Tshooj 1 Antidepressant-zoo li Cov teebmeem ntawm Cistanche Tubulosa Extract Ntawm Cov Kab Mob Tsis Txaus Siab Kev Nyuaj Siab Los Ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Ntawm Gut Microbiota Homeostasis

Yang Li 1, Ying Peng 1, Ping Ma 1, Hanlin Yang 1, Haiyan Xiong 1, Mengyue Wang1, Chongsheng Peng 1, Pengfei Tu2 thiab Xiaobo Li1 *

1 Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Tuam Tshoj, 2 Lub Xeev Lub Chaw Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Tshuaj Siv Tshuaj thiab Biomimetic, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Suav

Cov pov thawj loj hlob qhia tau hais tias cov kab mob neuropsychiatric, xws li kev nyuaj siab, tau txuas nrog lub plab microbiome los ntawm lub plab-hlwb axis.Cistanches Herbapaub zoo txog kev kho mob ntawm "mob raum-yang" deficiency hauv cov tshuaj suav tshuaj (TCM) thiab tau siv los kho cov kab mob neurodegenerative hauv xyoo tas los no. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, tus qauv kev nyuaj siab uas tsis muaj kev cia siab ntev (CUS) tau tsim los tshawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawmCistanche tubulosaextract (CTE) ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm, monoamine neurotransmitters, thiab neurotrophic yam nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv, plab microbiota muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab luv-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ntxiv mus, kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo tau siv los ntsuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov plab hnyuv microbiota, hloov cov neurotransmitters thiab neurotrophins hauv hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv, thiab cuam tshuam cov concentration ntawm SCFAs. CTE tau txhim kho kev nyuaj siab zoo li tus cwj pwm hauv cov nas hauv qab CUS. Lub hlwb theem ntawm 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) thiab hlwb-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) qhia hauv CUS nas tau rov qab los ntawm CTE. Cov txheeb ze ntawm cov plab hnyuv microbiota thiab qhov ntau ntawm acetate thiab hexanoic acid kuj tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev kho CTE. Peb tau qhia ntxiv tias daim ntawv thov ntawm CTE hauv CUS nas ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam plab microbiota muaj pes tsawg leeg, qib hippocampus neurotransmitter, thiab tsim cov neuroactive metabolite SCFAs. Ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig no txheeb xyuas CTE raws li kev kho mob rau cov tsos mob kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev kho homeostasis ntawm plab microbiota rau microbiota-gut-brain axis mob, qhib txoj hauv kev tshiab hauv thaj tsam ntawm neuropsychopharmacology.

Ntsiab lus: Cistanche tubulosa, tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab ntev ntev, plab microbiota, microbiota-gut-brain axis

Yog xav paub ntxiv thov hu rau:Joanna.jia@wecistanche.com

Cistanche deserticola muaj ntau yam teebmeem, nyem qhov no kom paub ntau ntxiv

Taw qhia

Cistanches Herba(Rou Cong-Rong nyob rau hauv Suav) yog officially kaw raws li cov qhuav succulent stems ntawmCistanche deserticola(YC Ma) thiabCistanche tubulosa(Schrenk) hauv Suav Pharmocopoeia Commission (2015). Nws yog ib hom tshuaj suav tshuaj uas paub zoo (TCM) rau kev kho lub raum tsis muaj zog, impotence, poj niam infertility, morbid leucorrhea, profuse metrorrhagia,

thiab senile cem quav (Suav Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2015). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawmCistanches Herba, suav nrog phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), iridoids thiab iridoid glycosides, lignans, alditols, oligosaccharides, thiab polysaccharides. Pharmacological tsom xam tau pom tias Cistanches Herba nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, thiab hepatoprotective kev ua ub no (Jiang thiab Tu, 2009; Fu li al., 2017). PhGs tau raug suav hais tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Cistanches Herba muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm tshuaj, xws li neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidative, thiab lwm yam. (Jiang and Tu, 2009; Fu et al., 2017).Cistanches HerbaAmeslikas tau sau tseg hauv Classic of Herbal Medicine ("Shennong Bencao Jing" hauv Suav), ib phau ntawv paub zoo txog cov nroj tsuag tshuaj uas tau sau nyob nruab nrab ntawm 200 thiab 250 AD, raws li "cov tshuaj ntsuab siab" uas tuaj yeem tswj tau "tsib (viscera) strains. thiab xya (overeating, npau taws, ya raws, txias, txhawj, cua thiab nag, thiab ntshai) impairments" (Huang, 1982). Tam sim no Cistanches Herba tau txais dav los ua tshuaj ntsuab tonic rau kev ua tsis taus pa (Fu li al., 2017).C. tubulosaglycoside capsules (Memoregain®) yog siv rau kev kho mob Alzheimer's disease (Guo li al., 2013). Lub cev tsis ua haujlwm dopaminergic yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob tseem ceeb ntawm monoamine hypothesis ntawm kev nyuaj siab (Duman li al., 1997; Krishnan thiab Nestler, 2008). Echinacoside (ib qho ntawm PhGs) thiab PhGs los ntawmCistanche salsatau pom los tiv thaiv dopaminergic neurons tawm tsam dopamine (DA) neurotoxicity tshwm sim los ntawm 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) uas tuaj yeem nce DA theem hauv striatum ntawm C57 nas (Tian thiab Pu, 2005; Geng li al., 2007). Tsis tas li ntawd, catalpol thiab geniposide yog ob tus neeg sawv cev iridoids hauv Cistanches Herba, thiab lawv tau pom los ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab ntev ntev (CUS) ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab zoo li tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev kho cov hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunctions thiab catalpol hlwb tuaj yeem tswj tau. derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) qhia (Cai et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015). Ntxiv mus, qhov kev tshaj tawm tshiab tshaj tawm muab ib daim ntawv pov thawj tshiab uas Cistanches Herba decoction txo qis lub sijhawm tsis muaj zog hauv nas tail ncua kev sim, uas qhia tau hais tias Cistanches Herba muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab zoo li (WangD. li al., 2017).

