mwwXaiv lus
Tsev / Kev paub / Ntsiab lus

Kev paub

Overcoming Immune Deficiency Nrog Allogrooming

Oct 19, 2023

Cov ntsiab lus yooj yim:

Peb tau tshawb xyuas seb ob hom kab kab mob sib txawv sib txawv hauv lawv qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo lossis kev tiv thaiv tus kheej tiv thaiv ob hom kab mob fungi, uas txhua tus tau sau los ntawm tib qhov chaw. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev sib koom ua ke (allogrooming) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev txwv cov kab mob tuag taus mus rau qhov uas nws tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej tsis muaj zog. Tom qab ntsib cov kab mob, cov kab mob siv lwm lub tswv yim rau kev nyob sib nrug deb thiab txwv tsis pub kis tus kab mob sib kis thiab hloov mus ua ke los ntxuav ib leeg. Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm qhov kev coj cwj pwm no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qib kev hem thawj.

Desert ginseng—Improve immunity (11)

cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-nce kev tiv thaiv

Abstract:

Allogrooming zoo li yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov tsiaj hauv zej zog rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm niaj hnub raug rau cov kab mob. Hauv kev sib raug zoo kab, nws zoo nkaus li tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm cov kab mob pathogenic los ntawm cuticle ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem pib kis kab mob. Rau cov kab mob subterranean, qhov no suav nrog cov kab mob fungal uas feem ntau ntsib hauv av, xws li Metarhizium conidia, uas tuaj yeem tawg sai sai thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub cuticle. Peb tau tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev cia siab rau kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev hauv ob qho tib si subterranean termites rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob tuag los ntawm ob lub zos ntsib Metarhizium. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qhov tsis muaj zog hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv ib hom kab mob yog them nyiaj los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntau dua. Qhov no suav nrog kev txhim kho allogrooming nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau cov concentrations ntawm conidia uas muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau qhov kev kis kab mob ntawm cuticle nrog rau cov kab mob hnyav hnyav uas ua rau muaj kev sib txuas lus thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.

Ntsiab lus:

kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo; innate kev tiv thaiv; entomopathogens; tswb tus cwj pwm; qhov kawg

Desert ginseng—Improve immunity (2)

