Ntu 1: Kev ywj pheej Dynamics Ntawm Tsawg, Nruab Nrab, Thiab Siab Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Plaws Intracranial EEG Kev Ua Si Thaum Tib Neeg Kev Nco

Hu rau: Audrey Huaudrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Victoria S. Marksa, Krishnakant V. Saboob, Çağdaş Topçuc,d,e, Michal Lechc,d,e,

Theodore P. Thayibf, Petr Nejedlye,g, Vaclav Kremen,h, Gregory A. Worrell, I,

Michal T. Kucewiczc, e, i, ∗

kawm tiav Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, USA

bDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA

c Multimedia Systems Department, Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Electronics, Telecommunications thiab Informatics, BioTechMed Center, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland d Nenki lub koom haum ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Department of Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

g Czech Academy of Sciences, Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, Brno, Czech koom pheej

h Robotics, thiab Cybernetics, Czech Institute of Informatics, Czech Technical University hauv Prague, Prague, Czech koom pheej

Department of Physiology thiab Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, USA

Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco

a b s t r a c t

Ib tug dav spectrum ntawm lub hlwb rhythms yog koom nyob rau hauv lub tib neeg cortex nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse zog. Yuav ua li cas lub rhythms ntawm ntau zaus ntau npaum li cas sib koom ua ke thoob plaws qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg cortex thiab lub sij hawm ntawmncokev ua tsis tiav. Lawv tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke thoob plaws qhov zaus spectrum ntawm tib lub chaw cortical thiab lub sijhawm los yog ntxias ntawm nws tus kheej hauv qee pawg. Peb tau siv cov ntaub ntawv loj ntawm tib neeg intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) los txheeb xyuas qhov spatiotemporal dynamics ntawm spectral cov dej num tshwm sim thaum tsim cov lus nco. Kev xa tawm ntawm cov lus rau kev rov qab rov qab dawb tau qhib qhov tsawg zaus theta, hauv nruab nrab zaus alpha thiab beta, thiab lub zog gamma siab hauv cov qauv mosaic ntawm qhov chaw sib cais cortical. Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw cortical tau kaw cov haujlwm hauv ib qho ntawm cov zaus no, tshwj tsis yog rau qhov pom cortex qhov twg lub zog spectral raug ntxias hla ntau pawg. Txhua zaus band qhia cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm lub zog induced tshwj xeeb rau thaj tsam cortical thiab hemisphere. Lub hwj chim ntawm qhov qis, nruab nrab, thiab siab zaus ua haujlwm tau nthuav tawm hauv cov kab ke ywj pheej thoob plaws qhov pom, sab cev nqaij daim tawv thiab prefrontal cortical cheeb tsam thoob plaws cov theem tom ntej ntawmncoencoding. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau muab ib qho piv txwv, yooj yim qauv ntawm cov dej num spectral koom nrog kev tsim ntawm tib neeg.nco, tawm tswv yim anatomically thiab ib ntus faib mosaic ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm lub hlwb rhythms.

1. Taw qhia

Lub hlwb rhythms yog xav txhawbncothiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam (Singer, 1999; Buzsaki, 2006; Fries, 2015; Klimesch, 1996; Fell thiab Axmacher, 2011). Lub spectrum ntawm kev ua ub ua no koom nrog hauv cov kev sib cuam tshuam no suav nrog theta (3-9 Hz) thiab gamma

(30-120 Hz) zaus bands nrog lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb tau npaj rau cov dej num qis thiab siab zaus hauv-ncokev ua haujlwm (Düzel et al., 2010; Sauseng et al., 2010; Fries et al., 2007; Tallon-Baudry and Bertrand, 1999; Nyhus and Curran, 2010; Lisman and Jensen, 2013; Herweg, 20 thiab 2013). . Qhov nruab nrab zaus alpha (9–12 Hz) thiab beta (12–25 Hz) bands kuj tau txuam nrog cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm nco (Klimesch li al., 2007; Hanslmayr li al., 2011; Spitzer thiab Haegens 2017; Schmidt et al., 2019; Michalareas et al., 2016). Yuav ua li cas cov suab paj nruag sib txawv no ua haujlwm ua ke hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm teev tseg, koom nrog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov dej num spectral hauv ib qhov ntau zaus. Piv txwv li, tsuas yog theta rhythms yuav raug indued ntawm ib qhov chaw. Ob qhov xwm txheej pom zoo tias lub hlwb ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntau zaus uas tau hais tseg tuaj yeem ua tau raws li "spectral fingerprints" uas ua rau cov txheej txheem kev nkag siab tshwj xeeb lossis kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm lub cev ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm neural (Siegel et al., 2012, 2012) thiab Hanlig. . Kev daws qhov dynamics ntawm cov spectral fingerprints kom raug nyob rau hauv lub anatomical qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov hypotheses thiab muab ib tug holistic qauv ntawm neural kev ua ub no koom nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse tej hauj lwm.

Intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb los soj ntsuam nrog kev daws teeb meem loj ntawm cov haujlwm neural ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm kev paub thiab lwm lub hlwb ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw tsis sib xws ntawm tib neeg cortex (Lhatoo li al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2020; Jacobs and Kahana 2010; Engel et al., 2005). Cov teeb liab EEG yog kuaj los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib txuas txuas ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm neocortex lossis rau hauv nws cov txheej sib sib zog nqus thiab cov txheej txheem subcortical. Yog li, spectral kev ua ub no tsim los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos neural thiab kaw los ntawm ntau tus neeg sib cais tuaj yeem taug qab hauv thaj chaw cortical discrete thaum lub sijhawm.ncoua. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los iEEG feem ntau siv lub zog spectral induced nyob rau hauv siab gamma zaus ranges (60-120 Hz) mus taug qab cortical ua nyob rau hauvncothiab kev txawj ntse (Jerbi et al., 2009; Lachaux et al., 2012; Crone et al., 2006; Lundqvist et al., 2018). Theta (Sheehan li al., 2018; Lin et al., 2017) thiab alpha (Staresina li al., 2016) kuj tau tshawb xyuas yav dhau los. Oscillatory kev ua ub no hauv theta thiab alpha zaus tau pom tias nthuav tawm hauv zos, ywj siab, taug kev tsis sib xws hauv thaj chaw cortical thaum lub sijhawmncokev ua haujlwm (Zhang et al., 2018), tab sis cov txheeb ze spatiotemporal dynamics ntawm cov qis zaus oscillations thiab ceev beta thiab gamma ua si thaum lub sij hawm nco ua tseem unexplored loj.

Ntawm no, peb tau coj kom zoo dua ntawm iEEG dataset loj ntawm 164 tus neeg koom nrog encoding cov npe ntawm cov lus rau kev rov qab hais lus dawb. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los nrog rau txoj haujlwm no tau qhia txog kev faib tawm ntawm lub hlwb hauv cheeb tsam cuam tshuam nrog kev ua kom pom kev thiab nrog kev tshaj tawm siab duancokev ua haujlwm (Burke et al., 2013; Burke et al., 2014a; Kucewicz et al., 2019). Qhov induced siab gamma hwj chim tau pom thawj zaug hauv qhov muag pom ntawm lub occipitotemporal cortex thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub prefrontal cortex, txhawb nqa ob-theem qauv ntawmncoencoding nrog qhov kev xav thaum ntxov thiab lub sijhawm sib koom ua ke lig (Burke li al., 2014a).

Ib qho zoo sib xws ntawm posterior-to-anterior kev txiav txim ntawm induced hwj chim kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv theta zaus band (Burke li al., 2013) thiab tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov dej num tshaj gamma zaus (Kucewicz li al., 2014). Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no pom qhov sib lawv liag ntawm lub zog gamma siab thaum lub sijhawmncoencoding kom tsis tu ncua nrog nce latencies raws li ib tug hierarchy ntawm maj siab-txiav txim siab cheeb tsam (Kucewicz li al., 2019), culminating nyob rau hauv lub anterior prefrontal cortex lig rau lo lus encoding. Cov kev tshawb fawb iEEG yav dhau los ntawm kev hais lus nco tau raug txwv rau cov ntaub ntawv me me ntawm cov neeg koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus nrog cov hluav taws xob tsis sib xws ntawm cov neocortex lossis tsom rau ntawm cov zaus xaiv. Yog li ntawd, lub zog spectral thoob plaws ntau pawg yuav yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm ntau qhov chaw electrode ntawm thaj chaw loj cortical, yog li poob qhov kev daws teeb meem thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm tus kheej qhov chaw, lossis yuav tsis tau kawm thoob plaws theta, alpha, thiab beta, thiab gamma hlwb ua haujlwm.

Muab qhov dav ntawm cov zaus spectrum thiab lub hlwb cov cheeb tsam txheeb xyuas ua ke hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, peb tau xav tias cov dej num tshwj xeeb raug cuam tshuam rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov cortical discrete.

qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, kev sib sau ua ke los ntawm ntau qhov chaw yuav ua rau muaj kev sib tw dav dav hauv lub zog thoob plaws tag nrho cov spectrum (Kilner li al., 2005), uas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau yam, tshwj xeeb, "spectral fingerprints" (Fellner et al., 2019) . Qhov tseeb qhov chaw ntawm cov ntiv tes sib txawv yuav yog ib qho ntawm tib qhov chaw cortical ntawm cov ntaub ntawv electrode los yog yuav muab faib rau hauv cov mosaic ntawm cov chaw sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw anatomical. Ib yam li ntawd, hais txog lub sijhawm, qhov qis, nruab nrab, thiab qhov ua haujlwm siab zaus yuav raug cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm sib txawv.ncoencoding lossis tag nrho tib lub sijhawm. Ntxiv rau qhov kev ua si theta thiab gamma, alpha thiab beta rhythms yuav tsum raug ntxias ntawm cov chaw sib txawv cortical thiab lub sijhawm ntawmncoencoding. Feem ntau, peb tau sim rau kev ywj pheej spatiotemporal dynamics ntawm cov dej num spectral induced thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm tib neeg hais lus.ncocov kab ke. Peb lub hom phiaj yog los muab cov qauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub hlwb kev sib koom ua ke thoob plaws ntau qhov ntau zaus, cortical anatomy, thiab theem ntawm kev nco encoding.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1. Cov kawm

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm EEG cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tag nrho ntawm 164 tus neeg koom nrog kev soj ntsuam kev phais ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntshav qab zib tau raug coj los ntawm ntau qhov chaw sib koom tes (tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia tawm muaj nyob ntawm http://memory.psych.upenn.edu/Electrophysiological{ {3}}Cov ntaub ntawv).

Cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg tau sau los ntawm cov chaw hauv qab no: Mayo Clinic, Tsev Kho Mob Thomas Jeferson University, Tsev Kho Mob ntawm University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Emory University Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, thiab Columbia University Hospital. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb raws tu qauv tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm txhua lub chaw, thiab tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog. Rau 139 tus neeg mob suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam zaum kawg, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus sim ua tiav thiab qhov pib qaug dab peg tau sau tseg hauv Suppl. Table 1. Kev qaug dab peg tshwm sim nyob rau sab xis hemisphere hauv 46 tus neeg mob, sab laug hemisphere hauv 55, ob sab hauv 26, thiab tsis tau txiav txim siab hauv 12. Cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem xws li hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej tsuas yog muaj rau cov neeg mob 85 (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 35.6 xyoo. nrog tus qauv sib txawv 11.6 xyoo; 43 Cov Poj Niam rau 42 Txiv Neej, Cov Lus Qhia 1) vim muaj kev txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kho mob rhiab heev los ntawm ntau lub chaw kho mob uas tau sau cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg. Electrophysiological recordings tau sau los ntawm cov txheej txheem kho mob subdural thiab qhov tob electrodes (AdTech Inc., PMT Inc.) implanted rau ntawm cortical nto thiab mus rau hauv lub hlwb parenchyma, feem. Subdural electrode contacts tau teem rau hauv ib daim phiaj los yog ib txoj hlua khi nrog 10 hli sib cais, thiab qhov tob electrode tau sib cais los ntawm 5 mus rau 10 hli. Qhov chaw ntawm electrodes tau txiav txim siab los ntawm ib pab neeg kho mob rau hauv zos qaug dab peg foci rau kev mob vwm ntsig txog kev phais lossis kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov cuab yeej siv rau kev kho hluav taws xob lub hlwb.

2.2. Anatomic localization thiab paj hlwb daim duab qhia chaw

Cortical deg parcellations tau tsim rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ua ntej MRI (volumetric T1- hnyav sequences)- ing Freesurfer software (RRID: SCR_001847). Lub hippocampus thiab sur-rounding cortical cheeb tsam tau delineated nyias raws li ib tug ntxiv 2 hli tuab coronal T2- hnyav scan siv Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal Sub fields (ASHS) multi-atlas segmentation method. Electrode kev sib txuas lus tau muab los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tom qab cog CT scans tau kos npe rau kev kuaj ua ntej MRI txhawm rau txiav txim siab lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv lub cev. Rau subdural strips thiab daim phiaj, cov electrode tiv tauj tau ntxiv rau qhov chaw cortical siv lub zog txo qis algorithm kom suav rau kev hloov pauv hauv lub hlwb. Cov chaw sib cuag tau raug tshuaj xyuas thiab pom tseeb ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov duab hla ntu los ntawm tus kws kho mob neuroradiologist. T1- hnyav MRI scans kuj tau sau npe rau MNI152 tus qauv lub hlwb kom muaj kev sib piv ntawm cov chaw kaw hauv ib qho chaw thoob plaws txhua qhov chaw. Anatomic qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw kaw, suav nrog thaj chaw Brodmann, tau muab los ntawm kev hloov MNI kev tswj hwm mus rau Talairach qhov chaw thiab nug Ta- Talairach daemon (www.talairach.org).

2.3. Electrophysiological cov ntaub ntawv

Cov teeb liab EEG tau sau tseg siv ib qho ntawm cov chaw kho mob electrophysiological hauv qab no (nyob ntawm lub tsev haujlwm rau kev sau cov ntaub ntawv): Nihon Kohden EEG-1200, Natus XLTek EMU 128, lossis Grass Aura-LTM64. Raws li qhov tau txais thiab qhov nyiam ntawm pab pawg kho mob, cov cim tau raug coj mus kuaj ntawm 500, 1000, lossis 1600 Hz thiab raug xa mus rau ib qho kev sib cuag uas tau muab tso rau hauv intracranially, ntawm tawv taub hau, lossis cov txheej txheem mastoid. Rau kev tsom xam, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg uas siv cov piv txwv siab dua tau lim los ntawm kev lim dej antialiasing thiab down-sampled mus rau 500 Hz. Ib qho kev sib tw bipolar montage tau xam tom qab hoc rau txhua qhov kev kawm los ntawm kev rho tawm cov ntsuas hluav taws xob lub sij hawm series ntawm txhua tus khub ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig. Qhov no ua rau N-1 cov teeb liab bipolar nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev nkag mus thiab cov strip electrodes, thiab N=(i − 1)∗j ntxiv (j − 1)∗I, qhov twg kuv thiab j yog cov naj npawb ntawm kev sib cuag nyob rau hauv ntsug thiab kab rov tav qhov ntev ntawm daim phiaj. Rau cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, ib qho "electrode" yog hais txog lub teeb liab bipolar los ntawm ib khub ntawm kev sib cuag. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev sib cuag yuav siv tau rau ntau lub electrodes, yog li tsis yog txhua lub teeb liab muaj kev ywj pheej tiag tiag.