Cov tshuaj suav tshuaj niaj hnub nyiam ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas raws li kev kho mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab vim tias nws cov kev mob tshwm sim tsis zoo (Sarris li al., 2011; Feng li al., 2016). Ntau hom TCMs, xws li ib tug neeg tebchaw los ntawm cov tshuaj crude (ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, thiab Yuanzhi-1) (Jin et al., 2015; Kang et al., 2017; Wang GL et al., 2017 ), ib qho khoom siv hauv Suav teb (Panax ginseng cag, Acorus tatarinowii rhizome, thiab Morinda officinalis) (Dang li al., 2009; Han li al., 2013; Xu et al., 2016), thiab TCM decoctions (Kai-Xin. San, Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San, Xiaoyaosan, thiab Xiaochaihutang) (Dai et al., 2010; Su et al., 2011; Su et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2016) tau kawm tob thiab qhia tau rov qab los yog txo cov tsos mob zoo li kev nyuaj siab. Piv txwv li, Kai-Xin-San tau pom tias txo qis cov tsos mob ntawm CUS-induced depressive nas los ntawm qhov nce ntawm cov neurotransmitters, neurotrophic yam, thiab lawv cov receptors sib raug zoo, thiab txhawb kev qhia ntawm synaptotagmin thiab dendritic spine ntom (Yan et al. ., 2016).

Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm TCM vam khom rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nyuaj siab zoo li kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab tsom mus rau cov qauv tshuaj pharmacological ntawm kev ua. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov ncauj tswj TCM thiab plab microbiota tsis to taub zoo. Cov pov thawj loj hlob txhawb tias lub plab microbiota ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm lub hlwb, tshwj xeeb yog kev nyuaj siab thiab lwm yam kev ntxhov siab (Foster and Neufeld, 2013; Sherwin et al., 2017). Piv txwv li, kev ntxhov siab ntev ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv microbial, nrog kev txo qis hauv Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes piv, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, txo qis ntawm cov txheeb ze ntawm Lactobacillus thiab nce hauv Oscillibacter (Meng li al., 2017). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv fecal ntawm dysregulated microbiota los ntawm cov neeg mob kev nyuaj siab rau cov nas tsis muaj kab mob tau pom zoo rau kev nyuaj siab zoo li phenotype hauv cov tsiaj no, qhia tias dysregulated plab microbiota ua rau tus cwj pwm thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab (Kelly li al., 20. ., 2016). Hauv kev sim tsiaj, qee qhov microbiota modulators xws li probiotics thiab prebiotics tau pom los txhim kho kev nyuaj siab zoo li tus cwj pwm hauv cov nas uas muaj kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev ua kom lub plab microbiota (Bravo et al., 2011; Bharwani et al., 2017; Burokas li al., 2017). ).

Muab kev koom tes ntawm plab microbiota thiab kab mob kev loj hlob, nrog rau cov yas ntawm lub plab microbiota qauv, peb txiav txim siab los tshawb xyuas cov teebmeem hauv plab microbiota rau kev kho kev nyuaj siab tau nyiam peb cov kev xav thiab tau tshawb xyuas (Chang et al., 2017; Xu et al. ., 2017). Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov no, 16S rRNA gene sequencing ua ke Meta stats tsom xam (White li al., 2009) tau ua los tshuaj xyuas plab microbiota muaj pes tsawg leeg. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no,C. tubulosaraug xaiv los soj ntsuam nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li tshuaj tiv thaiv vim tias nws muaj qib PhGs siab dua piv rauC. deserticola. Ib tus nas CUS-induced kev nyuaj siab qauv tau tsim los tshawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawmC. tubulosaextract (CTE, suav nrog 48.6 feem pua ​​PhGs, 6.9 feem pua ​​iridoid glycosides, thiab 20.0 feem pua ​​​​tag nrho saccharides) ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm, monoamine neurotransmitters, thiab neurotrophic yam hauv hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv, plab microbiota muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab luv- chain fatty acid (SCFA) ntau lawm. Ntxiv mus, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov plab hnyuv microbiota hloov neurotransmitters thiab neurotrophins nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv, thiab cuam tshuam concentration ntawm SCFAs tau kawm. Kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo tau siv los ua pov thawj pom tseeb tias CTE lub hom phiaj ntawm lub plab microbiota rau kev kho mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev hloov cov microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Cistanchetuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv

Cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem

Khoom siv

Fluoxetine (FLX) tau yuav los ntawm Aladdin Industrial Inc. (Shanghai, Suav). 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), thiab BDNF ELISA cov khoom siv tau yuav los ntawm Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Suav). HPLC-qib acetonitrile tau yuav los ntawm Merck (Darmstadt, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees). Cov dej deionized tau npaj los ntawm cov dej distilled siv Milli-Q dej purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States). Tag nrho lwm cov tshuaj reagents thiab tshuaj siv tau yog qib ntsuas.

Qhuav stems ntawmC. tubulosatau sau los ntawm Hetian County (Xinjiang, Suav). Cov voucher cov qauv kuaj tau raug lees paub los ntawm Prof. Xiaobo Li thiab muab tso rau hauv herbarium ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Shanghai, Suav). Lub homogeneous hmoovC. tubulosastems raug tshem tawm hauv kaum npaug ntawm 70 feem pua ​​​​ethanol, thiab cua sov-refluxed peb zaug, txhua txhua rau 1 h ntawm 100 degree. Cov extracts tau lim siv gauze, evaporated hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm 65 degree thiab lyophilized. Cov qauv tau muab rov ua dua thiab tom qab ntawd sib cais los ntawm macroporous resin D101. Tom qab adsorption, cov seem eluted nrog dej tau muab pov tseg. CTE tau txais tom qab eluted nrog 40 feem pua ​​​​ethanol, ces evaporated nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm 65 degree thiab lyophilized.

