Galactan tiv thaiv cov poov xab los ntawm apoptotic cell tuag.

Xyuas seb galactan puas muajanti-apoptotickhoom,Peb kho cov poov tshuaj tiv thaiv apoptotic gene-deficient mutants (fs1∆ thiab pep4∆) nrog galactan thiab nthuav tawm lawv mus rau apoptosis inducer, H2O2. Thaum cov poov xab Fis1 yog mitochondrial fusion protein thiabtiv thaiv apoptosis, poov xab Pep4 yog vacuolar aspartyl protease thiabtiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm acetic acid-induced apoptosis80,81 ib. CFU suav tau pom txog 25-30 feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev ciaj sia ntawm ob leeg pep4∆ thiab fs1∆ hlwb thaum kho nrog galactan piv rau cov hlwb hauv qab apoptotic kev ntxhov siab vim yog 1 mM H2O2 (Fig. 5A). Spot assay cov txiaj ntsig kuj tau pom tias muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog CFU suav uas pom tias muaj sia nyob zoo dua ntawm galactan kho cov poov xab los tiv thaiv apoptotic mutants nyob rau hauv apoptotic stress (Fig. 5B). Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias galactan tiv thaiv cov poov xab los ntawm apoptotic cell tuag vim yog H2O2.

Nyem rau yuav CistaNche nplua nuj nyob hauv Galactan

Dawb shipping, thoob ntiaj teb kev xa khoom.

Galactan txo cov chromatin condensation. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau ua AO/EB staining ntawm galactan-pretreated poov xab hlwb. Te pep4∆ thiab fs1∆ hlwb nrog H2O2 ib leeg feem ntau tshwm daj-txiv kab ntxwv piv rau WT, thiab qhov tseem ceeb txo qis ntawm cov xim daj-txiv kab ntxwv tau pom nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ua ntej kho nrog galactan thiab tom qab ntawd, raug H2O2. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm apoptotic hlwb txo qis hauv pep4∆ txo thiab chromatin condensation. AO/EB staining yog ib txoj hauv kev siv los kuaj xyuas apoptosis hauv cov poov xab thiab cov tsiaj txhu. Acridine txiv kab ntxwv yog cov cell-permeable dye uas nkag stains nucleic acids nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si siv tau thiab tsis siv tau lub hlwb, whereas ethidium bromide yog ib tug DNA intercalating dye uas nkag mus tsuas yog thaum lub hlwb disintegrated los yog apoptotic los yog tuag. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm AO / EB staining no ua rau pom cov hlwb hauv peb theem sib txawv xws li, cov hlwb siv tau nrog cov xim ntsuab hauv ob qho tib si nucleus thiab cytoplasm, cov hlwb apoptotic thaum ntxov nrog ci ntsuab xim nucleus vim chromatin condensation uas sawv tawm hauv cytoplasm thiab lig apoptotic hlwb uas qhia daj rau txiv kab ntxwv / ci xim liab vim qhov nkag ntawm ethidium bromide rau hauv lub hlwb 50,51.

Galactan txo cov kev tawg ntawm nuclear.

Poov xab WT thiab anti-apoptotic tsis muaj mutants (pep4∆ thiab fs1∆) ua ntej kho nrog lossis tsis muaj galactan tau raug rau H2O2 thiab raug DAPI staining. Cov poov xab los tiv thaiv apoptotic tsis muaj mutant hlwb ua ntej kho nrog galactan pom tsawg dua nuclear fragmentation thiab qis siv ntawm DAPI, thaum cov uas tsis muaj galactan ua ntej kev kho mob pom muaj ntau dua fluorescence thiab nce nuclear fragmentation (Fig. 5D)52. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias galactan tuaj yeem txo cov oxidative kev nyuaj siab-induced nuclear fragmentation ua rau cellular disintegration. Yav dhau los, nws tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nas transgenic uas Bifidobacterium breve txo cov tsos mob apoptotic xws li cell shedding nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv epithelial hlwb uas yog kho los ntawm EPS tam sim no nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub sij hawm Bifdobac. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia tau hais tias qhov kev txo qis ntawm cov koob tshuaj tseem ceeb hauv cell shedding thiab qhia qib ntawm apoptotic markers. Bifidobacterium EPS tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm apoptotic cell tuag los ntawm modulating ob qho tib si intrinsic thiab extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways 82. Peb cov txiaj ntsig, hauv kev pom zoo nrog cov txiaj ntsig yav dhau los, qhia tias galactan EPS tiv thaiv cov poov xab los tiv thaiv apoptotic gene-deficient mutants pep4∆ thiab fs1∆. los ntawm apoptotic kev nyuaj siab tshwm sim los ntawm H2O2.