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom

【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692

1. Taw qhia

Cov txheej txheem kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis txawm tias muaj kev sib raug zoo rau nws txoj kev sib kis [1,2]. Hauv kab kab thiab ntsaum, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo li tau txo qis kev xaiv ntawm tus kheej lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [3–6]. Tom qab cov kab mob tau ntsib, qhov kev hem thawj ntawm cov kab mob hauv kev sib raug zoo kab yuav nyob ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv sab hauv, uas suav nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntau cov kab mob fungal tsim cov spores asexual (conidia) uas tuaj yeem nkag mus ncaj qha rau cov kab cuticle. Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo uas pab tiv thaiv lub cuticle, suav nrog allogrooming thiab secreted antifungals, zoo li tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv termites tiv thaiv Metarhizium spp [7–9]. Metarhizium conidia yog ubiquitous nyob rau hauv cov av uas ntau termites txav los ntawm thaum foraging rau zaub mov thiab ncav cuag concentrations uas txhawb nqa ib tug tas mus li kev hem thawj ntawm tus kab mob [10]. Foraging termites, xws li hom ntawm cov genus Reticulitermes txav los ntawm cov av los nthuav lawv cov cheeb tsam 'ntau thiab nkag mus rau ntau qhov chaw pub mis, uas feem ntau yog cov khoom siv ntoo so ntawm cov av [11]. Lawv cov koog tsev kawm ntawv subterranean tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau tshaj kaum metres, muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas txhiab tus neeg, thiab ncav cuag ntau tshaj li ib puas colonies ib hectare [12]. Lawv hloov zuj zus los ntawm ib tug poj koob yawm txwv nrog cov cheeb tsam txwv rau ib daim ntoo [13,14]. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yuav ua rau muaj kev sib ntsib ntau ntxiv nrog cov neeg tua tsiaj, cov kab mob, thiab cov neeg sib tw thiab ua ke nrog cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tiag tiag uas feem ntau tsis pub rov tsim dua. Kev tu cev zoo tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov kev hloov pauv no thiab cov hluav taws xob tom ntej thiab tam sim no ecological kev vam meej ntawm termites, uas nws txoj kev koom tes rau cov ntoo lwj tuaj yeem tshaj microbial decomposition [15,16] thiab leej twg zoo li yuav nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb thaum kub nce [17] . Thaum lub sij hawm hloov mus rau foraging, ib qho kev so ntawm kev xaiv lub siab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob sib koom ua ke nrog nws qhov kev siv zog ntawm ob lub noob uas tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zais zis [6]. Cov proteins zoo li no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm ntawm fungal conidia nrog allogrooming. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev xaiv lub siab ntawm cov khoom ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab kev sib raug zoo mechanisms ntawm kev tiv thaiv yav dhau los qhia tau hais tias tseem muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv cov kab mob 'kev cia siab rau tus kheej hauv lub cev thiab kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob fungal. Qhov no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam hais tias cov kab mob hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob qis dua hauv cov pab pawg tshaj li cov neeg ntawm Reticulitermes cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau raug Metarhizium conidia [18]. Allogrooming txo qhov xav tau los qhib lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev hauv ob hom kab mob subterranean tawm tsam ob hom tsiaj hauv zos ntawm Metarhizium uas ntsib ib leeg. Cov hom Metarhizium raug cais tawm ntawm cov av hauv qab lossis ib sab ntawm cov cav ntoo uas tau sau cov kab. Ob hom kab kab, Reticulitermes virginicus thiab Reticulitermes flavpes tau sau los ntawm tib qhov chaw hauv Maryland. Txawm hais tias lawv zoo li agonistic, lawv feem ntau pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke los yog qee zaus hauv tib lub cav. Interspecific aggression ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm nquag ua rau tuag taus qhov txhab nyob rau hauv Petri phaj agonism assays [19]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov cuticular ntxuav ntawm R. virginicus cov neeg ua haujlwm yav dhau los tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj zog Metarhizium conidia dua li ntxuav los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm R. flavipes [20]. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias txawm hais tias ob kab no muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab ntsib tib yam kab mob, lawv yuav txawv ntawm lawv qhov kev cia siab ntawm tus kheej los yog kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo. Peb tau siv txoj hauv kev sib piv los tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev cia siab rau thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo thiab hauv lub cev thiab seb puas muaj peev xwm ua lag luam ntawm ob qho tib si. Txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tsis zoo, uas tuaj yeem suav nrog lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob zais cia, thiab rov ua dua. Kev tiv thaiv tus kheej tsis muaj zog tuaj yeem raug them los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo. Kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv pawg kaum ob, khub, lossis singletons tau tshawb xyuas tom qab lawv tau tawm tsam nrog cov kab mob los ntawm Metarhizium robertsii lossis Metarhizium brunneum. Cov pab pawg ntawm 12 tus neeg ua haujlwm tau raug luv luv ntawm cov kab mob fungus ntau. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai ua rau muaj kev coj cwj pwm zoo sib xws rau qhov uas tau pom thaum termites ntsib sporulating cadaver, qee zaum ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lub tswb teb uas ua rau muaj kev txav mus ntev ntev, LOMs [21–23]. Qhov zaus ntawm LOMs hauv thawj 12 min tom qab cov kab mob tau raug rau conidia ntawm cov kab sib txawv thiab hom Metarhizium muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nrog qhov zaus ntawm kev sib tw ntawm allogrooming. LOMs, uas yooj yim rau kev ntsuas dua li allogrooming, tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov ntsuas tsis ncaj ntawm allogrooming qib. Kev tshawb nrhiav cov kab mob zoo li yuav ncua mus txog rau thaum lub qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob kis tau nrog conidia, uas qhia tau hais tias kev lees paub receptors cuam tshuam nrog lub qhov ncauj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov pib ntawm lub tswb nrov thiab allogrooming. Pairs thiab singletons tau raug rau ib koob tshuaj tsawg ntawm cov fungus uas muaj feem ntau yuav cuam tshuam cov theem ntawm cov kab mob uas cov kab ntsig ntsib thaum lawv tsim cov chav hauv av, sib piv rau kev sib ntsib ncaj qha nrog sporulating cadavers. Tsis zoo li cov kab mob ib leeg, cov kab kab kab sib txuas yuav luag ua rau cov kab mob tuag taus ntawm qhov koob tshuaj no ntau dua 10 hnub. Txhawm rau sib cais kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev ntawm qhov koob tshuaj qis, ob khub ntawm cov kab ntsig tau sib cais ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv tsis ntev tom qab muaj kev sib tw nrog fungal conidia, thiab kev ciaj sia ntawm cov khub no tau muab piv rau singletons uas tsis muaj lub sijhawm rau kev sib raug zoo tom qab muaj kev sib tw fungal. Allogrooming thiab LOMs tau soj ntsuam ua ntej lub sij hawm sib cais cov ntsiab lus ntawm termite khub. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kua qaub ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob tau sim los ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv nruab nrab ntawm ob hom kab mob hauv teb rau ob hom fungi.