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CTE

Cov ntsiab lus txheeb ze ntawm PhGs hauv CTE tau txiav txim siab los ntawm UV spectrophotometric ntawm 330 nm siv echinacoside raws li tus qauv. Cov ntsiab lus txheeb ze ntawm iridoids thiab iridoid glycosides tau ntsuas los ntawm UV spectrophotometry nrog dual-wavelength txoj kev kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam spectral los ntawm PhGs (237 nm yog siv rau spectroscopic quantification, ib qho isosbestic point 280 nm tau siv rau kev siv wavelength), siv geniposide. raws li tus qauv. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate ntawm CTE tau txiav txim siab los ntawm phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetric txoj kev nrog qabzib raws li tus qauv (Chow and Landhausser, 2004).

Cov ntsiab lus tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm CTE yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS tsom xam tau ua tiav ntawm Waters ACQUITY UPLC system (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, United States) nrog rau ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 kem (100 mm x 2.1 mm id, 1.7 段m, Waters Corp., United States) los ntawm gradient elution siv 0.1 feem pua ​​formic acid acetonitrile (A) thiab 0.1 feem pua ​​formic acid hauv dej (B) ntawm a Kev khiav dej num ntawm 0.4 ml / min. Cov gradient profile yog: 0-5 min (A: 5-20%), 5-7.5 min (A: 20-30%), 7.5-10 min ( A: 30-70 feem pua ​​, 10-11 min (A: 70-100%) ), thiab tuav rau 1.5 min. Cov gradient tau rov qab mus rau 5 feem pua ​​​​hauv 0.5 min thiab tuav rau 2.5 min rau kev khiav haujlwm tom ntej. Kev txhaj tshuaj yog 3 [il. Qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub tau teem rau 35 degree.

Mass spectrometry tau ua tiav siv Waters Vion IMS huab hwm coj spectrometer (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, United States). Ionization tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo electrospray (ESI) hom. MS tsis muaj raws li hauv qab no: capillary voltage, 2.0 kV; cone voltage, 20 V; qhov kub thiab txias, 120 degree; desolvation kub, 500 degree; gas ntws ntawm lub khob hliav qab thiab desolvation, 50 thiab 1, 000 L / h, raws li. Rau kev ntsuas huab hwm coj raug, leucine-enkephalin tau siv los ua lub ntsuas phoo kom tsim tau ib qho [MH]- ion (m/z 554.2615). Ib qho kev sim MSE (Mass SpectrometryElevatedEnergy) hauv ob txoj haujlwm scan tau ua raws li hauv qab no: ua haujlwm 1 (tsawg zog): m/z 50-1, 000, 0.25 s scan sij hawm, 0.02 s inter-scan ncua , 6 eV sib tsoo zog; muaj nuj nqi 2 (siab zog): m/z 50-1, 000, 0.25 s scan sij hawm, 0.02 s inter-scan ncua, kev sib tsoo zog ramp ntawm 20-45 eV. Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav siv UNIFI 1.8.1 software (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, United States).

Kev sim tsiaj

Txiv neej Sprague-Dawley nas (200 土 20 g) tau txais los ntawm Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Company (Beijing, Suav), thiab nyob hauv Laboratory Animal Center ntawm Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Shanghai, Suav). Cov tsiaj tau muab tso rau hauv cov pab pawg nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub tswj (25 ℃ 2 degree , 55 ℃ 10 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov av noo) nrog rau 12: 12 h lub voj voog tsaus ntuj. Cov nas tsuag tau tso cai pub dawb nkag mus kuaj nas cov nas chow thiab dej rau 1 lub lis piam. Cov chaw tsiaj thiab cov txheej txheem tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas tsiaj txhu ntawm Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Shanghai, Suav).

Tom qab 1 lub lis piam ntawm kev ua kom zoo, 40 nas naive tau raug rau lub sijhawm ntawm 72 h sucrose kev cob qhia thiab kev sim sucrose hauv paus. Cov nas tau muab faib ua tsib pawg (n=8) raws li lawv qhov kev nyiam sucrose hauv kev sim sucrose hauv paus (Cov Duab Ntxiv S1). Pawg tswj hwm thiab pawg CUS tau muab cov ntsev (10 ml / kg). Rau lwm pab pawg, CTE ntawm koob tshuaj siab (CTEH) (400 mg/kg), koob tshuaj qis (CTEL) (200 mg/kg), thiab FLX (10 mg/kg) tau intragastrically tswj 1 teev ua ntej CUS txheej txheem (8:00 teev sawv ntxov txog 9:00 teev sawv ntxov) nyob rau hauv 4 lub lis piam.

Kev ntxhov siab ntev ntev tau tsim kho raws li tau piav qhia yav dhau los (Willner, 1997; Xue et al., 2013), tshwj tsis yog rau pawg tswj hwm tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, cov kev ntxhov siab tau siv rau cov nas: hmo ntuj qis siv stroboscopic illumination (120 flashes / min), suab nrov dawb (100 dB) rau 1 h, dej deprivation rau 24 h, lub khob dej khoob rau 1 h (tom qab dej deprivation), zaub mov deprivation rau 24 h, yuam ua luam dej (5 min), lub cev tuav ({{11 } } h), qias neeg rau 24 h (200 ml dej hauv 100 g sawdust txaj), tail pinch (1 min), 45 degree tawb qaij rau 24 h, poob siab rau 30 min, thiab thaum hmo ntuj illumination (12 h). Cov kev ntxhov siab tau thov tsis tu ncua thiab tsis tu ncua rau 4 lub lis piam, cov ntsiab lus uas tau piav qhia hauv Cov Lus Ntxiv S1. Cov zaub mov thiab dej muaj pub dawb rau kev tswj hwm cov nas uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, uas tseem tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv lwm chav, tshwj tsis yog rau lub sijhawm 14 teev ntawm deprivation ua ntej txhua qhov kev sim sucrose. Ib tug nas tuag thaum lub sij hawm CUS txheej txheem. Kev sim ua luam dej yuam kev (FST) tau ua tom qab

4 hnub kev tswj xyuas mob hnyav thiab tom qab 28 hnub ntawm kev ntxhov siab, kev sim sucrose nyiam (SPT) (hnub 29), kev sim qhib qhov chaw (OFT) (hnub 31), thiab kev sim tshuaj noj tshiab tshiab (NSFT) (hnub 33) tau ua. Cov txheej txheem ntawm tus qauv tsim rau CUS thiab kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm yog qhia hauv Daim Duab Ntxiv S2.