2.4. Rov qab ua haujlwm pub dawb

Classic paradigm rau kev soj ntsuam tsim ntawm kev hais lus episodicncotau ua hauj lwm (Kahana, 2014), nyob rau hauv uas cov ntsiab lus tau qhia cov npe ntawm cov lus rau rov qab dawb. Cov neeg koom nrog tau raug qhia kom kawm cov npe ntawm cov lus uas tau nthuav tawm ntawm lub khoos phis tawj lub khoos phis tawj lub khoos phis tawj rau kev ncua sij hawm ntawm lub suab rov qab. Cov npe tau tsim los ntawm 12 lo lus uas tau xaiv los ntawm random thiab tsis muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm lub pas dej ua ke ntawm cov npe nrov hauv hom lus (xws li Askiv lossis Spanish; http://memory.psych.upenn.edu/WordPools). Txhua lo lus tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen rau 1600 ms, ua raws li random jitter ntawm 750 txog 1000 ms blank interval ntawm stimuli. Thaum kawg ntawm txhua daim ntawv teev npe, ib txoj haujlwm cuam tshuam tau ua los ntawm qhov kev kawm. Txoj hauj lwm no tau kav ntev li 20 s thiab tau tsim los ntawm cov teeb meem yooj yim, lej ntawm hom A ntxiv rau B ntxiv rau C, qhov twg A, B, thiab C yog random, ib tus lej lej ntawm 1 thiab 9. Tom qab ua haujlwm distractor, cov neeg tuaj koom tau muab 30 s uas yuav tsum nco qab ntau ntawm cov lus los ntawm cov npe raws li ua tau nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim (Daim duab 1). Cov lus teb tau raug kaw digitally los ntawm lub laptop thiab tom qab ntawd tau qhab nia manually rau kev tsom xam. Tsuas yog cov ncauj lus uas tau rov qab los ntawm tsawg kawg yog 15 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus thiab ua tiav yam tsawg kawg 12 cov npe ntawm txoj haujlwm tau suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv (Long et al., 2014). Qhov no tshuav 139 ntawm 164 cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau tag nrho ntawm 14,219 electrodes siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Electrolysis-logical recordings tau synchronized rau stimulus tsos ntawm lub vijtsam los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob mem tes ua haujlwm los ntawm lub laptop ua haujlwm, uas xa cov pulses mus rau ib qho kev tshwm sim channel hauv kev soj ntsuam nrhiav tau. Cov xwm txheej tau teem sijhawm tom qab kaw qhov kev sib tham siv cov cai sau MATLAB thiab tau siv los rho tawm cov sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab nyob ib puag ncig cov lus nthuav qhia. Txhua lub sijhawm kaw yog 3000 ms ntev thiab suav nrog 1600 ms ntawm cov lus nthuav qhia ntawm lub vijtsam nrog 700 ms ntawm lub vijtsam dawb ntawm lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam ua ntej thiab tom qab txhua lo lus nthuav tawm.

Kev sim-nruab nrab lub zog ntawm EEG cov cim qhia los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov lus nthuav qhia (ib lo lus rau ib qho kev sim) tau muab tso ua ke thoob plaws lub sijhawm thiab siv los ua ib qho tshwj xeeb los faib cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas sau los ntawm cov cheeb tsam hauv hlwb koom nrog kev hais lus.ncoencoding. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau raug cais tawm ntawm nws tus kheej hauv rau 6 zaus zaus ntawm EEG spectrum siv cov kwv yees li qub ntawm lub zog hloov pauv (z-score transform). Cov txheej txheem sib cais tau siv ib txoj hauv kev tsis saib xyuas raws li Gaussian Mixture Model (Saboo et al., 2019). Daim ntawv ceeb toom induced kev ua si thoob plaws tag nrho rau 6 zaus bands nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv spectrogram plotted los ntawm kev sim- nruab nrab kev ua si los ntawm ib tug electrode nyob rau hauv lub occipital cortex.

2.5. Cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam

Peb tau txheeb xyuas cov iEEG kaw lub sijhawm thaum cov lus nthuav qhia rauncoencoding. Txhua lub sijhawm nthuav qhia tau FIR lim (2000- xaj Barlett-Hanning nrog xoom-phase distortion lim, bandpass nrog zaus txwv tshwj xeeb rau txhua zaus band) ua ntej spectrally decomposed, normalized, thiab binned ntawm nws tus kheej rau hauv dis-tinct frequency band. 2 thiab 120 Hz: low theta (2–4 Hz), siab theta (5–9 Hz), alpha (10–15 Hz), beta (16–25 Hz), low gamma (25–55 Hz), thiab siab gamma (65-115 Hz). Cov ciam teb rau cov zaus bands no tau txiav txim siab raws li qhov tsis sib tshooj thiab qhov sib txuas tsis tu ncua loj hlob nyob rau hauv dav raws cov zaus spectrum. Qhov kev txwv sab saud ntawm 115 Hz tau raug xaiv los xyuas kom meej tsawg kawg 4 cov qauv hauv ib lub voj voog muab qhov piv txwv zaus ntawm 500 Hz thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm 60 Hz kab suab nrov. Txhawm rau hloov cov teeb liab lim mus rau spectrogram nrog a

2 Hz zaus bin daws teeb meem los ntawm 2 Hz mus rau 115 Hz, peb siv 500 ms zawv zawg qhov rais nrog 5 ms swb ntev thiab ntau txoj kev taper nrog 1 taper los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv ntev hauv MATLAB (http://chronux.org/; Mitra, 2007). Spectrograms ntawm lo lus nthuav qhia epoch tau avered-aged ua ke tom qab log-normalization thiab z-score transformation ntawm txhua lub sij hawm-frequency point. Z-scoring tau ua raws li cov qauv hauv qab no:

x(t, f) − μ

z(t, f)=σ

qhov twg x yog lub teeb liab, t yog lub sijhawm rau hauv, f yog qhov zaus hauv, f yog qhov txhais tau, thiab f yog tus qauv sib txawv rau qhov muab zaus. Txhua qhov kev sim tau normalized nyias. Log normalization tau siv los kho rau 1 / f-fais fab txoj cai cuam tshuam ntawm qis zaus ntawm kev kwv yees lub zog nyob rau hauv ntau zaus bands, thiab lub z-score transformation tau ua los muab ib tug normalized scale ntawm lub hwj chim hloov rau kev sib piv ntawm cov teeb liab los ntawm txawv electrodes. , kev sib tham, thiab cov neeg koom (Kucewicz li al., 2019, 2017; Saboo li al., 2019). Qhov z-score normalization ua rau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub zog hloov pauv mus rau lub zog txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv ib lo lus epoch es tsis txhob siv lub sij hawm "baseline". Yog li ntawd, txawm tias me me qhov zoo lossis qhov tsis zoo sib txawv ntawm lub zog tiag tiag yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub teeb liab txhais tau tias, raws li tau piav qhia ua ntej (Kucewicz li al., 2019; Alotaiby li al., 2015). Ntug artifacts nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim kwv yees raug tshem tawm los ntawm clipping ob-lub sij hawm bins los ntawm ib tug kawg ntawm qhov kawg spectrogram rau tag nrho cov zaus. Rau txhua qhov electrode thiab zaus band, peb txiav txim siab qhov nruab nrab spectral zog ntawm txhua lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus nthuav qhia epochs. Tag nrho induced hwj chim nyob rau hauv ib tug muab zaus band thaum lub sij hawm lo lus nthuav qhia lub sij hawm yog quantified raws li cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub kiag li tus nqi ntawm tus coj lub sij hawm-series nkhaus, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. 1. Cov hluav taws xob tau muab faib ua "ua haujlwm" thiab "tsis ua haujlwm" hauv txhua qhov tshwj xeeb uas siv peb txoj kev sib koom ua ke tsis muaj kev saib xyuas raws li Gaussian Mixture Modeling (GMM) los txheeb xyuas cov uas pom tias muaj kev hloov pauv lub zog (Saboo li al.,2019 ). Txoj kev no yeej tseem zoo ua binary tshuab-kawm chav kawm ntawm active thiab inactive channel raws li induced hwj chim tus nqi ntawm txhua channel. Qhov kev faib tawm tau muab cais ua ke rau txhua qhov kev txaus siab. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog summarized nyob rau hauvFig. 1.

Peb tau xaiv GMM-raws li txoj hauv kev los xyuas kom meej tias cov lej sib txawv cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam yuav raug tso cai rau pawg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov hluav taws xob tsis ua haujlwm. Tus naj npawb ntawm pawg tau teem rau ob vim hais tias cov active-inactive categorization ntawm electrodes yog binary: kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub spectral hwj chim yuav yog induced (nce los yog txo) los yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lo lus nthuav qhia. Kev siv GMM kuj tau ua kom muaj kev sib tw classic yam tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseeb hauv av. Cov electrodes tau sib sau ua ke thoob plaws cov ntsiab lus thiab tom qab ntawd ua ke los txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

2.6. Induced zog daim ntawv qhia

Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau nyob hauv thaj chaw cortical cuam tshuam nrog kev ua cov ntaub ntawv pom thiab semantic, nrog rau kev tshaj tawm.ncothiab cov haujlwm ua haujlwm. Tawm ntawm 39 Brod-Mann Cheeb Tsam, feem ntau ntawm cov chaw electrode tau muab tso rau hauv 9 lub paj hlwb re- regions txhua qhov muaj Brodmann Cheeb Tsam: pom (Brodmann cheeb tsam 18 thiab 19), inferior temporal (Brodmann cheeb tsam 20 thiab 37), precuneus (Brod- cheeb tsam loj. 30 thiab 31), lateral parietal (Brodmann cheeb tsam 7 thiab 39), mesial temporal (Brodmann cheeb tsam 28 thiab Hippocampus), lateral temporal (Brodmann cheeb tsam 21 thiab 22), Broca cheeb tsam (Brodmann cheeb tsam 44 thiab 45), lateral prefrontal (Brodmann cheeb tsam 9 thiab 46), thiab pem hauv ntej ncej (Brodmann cheeb tsam 10 thiab 11). Tshwj tsis yog hais tias lwm yam, tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam ntxiv tau tsom mus rau cov lus rov qab los ntawm lub sijhawm, piv txwv li epochs nrog cov lus zoo uas tau rov qab rov qab tau dawb, nyob rau hauv cuaj cheeb tsam cortical.

Induced zog hloov nyob rau hauv txhua zaus band tau npaj los ntawm tag nrho cov active electrodes mus rau qhov nruab nrab lub paj hlwb nto rau txhua lub sij hawm taw tes ntawm lo lus epoch siv ib tug kev cai MATLAB code rau ib tug electrode-qhov chaw-nyob ntawm seb qhov hnyav txheej txheem. Lub paj hlwb saum npoo tau tsim los ua ib lub mesh, qhov twg txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub mesh tau muab cov xim nyob ntawm qhov induced lub hwj chim ntawm ib puag ncig electrodes uas hnyav los ntawm tus txheeb ze ze rau lub caij (ntau dua qhov hnyav rau ntau proximal electrodes). Rau txhua qhov mesh ntawm lub paj hlwb qhov chaw npaj, tsuas yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm electrodes nyob rau hauv qhov pib ntawm 10 mm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab. Yog li ntawd, lub zog induced tau nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov electrodes nyob rau hauv lub voj voog pib uas tau linearly hnyav los ntawm lawv qhov sib thooj raws li cov qauv hauv qab no:

IP1∗ (threshold− r1) plus IP2∗ (threshold− r2) plus … plus IP ∗ (threshold− rn)

(threshold− r1) plus (threshold− r2) plus … plus (threshold− rn)

qhov twg IP yog qhov induced hwj chim hloov tus nqi rau ib tug electrode, thiab r yog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub electrode thiab cov xaiv ntawm lub hlwb nto mesh.

