.
35. Chen YS, Chen QZ, Wang ZJ, Hua C. Anti-inflammatory thiab hepatoprotective teebmeem ntawm Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides tawm tsam carbon tetrachloride-induced daim siab mob nyob rau hauv Kunming nas. Pharmacology. 2019;103:143-150.
36. Tian Z, Liu Y, Yang B, et al. Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates murine colitis los ntawm inhibition ntawm NLRP3 inflammasome. Planta Med. Xyoo 2017; 83:{4}}.
37. Jiang L, Huang J, Lu J, et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide txo melanogenesis los ntawm inhibiting paracrine teebmeem ntawm keratinocytes thiab fibroblasts ntawm IL-6/STAT3/FGF2 txoj kev. J Cell Physiol. Xyoo 2019; 234: 22799-22808.
38. Cai ZN, Li W, Mehmood S, et al. Cov nyhuv ntawm polysaccharide FMP-1 los ntawm Morchella esculenta ntawm melanogenesis hauv B16F10 hlwb thiab zebrafish. Food Funct. Xyoo 2018; 9: 5007-5015.
39. Zhang C, Li Z, Zhang CY, et al. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm molecular, thiab bioactivities ntawm polysaccharides los ntawm alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Khoom noj khoom haus. Xyoo 2019; 11:1181.
40. Coconi Linares N, Di Falco M, Benoit-Gelber I, thiab al. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kab mob ua rau nthuav dav cov lus teb molecular ntawm Aspergillus niger rau guar cov pos hniav. Tshiab Biotechnol. 2019;51:57-66.
41. Ma H, Zhang K, Jiang Q, et al. Kev ua tus cwj pwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag polysaccharides los ntawm Dendrobium officinale los ntawm ntau yam chromatographic thiab huab hwm coj spectrometric txheej txheem. J Chromatogr A. 2018; 1547:29-36.
42. Dong Q, Yao J, Fang JN, Ding K. Cov yam ntxwv thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm ob lub dej txias-dej extractable polysaccharides los ntawm Cistanche deserticola YC Ma. Carbohydrate Res. 2007; 342:1343-1349.
43. Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Plonka PM, et al. Yuav ua li cas UV teeb kov lub hlwb thiab endocrine system los ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab yog vim li cas. Endocrinology. 2018; 159:1992-2007.
44. Schalke S. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov kab mob hyperpigmentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31(Suppl 5):18-21.
45. Glassman SJ. Vitiligo, reactive oxygen hom, thiab T-cells. Clin Sci. 2011; 120:99-120.
46. Ristow M. Unraveling qhov tseeb txog cov tshuaj antioxidants: mitohormesis piav qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm ROS. Nat Med. 2014; 20:709-711.
47. Balogun E, Hoque M, Gong P, et al. Curcumin activates lub haem oxygenase -1 noob los ntawm kev tswj ntawm Nrf2 thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant. Biochem J. 2003; 371:887-895.
48. Paine A, Eiz-Vesper B, Blasczyk R, Immenschuh S. Qhia rau heme oxygenase-1 thiab nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010; 80:1895-1903.
49. Slominski A, Paus R, Schadendorf D. Melanocytes ua "sensory" thiab tswj cov hlwb hauv cov epidermis. J Theor Biol. 1993; 164: 103-120.
50. Slominski RM, Zmijewski MA, Slominski AT. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm melanin pigment hauv melanoma. Cov tshuaj dermatol. 2015; 24:258-259.
51. Slominski A, Kim TK, Brozyna AA, et al. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm melanogenesis hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm tus cwj pwm melanoma: melanogenesis ua rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm HIF-1alpha qhia thiab HIF-nyob rau hauv txoj hauv kev. Arch Biochem Biophys Kev. 2014;563:79-93.