Kev sim ua luam dej yuam kev tau ua raws li tau piav qhia dhau los (Porsolt li al., 1978). Cov txheej txheem muaj xws li pretest thiab xeem zaug, siv tib lub apparatus thiab tej yam kev mob (inch 20 cm, siab 45 cm, muaj 25 cm ntawm cov dej tuav ntawm 26 degree). Thaum lub sij hawm pretest, nas raug yuam ua luam dej rau 15 feeb; 24 teev tom qab ntawd, nas tau muab tso rau hauv tib lub cuab yeej rau 5 feeb kev sim ua luam dej. Kev ua luam dej hauv

5 min tau pom nrog lub koob yees duab yees duab, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsis tuaj yeem raug ntsuas thiab ntsuas.

Rau SPT, nas tau kawm thawj zaug kom haus 1 feem pua ​​(v/v) sucrose tov rau 72 teev ua ntej SPT. Kev ntsuas sucrose hauv paus ua ntej CUS txheej txheem thiab SPT thaum kawg ntawm CUS tau ua raws li tau piav qhia yav dhau los (Xue et al., 2013).

Open-field test tau ua tiav thaum kawg ntawm CUS cov txheej txheem, cov cuab yeej thiab cov txheej txheem yog tib yam li cov lus qhia yav dhau los (Xue et al., 2013). Lub kaw lus yees duab (Shanghai Mobile Datum Information Technology Co., Ltd.) tau siv los sau tag nrho cov kev mus los.

Novelty-suppressed feeding test tau soj ntsuam raws li tau piav qhia yav dhau los (Xue li al., 2013) thiab latency pib noj tsis pub dhau 5 min raug kaw thiab tshuaj xyuas.

Kev ntsuas ntawm Neurotransmitters thiab Neurotrophic Factors

Tom qab kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm, tsawg kawg yog plaub fecal pellets tau txais los ntawm txhua tus nas, muab tso rau hauv cov raj tsis muaj menyuam, thiab khov tam sim ntawd ntawm -80OC rau cov zej zog microbial thiab SCFAs tsom xam. Tom qab ntawd, nas tau txi; lub hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv raug cais tawm thiab hnyav tam sim ntawd. Cov qauv ntaub so ntswg tau ntxuav nrog ntsev, snap-kho hauv cov kua nitrogen, thiab khaws cia rau hauv -80OC rau kev cia. Tom qab ua ntu zus thawing ntawm -20OC thiab 4OC, cov ntaub so ntswg kuaj tau homogenized hauv saline thiab centrifuged rau 25 min ntawm 2,500 rpm / 4OC. Cov txiaj ntsig supernatant tau sau thiab khaws cia ntawm 4OC kom txog thaum siv. Cov theem ntawm 5-HT nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv, NE nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus, thiab BDNF nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus yog txiav txim los ntawm coj mus muag ELISA cov khoom raws li cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus cov kev cai (Hou et al., 2017).

Cistanchetuaj yeem kho tauraumkab mob

Compositional Profile Analysis ntawm Gut Microbiota

Tag nrho DNA ntawm plab microbiota los ntawm fecal kuaj tau muab rho tawm raws li tau piav ua ntej (Wei li al., 20{{20}}4). Txhua tus qauv fecal (0.2 g) tau muab sib xyaw rau hauv 1 ml PBS, thiab tag nrho homogenized ob zaug, ces centrifugation ntawm 200 g rau 6 min. Lub supernatant tau ntxiv nrog 20 以 20 feem pua ​​PVP thiab centrifuged ntawm 300 g rau 6 min. Cov txiaj ntsig supernatant tom qab ntawd centrifuged ntawm 12, 000 g rau 6 min thiab cell pellets tau sau. Cell pellets raug ntxuav los ntawm PBS thiab tom qab ntawd raug tshem tawm hauv 300 段l lysates I (150 mM NaCl, 100 mM EDTA・ Na2・ 2H2., pH 8.0). Lub ncua kev kawm ntawv yog tov nrog 100 以 lysozyme tov (100 mg / ml) thiab 20 以 1 feem pua ​​RNase, 37OC sov-bathed rau 30 min, ces ntxiv 300 段l lysate II (100 mM NaCl, 500 mM Tris 80), pH. . Kev ncua ntawm tes tau maj mam sib xyaw nrog 50 以 20 feem pua ​​SDS, dej khov da dej rau 5 feeb. Tom qab ntawd DNA tau ua kom huv los ntawm kev rho tawm los ntawm 1% PVP, Tris-equilibrated phenol thiab chloroform-isoamyl cawv (vol/vol/vol/vol, 3.125:25:24:1), thiab chloroform-isoamyl cawv (vol/vol, 24). : 1) tom qab los nag los ntawm -20OC rau 2 h nrog ob ntim ntawm ethanol thiab 50 [il 3 M NaAc. DNA tau sau los ntawm centrifugation, cua qhuav, thiab yaj nyob rau hauv 100 il sterile deionized dej. Lub nucleic acid purity tau sim siv NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States). Tag nrho cov genomic DNA tom qab ntawd raug rau PCR amplification siv primers tshwj xeeb rau V3-V4 thaj tsam ntawm 16S rRNA noob: pem hauv ntej primer 338F (5'-ACTCCTACGGAGGCAGCA-3}') thiab rov qab primer 806R (5 '-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT- 3'). PCR amplicons tau ntxuav nrog Agencourt AMPure hlaws dai (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, United States) thiab suav nrog PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States). Tom qab cov kauj ruam ntawm tus kheej kom muaj nuj nqis, amplicons tau muab sib npaug sib npaug, thiab khub-kawg 2 x 300 bp sequencing tau ua tiav siv Illumina MiSeq platform nrog MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 ntawm Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, Suav). Paired-kawg nyeem tau sib sau ua ke siv FLASH software (version 1.2.7), cov ntawv nyeem ib ntus tau raug txiav kom zoo siv QIIME software (version 1.8.0) kom tshem tawm cov lej tsis sib xws thiab cov kab ke hauv qab qhov ntev. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem lim dej tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm taxonomic units (OTUs) nrog rau qhov pib ntawm 97 feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov sib npaug sib npaug siv QIIME nrog UCLUST. Kev sib txawv ntawm Beta tau ua tiav ntawm QIIME rau qhov hnyav UniFrac tus thawj tswj hwm kev tswj hwm (PCoA). Thaum kawg, Meta stats software tau siv los sib piv qhov sib txawv hauv plab microbial taxonomic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntau pawg.