2.7. Kev txheeb cais

ANOVA kev sim nrog ntau qhov kev sib piv kho rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov zaus band, cheeb tsam ntawm lub hlwb (Brodmann Area), thiab hemisphere tau siv los txheeb xyuas qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov electrodes hauv cheeb tsam uas sau tias "ac-time (Fig. 2)). tau txiav txim siab siv ob-tailed, unpaired t-test statistic nrog Bonferroni kho (Fig.3A). Peb mam li tsoo txhua lo lus epoch rau hauv pre-encoding, ntxov encoding, lig-encoding, thiab post-encoding theem (Burke li al. , 2014; Kucewicz et al., 2019) thiab siv rov ntsuas ntsuas ANOVA (encoding theem raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb) nrog posthoc Tukey-Kramer test los soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov zaus band, lub paj hlwb cheeb tsam, thiab hemisphere ntawm induced hwj chim thaum lub sij hawm txhua theem ntawm kev hais lusncoua haujlwm (Fig.3B). Peak latency rau txhua zaus band thiab cheeb tsam tau txiav txim siab raws li lub sij hawm rau hauv nrog lub siab tshaj plaws zoo ntawm lub zog induced. Cov nroog Latin tau muab piv nrog kev ntsuas rov qab ANOVA (theem encoding raws li qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus) thiab tom qab-hoc Tukey-Kramer ntau qhov kev sib piv (Fig. 4). Pearson's correlation test yog siv los ntsuam xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txoj hauj lwm raws txhua qhov axis ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub hwj chim latency (Fig.5B). Tus nqi alpha rau txhua qhov kev xeem tau teeb tsa ntawm 0.05.

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Spectral cov dej num tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm nco encoding yog heterogeneously faib thoob plaws tib neeg cortex

Peb thawj zaug txheeb xyuas ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm thaj chaw cortical qhib thaumncoencoding. Rau lub hom phiaj no, spectral hwj chim-hauv-band nyob rau hauv 6 tsis-overlapping zaus ntau yam (tsawg theta: 2-4 Hz, siab theta: 5-9 Hz, alpha: 10-15 Hz, beta: 16– 25 Hz, qis gamma: 25–55 Hz, siab gamma: 65–115 Hz) tau siv los ua cov yam ntxwv rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (Saboo li al., 2019) ntawm nws tus kheej hauv txhua pawg (Fig. 1). Tawm ntawm tag nrho ntawm 14,219 electrodes implanted thoob plaws tag nrho cov neeg koom, 4738 (33.3 feem pua) qhia lub induced spectral hwj chim nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntawm cov zaus bands. Li no, ib tug raug electrode site qhia induced hwj chim nyob rau hauv ib tug defined ntau yam ntawm cov tsawg, nruab nrab, los yog high-frequency bands (Fig.2A). Raws li kev pom zoo nrog peb cov txiaj ntsig yav dhau los (Kucewicz li al., 2019; Alotaiby et al., 2015), cov electrodes nquag tau nthuav dav thoob plaws 39 Brodmann thaj chaw uas tau txhais nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cortical lobes (Fig.2B). Tus txheeb ze ntawm cov electrodes nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam Brodmann uas nquag sib txawv ntawm 4.3 feem pua ​​​​rau 75 feem pua, nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv limbic, frontal, prefrontal, parietal, temporal, lossis occipital lobes (ANOVA F=99.21, p. < 0.001,="" df="5)," nrog="" rau="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb="" tshaj="" plaws="" ntawm="" cov="" electrodes="" pom="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" qhov="" chaw="" pom="" kev="" pom="" ntawm="" occipital="" thiab="" parietal="" cortex="" (posthoc="" tukey="" kramer,="" p="">< 0.05).="" hauv="" txhua="" cheeb="" tsam,="" qhov="" sib="" npaug="" zoo="" sib="" xws="" tau="" pom="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" txhua="" zaus="" band,="" suav="" nrog="" alpha="" thiab="" beta="" band,="" tsis="" muaj="" qhov="" txawv="" txav="" ntawm="" qhov="" spectrum="" (n-txoj="" kev="" anova="" f="0.17," p="0.9747" ,="" df="5" ib.="" hauv="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus,="" tsis="" hais="" qhov="" zaus="" band="" txheeb="" xyuas,="" tsawg="" kawg="" 4="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​ntawm="" cov="" chaw="" electrode="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ib="" qho="" ntawm="" cov="" cheeb="" tsam="" cortical="" txheeb="" xyuas="" tau="" qhia="" tias="" muaj="" zog="" cuam="" tshuam="" rau="" lub="" sijhawm="" ua="">