Galactan txuas CLS ntawm S. cerevisiae.

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv kev laus ntawm galactan peb tau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas CLS nrog WT thiab cov poov xab mutants (sod2∆, tsa1∆, thiab ctt1∆) nrog kev kho galactan. SOD2 yog manganese SOD, nyob rau hauv mitochondrial matrix. Kev tshem tawm ntawm SOD2 ua rau cov hlwb muaj kev cuam tshuam rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab kev hloov pauv siab vim tias mtDNA nkag mus tau ntau dua rau ROS tsim hauv mitochondria83 thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov noob cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntev ntawm cov poov xab. TSA1 yog thioredoxin peroxidase (thiol specifc antioxidant) uas yog ob qho tib si cytoplasmic thiab ribosome cuam tshuam. TSA1 yog koom nrog hauv kev sib tham txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes tiv thaiv oxidative kev ntxhov siab vim los ntawm hydrogen peroxide thiab tsis muaj TSA1 paub tias cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm cov poov xab. Lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant mutant ctt1∆ siv hauv CLS qhov kev sim tsis muaj CTT1, cytosolic catalase koom nrog hauv kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj hydrogen peroxide.

Daim duab 6 qhia txog cov nyhuv ntawm galactan ntawm CLS ntawm cov poov xab mutant hom tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidant. Thaum WT hlwb kho nrog galactan EPS pom txog 10 feem pua ​​​​nce hauv kev muaj peev xwm, sod2∆, tsa1∆ , thiab ctt1∆ , pom 15-20 feem pua ​​​​nce hauv kev vam meej (Fig. 6). Mitochondrial ROS ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj rau DNA, thiab SOD2 koom nrog hauv kev tshem tawm ROS tsub zuj zuj hauv mitochondria. TSA1 thiab CTT1 koom nrog hauv detoxifcation ntawm peroxide nyob rau hauv cytoplasm uas yog ho ntau dua nyob rau hauv cov laus hlwb. Peb cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CLS qhia tau hais tias EPS scavenges mitochondrial nrog rau cytoplasmic ROS buildup, tiv thaiv kev laus los yog cell tuag zoo li nta thiab txuas ntxiv rau CLS hauv cov poov xab tsis muaj SOD2, TSA1, thiab CTT154.