SCFAs Concentration Analysis

Cov concentration ntawm SCFAs (xws li acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, thiab hexanoic acid) hauv cov nas fecal kuaj tau txiav txim siab los ntawm GC{{0}} roj chromatograph (Shimadzu, Nyiv), haum nrog DB-FFAP kem (30 mx 0.25 mm x {{10}}.25 cm, Agilent, United States). Cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem ntawm acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, thiab hexanoic acid tau npaj ntawm 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, {{ 21}} . Txhua tus qauv fecal (0.2 g) tau muab tso rau hauv 0.8 ml deionized dej los ntawm vortexing thiab centrifuging ntawm 5, 000 rpm rau 20 min ntawm 4OC, 450 il ntawm supernatant tau ntxiv los ntawm 50 il 50 feem pua ​​​​H2SO4 thiab 500 il sab hauv tus qauv tov, vortexing rau 1 min thiab centrifuged ntawm 12, 000 rpm rau 10 min, ces qhov sib tov tau muab tso rau hauv 4OC rau 30 min. Tus supernatant tau coj mus rau GC tsom xam. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm SCFAs tau ua raws li tau piav qhia dhau los (Wang li al., 2016).

Kev txheeb cais

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm raws li txhais tau tias 土 SEM. Kev txheeb xyuas txheeb cais tau ua tiav siv SPSS 21.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) nrog ib txoj kev ANOVA ua raws li Dunnett qhov kev xeem lossis Tub Ntxhais Kawm T-test. Cov ntaub ntawv raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas yog tias ntau dua ob tus qauv sib txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Tus nqi ntawm p < 0.05="" tau="" suav="" tias="" yog="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb.="" pearson="" txoj="" kev="" txheeb="" xyuas="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" tau="" ua="" haujlwm="" los="" ntsuas="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" ntawm="" cov="" txheeb="" ze="" ntawm="" plab="" microbiota,="" scfas,="" hippocampus="" 5-ht,="" ne,="" thiab="" bdnf="" qib,="" thiab="" txoj="" hnyuv="">

Cistanchetuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo cov ntshav siab

TSEEM CEEB

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CTE

Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CTE yog thawj zaug kev txheeb xyuas. Raws li qhia hauv Table 1, PhGs yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm CTE, nrog cov ntsiab lus txheeb ze ntawm 48.6 feem pua, iridoids thiab iridoid glycosides yog 6.9 feem pua, thiab tag nrho cov saccharides yog 20.0 feem pua. Cov no

Cov Cheebtsam ntawm CTE tau tshwm sim siv UPLC-Q- TOF-MS. Tag nrho ntawm 27 tus neeg tau kuaj pom thiab txheeb xyuas, suav nrog 20 tus neeg sawv cev ntawm PhGs, tsib iridoids thiab iridoid glycosides, thiab ob lub oligosaccharides. Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws suav nrog lub sijhawm khaws cia, raug MS, thiab MS/MS fragment ions tau teev nyob rau hauv Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txhawb Nqa (Table Ntxiv S2). UPLC-Q-TOF-MS tag nrho ion chromatogram (TIC) ntawm CTE yog qhia nyob rau hauv Ntxiv daim duab S3.

CTE Txhim Kho Cov Cwj Pwm Kev Nyuaj Siab hauv CUS nas

Hauv CUS nas, tag nrho lub sij hawm tsis muaj zog hauv FST thiab latency noj hauv NSFT tau txo qis los ntawm kev kho CTE, thiab sucrose nyiam hauv SPT thiab tag nrho qhov kev ncua deb ntawm OFT tau nce.

Daim duab 1A qhia txog qhov mob hnyav ntawm CTE ntawm lub sijhawm immobility hauv FST hauv CUS nas. Piv nrog rau CUS qauv pab pawg, 3- hnub mob qhov ncauj kev tswj hwm ntawm CTE txo qis tag nrho lub sijhawm tsis muaj zog hauv FST [ib-txoj kev ANOVA, F(3,26)=4.983, p {{7} }.007] ib. Ntxiv posthoc tsom xam qhia tias kev tswj hwm

TAB 1|Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm C. tubulosa extract.of CTE nrog cov koob tshuaj siab ntau (Dunnett's test, p < 0.05)="" thiab="" pab="" pawg="" tshuaj="" tsawg="" (dunnett's="" test,="" p="">< 0.05)="" pom="" qhov="" txo="" qis="" hauv="" tag="" nrho="" lub="" sijhawm="" immobility="" hauv="">

Cov teebmeem ntawm CTE ntawm sucrose nyiam hauv SPT hauv CUS nas yog qhia hauv daim duab 1B. Nees nkaum yim hnub cov txheej txheem kev ntxhov siab ua rau muaj qhov txo qis hauv sucrose nyiam hauv pawg CUS tus qauv piv rau cov tswj tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab [ib txoj kev ANOVA, F(4,34)=3.993, p {{8 }} {10}}09; Dunnett qhov kev sim, p < 0.05],="" qhia="" tias="" cus="" qauv="" tau="" tsim="" tiav.="" raws="" li="" kev="" tswj="" hwm="" zoo,="" flx="" pawg="" tau="" nce="" qhov="" kev="" nyiam="" sucrose="" hauv="" cus="" nas="" [ib-txoj="" kev="" anova,="" f(4,34)="3.993," p="0.009;" dunnett's="" test,="" p="">< 0.05],="" qhia="" qhov="" kev="" kwv="" yees="" siv="" tau="" ntawm="" cus="" qauv.="" kev="" tswj="" qhov="" ncauj="" ntev="" ntawm="" cte="" hauv="" pab="" pawg="" koob="" tshuaj="" ntau="" tau="" pom="" cov="" teebmeem="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntawm="" kev="" nyiam="" sucrose="" [ib="" txoj="" kev="" anova,="" f(4,34)="3.993,p=0.009;" dunnett's="" test,="" p="">< 0.01],="" uas="" rov="" qab="" los="" rau="" qib="" qub="" hauv="" cus="" nas.="" cte="" nrog="" cov="" pab="" pawg="" tshuaj="" tsawg="" tau="" pom="" muaj="" kev="" nce="" ntxiv="" tab="" sis="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" tsis="" tseem="" ceeb="" (dunnett's="" test,="" p="">