To investigate whether these various low and high-frequency spectral activities were induced on the same electrodes, we summarized the over-lap across the six frequency bands for nine cortical regions of interest (ROI; each composed of two Brodmann areas with >18 active electrodes from >8 tus neeg koom; saib tab 1). Ib qho electrode tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv ib lossis ntau pawg. Peb pom tias qhov kev faib ua feem ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov electrodes tau ua haujlwm tsuas yog ib qho (43.12 feem pua) lossis ob (22.94 feem pua) bands, thiab feem ntau tsawg dua hauv ntau dua ob pawg uas tsuas muaj tsawg (5.4 feem pua) ua haujlwm hauv tag nrho rau (Fig. 2 C). Qhov sib tshooj siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ntxias spectral hwj chim nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj ob pawg tau pom rau cov electrodes nyob rau hauv lub posterior sensory pom qhov chaw ntawm lub occipital cortex (Daim duab 2C; liab), qhov twg 4-5 bands tau qhib rau nruab nrab ib electrode thaum lo lus encoding. Lwm qhov chaw pom kev ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab parietal cortex kuj tau pom muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov electrodes nrog ntau tshaj ob pawg ua haujlwm, sib piv rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm siab dua hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab prefrontal cortex, qhov twg electrodes tau ua haujlwm hauv 1-2 zaus bands. (Fig. 2C; dub). Zuag qhia tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov chaw electrode tau pom qhov txo qis hauv lub zog hauv ib lossis ob qhov tshwj xeeb zaus, tawm tswv yim tias ntau yam kev ua ub no tau raug cais tawm hauv cortex.

Fig. 2. Kev ua ub ua no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hais lus nco encoding yog tsis sib xws nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb. (A) Cov piv txwv ntawm kev sim-qhov nruab nrab spectrograms thaum lub sij hawm lo lus encoding los ntawm active electrodes qhia qhov induced hwj chim hloov confined ntawm nws tus kheej rau txhua ntawm peb zaus pawg los ntawm txawv anatomical qhov chaw. (B) Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv 6 zaus bands kawm (qis theta: 2-4 Hz, siab theta: 5-9 Hz, alpha: 10-15 Hz) beta:

16-25 Hz, qis gamma: 25-55 Hz, siab gamma: 65-115 Hz) qhia qhov txawv qhov tseem ceeb (ANOVA) hauv kev faib tawm anatomical (liab hnub qub; p < 0.05="" post-hoc="" tukey="" kramer="" test="" )="" tab="" sis="" tsis="" hla="" cov="" zaus="" bands="" raws="" li="" tau="" piav="" qhia="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" inset="" box="" plots.="" (c)="" kev="" faib="" tawm="" ntawm="" cov="" electrodes="" nquag="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ib="" los="" yog="" ntau="" tshaj="" ntawm="" cov="" zaus="" bands="" qhia="" qhov="" sib="" tshooj="" siab="" tshaj="" plaws="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" posterior="" cheeb="" tsam="" ntawm="" lub="" occipital="" thiab="" parietal="" pom="" cortex,="" uas="" tau="" maj="" mam="" txo="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ntau="" anterior="" cortical="" cheeb="" tsam="" raws="" li="" qhia="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" nruab="" nrab="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" daim="" phiaj.="" thiab="" cov="" lus="" piav="" qhia="" tas="" luav="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" active="" electrodes="" (dots="" xim="" raws="" li="" daim="" ntawv="" qhia="" bar)="" thiab="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cov="" duab="" nkauj="" laus="" ncas="" (dub="" thiab="" liab="" kab="" qhia="" qhov="" nruab="" nrab="" thiab="" nruab="" nrab,="" resp.="" (hoffmann,="" 2015)).="" (d)="" kev="" faib="" tawm="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" electrodes="" active="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" gamma="" (siab="" zaus),="" alpha/beta="" (intermediate="" zaus),="" thiab="" theta="" (tsawg="" zaus)="" bands="" txawv="" nyob="" rau="" cuaj="" xaiv="" cortical="" cheeb="" tsam="" ntawm="" kev="" txaus="" siab="" (v="" -="" pom;="" it="" -="" inferior="" temporal;="" pre="" -="" precuneus;="" par="" -="" lateral="" parietal;="" mtl="" -="" mesial="" temporal="" lobe;="" lt="" -="" lateral="" temporal;="" br="" -="" broca's="" cheeb="" tsam;="" pfc="" -="" prefrontal="" cortex;="" fp="" -="" frontal="" ncej)="" nrog="" cov="" prefrontal="" electrodes="" feem="" ntau="" ua="" haujlwm="" hauv="" gamma="" bands="" (liab)="" thiab="" ntau="" cov="" electrodes.="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" qhov="" pom="" kev="" ua="" haujlwm="" thoob="" plaws="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" bands="" (dub)="" raws="" li="" qhia="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" qhov="" nruab="" nrab="" ntawm="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" zaj="" duab="" xis,="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" tas="" luav,="" thiab="" zaj="" yeeb="" yaj="" kiab.="" daim="" ntawv="" ceeb="" toom="" tias="" feem="" ntau="" cov="" electrodes="" tag="" nrho="" tau="" ua="" haujlwm="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ib="" los="" yog="" ob="" zaus="" bands="" ntawm="" qhov="" tsawg,="" nruab="" nrab,="" los="" yog="" siab="" zaus,="" tshwj="" tsis="" yog="" rau="" cov="" chaw="" pom="" kev="" uas="" muaj="" ntau="" tshaj="" ob="" zaus="" bands="" active="" ib="" tug="" twg="" electrode="" (rau="" kev="" txhais="" lus="" ntawm="" cov="" references="" rau="" xim="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" no="" cov="" lus="" dab="" neeg,="" tus="" nyeem="" ntawv="" raug="" xa="" mus="" rau="" lub="" vev="" xaib="" ntawm="" kab="" lus="">