Cellular oxidative kev nyuaj siab yog zoo txuam nrog cov txheej txheem kev laus thiab nws zoo heev cuam tshuam qhov pib ntawm ob peb lub hnub nyoog-koom nrog tib neeg kab mob xws lintshav qab zib, kab mob plawvs,neurodegenerative mobthiab mob qog noj ntshav. Oxidative stress thiab o yog ob qho xwm txheej sib cuam tshuam uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv pathology ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Cov ntawv ceeb toom tsis ntev los no qhia txog kev sib txuas ze ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm plab microbiota ntawm cov teeb meem hnub nyoog no. Lub plab microbiome tiv thaiv lub plab hnyuv epithelial hauv ob sab phlu los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cellular vim oxidative kev nyuaj siab-induced inflammatory txoj kev. Complex plab microbiota cuam tshuam nrog ROS thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant, pab tshem tawm cov dawb radicals thiab tiv thaiv kev mob. thiab tseem tuaj yeem tswj hwm lub xeev oxidative ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb los ntawm kev tsim cov neurotransmitters xws li GABA, dopamine, thiab serotonin. Lub microbiome kuj tseem muaj cov haujlwm immunomodulatory, tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob microbes, thiab muab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob microbial83. Ntau cov microbial polysaccharides tau raug kuaj hauv cov qauv sib txawv thiab tshaj tawm tias muaj peev xwm antioxidant siab, tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes ua pov thawj los ntawm kev hloov kho cov qib biomarker sib kho los ntawm cov exopolysaccharides82,84. Tese molecules tau pom tias muaj cov nyhuv neuroprotective los ntawm kev tiv thaiv amyloid plaques thiab neuronal tuag nyob rau hauv Alzheimer tus kab mob kev sim qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau pom los txhim kho SOD kev ua haujlwm, txo qis cov cim neurotoxic thiab inhibit dopaminergic neuron tuag hauv Parkinson tus kab mob kev sim ua qauv.

Covkev lausyog cim los ntawm elevated cellular oxidative ua rau kom muaj zog tsub zuj zuj ntawm DNA puas, nce kev hloov pauv thiab txo qis hauv cell viability. Nws tau pom yav dhau los ROS induces apoptotic cell tuag nyob rau hauv chronologically aging poov xab hlwb thiab cov supplementation ntawm cov hlwb nrog lub ntuj tebchaw yuav ua rau kom lub neej ntev ntawm cov laus hlwb47,85. Peb cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nyhuv antiaging exerted los ntawm galactan EPS los ntawm W. confusa, ntawm cov poov xab sod2∆, tsa1∆ thiab ctt1∆ qhia tias galactan EPS tiv thaiv cov poov xab los ntawm aging-induced ROS thiab apoptosis, thiab tsub kom lawv muaj peev xwm. Cov tib neeg homologs ntawm cov noob no cuam tshuam los ntawm kev muab kev tiv thaiv cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative thiab mob qog noj ntshav. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev ntxiv ntawm galactan EPS tuaj yeem cawm cov hlwb uas tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidant los ntawm cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog cell tuag thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob uas muaj hnub nyoog.

Xaus

oxidative kev nyuaj siabyog ib qho ua rau ntau cov txheej txheem tsis zoo hauv cov hlwb uas ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob thiab kab mob. Galactan los ntawm W. confusa KR780676 Weissella confusa KR780676 nthuav tawm hais tawmantioxidant zognyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb. Txoj kev tshawb no qhia meej meej tias galactan tiv thaiv cov poov xab antioxidant mutants tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab oxidative extracellular. Galactan kuj tseem tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv apoptotic deficiency mutant hlwb los ntawm oxidative-mediated apoptotic kev nyuaj siab raws li pov thawj los ntawm qhov txo qis nuclear fragmentation. Galactan txo qis ROS qib txuas ntxiv lawv lub neej expectancy, thiab tiv thaiv lub hlwb los ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov txiaj ntsig tau ua pov thawj tias galactan muaj peev xwm txo qis oxidative kev nyuaj siab hauv nruab nrab los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov dawb radicals. Nws yuav nthuav kom kuaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kev laus ntawm galactan hauv cov qauv eukaryotic ntau dua li cov kab ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov tsiaj ua qauv. Galactan tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo prebiotic thiab kev ua haujlwm antioxidant tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qis oxidative kev nyuaj siab hauv plab ntxiv rau kev tswj lub plab homeostasis. Nrog ntau yam cuab yeej thev naus laus zis tau lees paub rau galactan xws li cov khoom muaj zog emulsifying, nws yuav pom cov ntawv thov loj heev hauv kev lag luam zaub mov thiab tshuaj lag luam raws li cov khoom siv ntuj tsim.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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