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 1C, tag nrho cov kev ncua deb nyob rau hauv OFT kuj tau siv los soj ntsuam cov teebmeem ntawm CTE ntawm CUS nas. Piv nrog rau cov nas uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, CUS tus qauv pab pawg tau pom qhov luv dua tag nrho [ib-txoj kev ANOVA, F(4,34)=7.845, p=0.0{{ 19}01; Dunnett qhov kev sim, p < 0.001]="" tom="" qab="" 4-lub="" lim="" tiam="" raug="" rau="" cus,="" thiab="" kev="" tswj="" xyuas="" zoo="" flx="" tau="" nce="" tag="" nrho="" qhov="" kev="" ncua="" deb="" hauv="" cus="" nas="" [ib-txoj="" kev="" anova,="" f(4,34)="7.845," p="0.0001;" dunnett="" qhov="" kev="" xeem,="" p=""><0.05]. kev="" tswj="" hwm="" qhov="" ncauj="" txhua="" hnub="" ntawm="" cte="" nrog="" koob="" tshuaj="" siab="" thiab="" koob="" tshuaj="" tsawg="" tau="" pom="" muaj="" txiaj="" ntsig="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" nyob="" deb="" ntawm="" cus="" nas="" [ib-txoj="" kev="" anova,="" f(4,34)="7.845," p="0.0001" ;="" dunnett's="" test,="" p="">< 0.01="" rau="" pawg="" koob="" tshuaj="" siab,="" p="">< 0.001="" rau="" cov="" pab="" pawg="" tsawg,="" feem].="" daim="" duab="" ntxiv="" s4="" qhia="" txog="" daim="" ntawv="" qhia="" kev="" ua="" si="" hauv="">

Daim duab 1D qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm CTE ntawm latency noj hauv NSFT hauv CUS nas. Nees nkaum yim hnub cov txheej txheem kev ntxhov siab ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv latency los pib noj hauv pawg CUS tus qauv piv rau cov tswj tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab [ib txoj kev ANOVA, F(4,33)=3.434, p { {8}} {10}}19; Dunnett qhov kev sim, p < 0.05],="" qhia="" tias="" cus="" qauv="" tau="" tsim="" tiav.="" kev="" tswj="" hwm="" qhov="" ncauj="" ntev="" ntawm="" cte="" nrog="" cov="" koob="" tshuaj="" siab="" tau="" pom="" tias="" muaj="" txiaj="" ntsig="" ntawm="" latency="" pib="" noj="" piv="" nrog="" cus="" pawg="" (cov="" tub="" kawm="" ntawv="" t-test,="" t="2.759," p="">< 0.05),="" thaum="" lub="" koob="" tshuaj="" qis="" ntawm="" cte="" pom.="" tsis="" muaj="">

CTE Restored Theem ntawm Neurotransmitters thiab Neurotrophic Factors hauv CUS nas

Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm CTE ntawm {{{{10}}}}}HT thiab NE qib hauv hippocampus ntawm CUS nas yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 2A,B. Plaub lub lis piam txoj kev ntxhov siab ua rau txo qis ntawm 5-HT [ib-txoj kev ANOVA, F(4,34)=17.13, p=0.0001; Dunnett's test, p < 0.001]="" and="" ne="" [one-way="" anova,="" f(4,34)="6.376,p=0.0006;" dunnett's="" test,="" p="">< 0.001]="" concentration="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" hippocampus="" ntawm="" cus="" nas="" piv="" nrog="" rau="" cov="" pab="" pawg="" neeg="" tswj,="" thiab="" cov="" tshuaj="" tiv="" thaiv="" kev="" nyuaj="" siab="" flx="" rov="" qab="" zoo="" heev="" 5-ht="" qib="" hauv="" hippocampus="" [ib-txoj="" kev="" anova,="" f(4,34)="" {="" {25}}.13,="" p="0.0001;" dunnett="" qhov="" kev="" xeem,="" p=""><0.001]. tom="" qab="" kev="" tswj="" hwm="" qhov="" ncauj="" ntawm="" cte="" hauv="" pawg="" koob="" tshuaj="" ntau,="" kev="" nce="" ntxiv="" hauv="" 5-ht="" qib="" tau="" pom="" [ib-txoj="">

ANOVA, F(4,34)=17.13, p=0.0001; Dunnett qhov kev xeem, p < 0.001]="" thaum="" lub="" ne="" concentrations="" tsis="" hloov.="" ib="" yam="" li="" ntawd,="" bdnf="" kev="" qhia="" tau="" txo="" qis="" hauv="" pawg="" cus="" tus="" qauv="" piv="" nrog="" cov="" nas="" uas="" tsis="" muaj="" kev="" ntxhov="" siab="" (student's="" t-test,="" t="4.171," p="">< 0.01)="" (daim="" duab="" 2c).="" ob="" qhov="" kev="" tswj="" qhov="" ncauj="" mus="" sij="" hawm="" ntev="" ntawm="" cte="" nrog="" cov="" koob="" tshuaj="" siab="" (student's="" t-test,="" t="2.548," p="">< 0.05)="" thiab="" flx="" (student's="" t-test,="" t="2.263," p="">< 0.05)="" )="" nce="" bdnf="" qhia="" piv="" nrog="" cus="" qauv="" pawg.="" cte="" nrog="" koob="" tshuaj="" tsawg="" tsis="" pom="" muaj="" txiaj="" ntsig="" zoo="" rau="" bdnf="">