Peb tom ntej no nug seb cov kev ua spectral uas raug ntxias ntawm ib qho chaw electrode overlapped nyob rau hauv ntau zaus sib xws. Peb muab cov kev ua ub no rau hauv pawg tsawg, nruab nrab, thiab siab zaus (theta, alpha / beta, thiab gamma, feem) thiab muab piv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj zog nrog ntau pawg ua ke. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov active electrodes qhia induced hwj chim yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub qis, nruab nrab, los yog high-frequency bands (Fig.2D). Cov hluav taws xob uas muaj kev sib tshooj siab thoob plaws txhua pab pawg tau pom muaj nyob hauv thaj chaw tom qab qhov muag pom (Fig.2D; dub). Lwm qhov chaw electrode uas pom tau tias muaj zog nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm peb pawg zaus tau muab faib ua ke thoob plaws lub cortex nrog rau qhov zoo sib xws hauv txhua ROI, sib nrug los ntawm cov chaw ua ntej uas muaj cov haujlwm gamma ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb encoding (Fig. .2D; liab). Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov kev ua ub no ntawm ib qhov ntau zaus tau ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov chaw cortical tshwj xeeb, tsim cov qauv mosaic zoo li kev faib tawm raws li kev xav ntawm "spectral fingerprints" (Siegel et al., 2012).

3.2. Laterality cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog induced yog tshwj xeeb rau cov frequencies thiab cortical cheeb tsam.

Peb cov lus nug tom ntej no yog tias tag nrho lub zog-hauv-band ua rau lub sijhawm ntawm lo lus encoding (Daim duab 1) txawv nyob ntawm qhov chaw anatomical, zaus band, lossis hemisphere. Tus kheej active electrodes tuaj yeem qhia qhov loj ntawm lub hwj chim induced zoo sib xws, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam cortical (Fig. 2). Zuag qhia tag nrho, muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov zaus ntawm lub zog induced (rov ntsuas ANOVA F=1346.99, p < 0="" 001,="" df="" {="" {8}}).="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" (anova="" f="38.21," p="">< 0.001,="" df="37)" thiab="" ntawm="" qhov="" chaw="" hemisphere="" ntawm="" cov="" electrode="" (anova="" f="17.4," p="">< 0.001,="" df="" {{="" 18}}).="">

Fig. 3. Cov ntaub ntawv ib ntus ntawm lub hwj chim induced thaum lub sij hawm encoding re-veal laterality tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej zaus thiab cortical cheeb tsam. (A) Txhua lub vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias lub zog hloov pauv hloov pauv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm lo lus nthuav qhia (thaum xim grey) kwv yees los ntawm txhua qhov kev siv hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv ib pawg zaus thiab lub paj hlwb tau npaj sib cais rau sab laug thiab sab xis hemisphere (liab thiab xiav, resp.) . Cov phiaj xwm grey hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los qhia txog qhov sib txawv (t-statistic) nruab nrab ntawm ob lub hemispheres hauv 50 ms lub sij hawm bins nrog tsaus grey qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntau dua (tus nqi zoo) lossis tsawg dua (tsis zoo t qhov tseem ceeb) lub zog hauv sab laug hemisphere ( kab rov tav dashed kab; Tub kawm ntawv t-test, p < 0.05).="" daim="" ntawv="" ceeb="" toom="" tias="" qhov="" cuam="" tshuam="" tseem="" ceeb="" tom="" qab="" yog="" nyob="" hauv="" ib="" cheeb="" tsam="" tshwj="" xeeb="" hauv="" ib="" cheeb="" tsam="" ntawm="" lub="" hlwb.="" (b)="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" sib="" piv="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" induced="" hwj="" chim="" (rov="" ntsuas="" anova)="" los="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" zaus="" bands="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" cuaj="" cheeb="" tsam="" ntawm="" lub="" paj="" hlwb="" (saib="" daim="" duab="" 2="" rau="" cov="" ntawv)="" thiab="" plaub="" theem="" ntawm="" kev="" nco="" encoding="" -="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" (liab="" asterisks="" qhia="" qhov="" txawv="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb.="" ;="" tukey-kramer="" test,="" p=""><0.05).>NcoQhov tshwm sim yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab laug prefrontal cortex (qhia los ntawm ob lub xub xub dub), whereas, MTL tau pom qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw sab xis hemisphere (Rau kev txhais cov lus hais txog xim hauv daim duab no, tus nyeem ntawv raug xa mus rau lub vev xaib. version ntawm kab lus no.).

pab pawg tsom xam (Tukey-Kramer, p < 0.05)="" tau="" lees="" paub="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntawm="" lub="" zog="" me="" me="" nrog="" kev="" nce="" zaus="" ntawm="" cov="" bands,="" tshwj="" tsis="" yog="" nyob="" nruab="" nrab="" ntawm="" qhov="" qis="" thiab="" siab="" gamma="" bands="" (ntxiv="" daim="" duab="" 1).="" electrodes="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" occipital="" lobe="" pom="" tau="" hais="" tias="" muaj="" zog="" induced="" ntau="" dua="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lwm="" qhov="" chaw="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" kev="" pom="" zoo="" nrog="" peb="" yav="" dhau="" los="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="" no="" ntawm="" cov="" gamma="" siab="" (kucewicz="" li="" al.,="">