Qhov {{{0}}}HT theem nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm CUS nas txawv ntawm qhov nyob rau hauv hippocampus, thiab 4-txoj kev ntxhov siab lub limtiam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv 5-HT (Daim duab 2D ). Hloov pauv, kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm CTE nrog cov koob tshuaj siab tau txhawb nqa 5-HT qib hauv txoj hnyuv thaum piv nrog CUS qauv pawg (Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm T-test, t=2.173, p <0.05). cte="" nrog="" koob="" tshuaj="" tsawg="" tsis="" pom="" muaj="" kev="" cuam="" tshuam="" rau="" txoj="" hnyuv="" 5-ht="">

CTE tswj lub plab Microbial Composition ntawm CUS nas

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CTE ntawm lub plab microbial muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CUS nas tau soj ntsuam los ntawm 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based method. Nws tau pom tias 28 hnub ntawm kev tswj qhov ncauj ntawm CTE hloov lub plab microbial muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CUS nas thiab cuam tshuam ntau yam.

microbial taxonomic theem ntawm pawg nas (qib qib 1, qib 1, qib 1, tsev neeg theem 8, thiab hom-qib 2). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub plab microbial zej zog tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab ntawm CTE. Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev hloov pauv plab hnyuv microbial taxa ntawm ntau theem taxonomic yog qhia hauv Table 2.

Lub MiSeq sequencing yielded tag nrho ntawm 2,132,980 raw nyeem, tom qab tswj zoo, denoising, thiab chimera tshem tawm cov txheej txheem. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntawv nyeem tau muab tso rau hauv OTUs, uas tau muab rau taxa los ntawm phylum mus rau qib hom. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm beta diversity tsom xam tau ua los tshawb nrhiav qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov kab mob hauv zej zog cov qauv ntawm tsib pawg nas. PCoA raws li qhov hnyav UniFrac qhov deb ntawm lub plab microbiota los ntawm tsib pawg nas ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom hauv daim duab 3A. Kev txheeb xyuas kev sib txawv ntawm Beta los ntawm PCoA tau pom qhov kev sib cais meej ntawm cov zej zog microbial los ntawm pawg tswj hwm thiab pawg CUS qauv, thaum CTE nrog cov pab pawg siab tau zoo dua los ze rau pawg tswj hwm piv nrog pawg CUS.

Metastatic analysis was used to investigate the differences in gut microbial taxonomic composition among different groups. At the phylum level, the most dominant microbial taxa in the five rat groups were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (Figure 3B). Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Blautia, Bacteroides, and Prevotella were the most highly abundant microbial taxa at the genus level (Figure 3C). The two dominant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, accounted for a combined relative abundance of >90 feem pua. Raws li qhia hauv Cov Duab Ntxiv S5A, B, 4 lub lis piam cov txheej txheem kev ntxhov siab ua rau muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb rau kev nce qib ntawm Firmicutes thiab qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm Bacteroidetes hauv pawg CUS tus qauv piv rau pawg tswj hwm. Tom qab kev tswj hwm txhua hnub ntawm CTE nrog cov koob tshuaj siab thiab koob tshuaj tsawg, cov txheeb ze ntawm Firmicutes thiab Bacteroidetes rov qab mus rau qib zoo sib xws ntawm pawg tswj hwm, txawm tias tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab txawm hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv zoo sib xws tau pom rau Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes piv ntawm cov pab pawg nas, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheeb cais (Cov Duab Ntxiv S5C). Ib qho tsis tseem ceeb rau qhov txo qis ntawm phyla Cyanobacteria tau pom nyob rau hauv pawg CUS qauv piv rau cov tswj cov nas uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab; whereas kev tswj hwm ntawm CTE nrog koob tshuaj ntau tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov txheeb ze ntawm Cyanobacteria ntau dua piv nrog CUS pawg (Cov duab ntxiv S5D).

Nyob rau theem genus, Bacteroides thiab Ruminococcus yog ob ntawm cov kab mob microbial ntau tshaj plaws uas suav txog kwv yees li 30 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov txheeb ze nyob hauv tag nrho tsib pawg nas. Plaub lub lis piam txoj kev ntxhov siab ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm Bacteroides thiab nce ntxiv ntawm Ruminococcus hauv pawg CUS tus qauv piv rau kev tswj cov nas uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab (Figures 4A, B). Kev tswj hwm lub sijhawm ntev ntawm CTE ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm Bacteroides ntau ntxiv nrog rau kev txo qis ntawm Ruminococcus piv rau CUS nas. Tsis tas li ntawd, 6 genera ntawm Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, Deinococcus, Weissella, Trichococcus, thiab Brachybacterium tau pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm pawg CUS tus qauv thiab pawg tswj hwm (Figures 4C-H). Tom qab 28 hnub ntawm kev kho mob ntawm CTE, cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm cov lus hais saum toj no rau rau genera tau hloov pauv mus rau qib zoo ib yam li pawg tswj hwm.

Tsawg abundance ntawm Deinococcus nyob rau hauv txawv taxonomic theem nrog rau cov chav kawm ntawv (Deinococci), kev txiav txim theem (Deinococcales), tsev neeg theem (Deinococcaceae), thiab genus theem (Deinococcus) tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv CUS nas pab pawg neeg, thaum nws ua tsis tau tejyam los mus kuaj nyob rau hauv kev tswj. pab pawg thiab pawg thawj coj (Daim duab 5A-D).

Nyob rau theem hom, Weissella beninensis tau qis dua hauv pawg CUS ntau dua li hauv pawg tswj hwm, thiab kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov txheeb ze muaj txiaj ntsig tau pom tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm CTE nrog cov koob tshuaj siab (Daim duab 5E). Hloov pauv, CTE cov thawj coj thim rov qab qhov kev nce ntxiv hauv cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm Brachybacterium conglomerate pom hauv CUS nas (Daim duab 5F).

CTE Modulated SCFAs hauv CUS nas

Cov SCFAs concentrations (xws li acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, thiab hexanoic acid) nyob rau hauv nas fecal kuaj tau soj ntsuam los ntawm GC thiab muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab 6. Cov theem ntawm acetate [ib-txoj kev ANOVA, F( 4,32)=2.721, p=0 0467; Dunnett's test, p < 0.05]="" thiab="" hexanoic="" acid="" [one-way="" anova,="" f(4,30)="3.028," p="" {{15}="" }.0328;="" dunnett="" qhov="" kev="" sim,="" p="">< 0.05]="" tau="" nce="" ntau="" hauv="" cus="" qauv="" pawg="" nas="" piv="" rau="" pawg="" tswj="" hwm.="" tom="" qab="" kev="" tswj="" hwm="" lub="" sij="" hawm="" ntev="" ntawm="" cte="" nrog="" koob="" tshuaj="" ntau,="" acetate="" (cov="" tub="" ntxhais="" kawm="" t-test,="" t="2.182," p="">< 0.05)="" thiab="" hexanoic="" acid="" [ib="" txoj="" kev="" anova,="" f(4,30)="3" .028,="" p="0.0328;" dunnett="" qhov="" kev="" sim,="" p="">< 0.05]="" cov="" concentrations="" feem="" ntau="" tau="" txo="" qis="" thaum="" piv="" nrog="" cus="" pawg,="" qhia="" tias="" cte="" tuaj="" yeem="" ua="" rau="" nws="" cov="" kev="" tawm="" tsam="" kev="" nyuaj="" siab="" los="" ntawm="" kev="" hloov="" kho="" cov="" teeb="" meem="" neuroactive="" metabolite="" scfas.="" kev="" tswj="" hwm="" ntawm="" cte="" nrog="" cov="" pab="" pawg="" tshuaj="" tsawg="" tau="" pom="" qhov="" txo="" qis="" tab="" sis="" tsis="" muaj="" txiaj="" ntsig="" zoo="" ntawm="" acetate="" thiab="" hexanoic="" acid="">

Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm Gut Microbiota, Neurotransmitters thiab Neurotrophins hauv Hippocampus, 5-HT hauv Colon, thiab SCFAs

Txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov plab hnyuv microbiota hauv qib genus, hloov pauv neurotransmitters thiab neurotrophins hauv hippocampus thiab txoj hnyuv, thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm SCFAs, Pearson qhov sib txheeb coefficients tau tsim (Meng li al., 2017). Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv (r > 0.4 los yog r < -0.4,="" p="">< 0.05)="" yog="" qhia="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" daim="" duab="" 7.="" cov="" coefficients="" qhia="" muaj="" zog="" correlations="" ntawm="" altered="" plab="" microbiota="" muaj="" pes="" tsawg="" leeg="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" genus="" theem,="" lub="" concentration.="" ntawm="" xya="" hom="" scfas,="" thiab="" kev="" nyuaj="" siab="" ntsig="" txog="" monoamine="" neurotransmitters="" (5-ht="" thiab="" ne).="" kev="" nplua="" nuj="" ntawm="" ruminococcus="" tau="" pom="" qhov="" cuam="" tshuam="" tsis="" zoo="" nrog="" rau="" 5-ht="" concentration="" hauv="" hippocampus,="" uas="" txhais="" tau="" hais="" tias="" cus="" txheej="" txheem="" ua="" rau="" muaj="" kev="" nce="" ntxiv="" hauv="" cov="" txheeb="" ze="" ntawm="" ruminococcus="" ntau="" thiab="" txo="" qis="" hauv="" 5-ht="" concentrations.="" tom="" qab="" kev="" kho="" mob="" nrog="" cte,="" cov="" txheeb="" ze="" ntawm="" ruminococcus="" tau="" txo="" mus="" rau="" qib="" ntawm="" pawg="" tswj="" hwm,="" thiab="" 5-ht="" qib="" tau="" pom="" tias="" tau="" txhim="" kho.="" tsis="" tas="" li="" ntawd,="" qhov="" txheeb="" ze="" ntawm="" bacteroides="" muaj="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" nrog="" 5-ht="" theem="" hauv="" hippocampus,="" thiab="" tsis="" zoo="" cuam="" tshuam="" nrog="" cov="" concentration="" ntawm="" butyrate,="" isobutyrate,="" valeric="" acid,="" isovaleric="" acid,="" thiab="" hexanoic="" acid;="" kev="" nplua="" nuj="" ntawm="" parabacteroides="" tau="" nthuav="" tawm="" qhov="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" tseem="" ceeb="" nrog="" rau="" 5-ht="" qib="" hauv="" hippocampus="" thiab="" propionate="" concentration,="" thaum="" nws="" pom="" qhov="" tsis="" zoo="" cuam="" tshuam="" nrog="" isobutyrate="" thiab="" isovaleric="" acid="" concentrations;="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" ntawm="" cov="" txheeb="" ze="" ntawm="" butyricimonas="" thiab="" ne="" qib="" hauv="" hippocampus="" kuj="" tau="" pom,="" thiab="" cov="" txheeb="" ze="" ntawm="" deinococcus="" tau="" zoo="" sib="" xws="" nrog="" acetate="" concentration.="" qhov="" no="" tau="" pom="" tias="" cte="" tuaj="" yeem="" ua="" rau="" nws="" cov="" kev="" tawm="" tsam="" kev="" nyuaj="" siab="" los="" ntawm="" kev="" hloov="" cov="" kab="" mob="" hauv="" plab="" microbiota,="" cuam="" tshuam="" hippocampus="" neurotransmitter="" qib,="" thiab="" kho="" cov="" tshuaj="" neuroactive="" metabolites="" scfas.="" cov="" ntaub="" ntawv="" ntxaws="" ntxaws="" ntawm="" kev="" txheeb="" xyuas="" kev="" sib="" raug="" zoo="" yog="" qhia="" hauv="" cov="" lus="" ntxiv="">