Desert ginseng—Improve immunity

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cistanche tubulosa- ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

2. Cov txheej txheem

2.1. Kawm Cov Kab Mob

Cov termites R. flavipes thiab R. virginicus, thiab cov fungi M. brunneum thiab M. Roberts, tau sau los ntawm kev loj hlob theem nrab deciduous hav zoov hauv Baltimore County (Pleasant Hills thiab Monkton), Maryland. Cov kab mob termite tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke thiab sib xyaw ua ke [19] thiab mitochondrial rRNA sequences [4]. Cov hom Metarhizium raug cais tawm ntawm cov qauv av ze ntawm qhov chaw sau cov kab mob (<30 cm) using a baiting technique with Tenebrio molitor larvae [24]. The conidia and mycelia of two clonal lines of the species were used for DNA purification with a QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit. The 50 regions of translation elongation factor 1-alpha were PCR-amplified using PCR primers EF1T and EF2T [25]. These regions were Sanger-sequenced (Psomagen, Rockville, MD) for species identification. Foraging groups of R. flavipes and R. virginicus (>1000) thiab cov ntoo uas lawv noj tau muab khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv yas hauv qhov tsaus, ntub dej ntawm 25 ◦C. Termites teej tug mus rau tib hom tau sau los ntawm cov chaw uas tau sib cais los ntawm tsawg kawg yog 60 m, uas feem ntau yog txaus los xyuas kom meej tias cov collections yog los ntawm txawv colonies [12]. Cov khoom sib cais no raug xa mus rau cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no. Termites tau sau nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2018 thiab 2019 rau kev sim nrog cov pab pawg ntawm 12 nrog rau hauv vitro thwmsim nrog cov kab ntsig crude extracts, thiab hauv 2021 thiab 2022 rau kev sim nrog khub thiab singletons. Termites tau siv rau hauv lawv qhov kev sim hauv 4 lub hlis ntawm kev sau. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau maj mam muab tshem tawm ntawm cov ntoo thiab khaws cia rau hauv cov pab pawg ntawm 12 55 hli txoj kab uas hla Petri cov tais diav nrog cov ntawv lim dej (Whatman 1) rau 24 teev nyob rau hauv lub teeb ci ua ntej siv rau peb qhov kev sim. Qhov no tso cai rau lawv mus rau lub teeb thiab ntxuav lawv cov cuticular nto ntawm cov khoom khib nyiab ua ntej cov kab mob fungal. Peb tsis suav nrog cov tub rog vim lawv tsis tu cov neeg nyob ze, sawv cev rau 1-2% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv, thiab tsis muaj nyob hauv cov pab pawg noj zaub mov.

2.2. Survivorship thiab Tswb teb rau Pab Pawg Kaum Ob

Cov pab pawg ntawm 12 R. flavipes lossis R. virginicus cov neeg ua haujlwm tau raug txhaj tshuaj ntau ntawm 10 6 conidia mL−1 ntawm 0.05% Tween 80 (MilliporeSigma , Burlington, MA, USA) lossis 0.05% Tween 80 rau kev tswj hwm. Tween 80 tau suav nrog los pab rhuav tshem cov pawg ntawm conidia thaum npaj cov kev ncua. Hnub ua ntej cov kev kho mob no, tag nrho 12 tus kab mob tau cim nrog ib qho me me ntawm cov xim pleev xim pleev xim rau ntawm sab dorsal ntawm lawv lub plab kom lawv tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tus kheej. Allogrooming tau tshem tawm cov xim ntawm ob peb tus neeg, tab sis cov tib neeg no tseem tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tus kheej thaum lub sijhawm tuag los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov neeg muaj sia nyob thiab los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus kheej hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm, xws li qib ntawm cov xim tsaus nti hauv plab. Cov termites siv rau txhua replicate ntawm 12 sib tw termites thiab tswj yog los ntawm txawv colonies. Tsib lub cheeb tsam tau siv rau ob qho tib si R. flavipes thiab R. virginicus (n=480 cov neeg ua haujlwm). Cov kev sim nrog M. Roberts cov cheeb tsam tau rov ua dua tom qab peb lub hlis los sim kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj 60 replicates ntawm 12 los yog 11 termites (n=709). Nyob rau hauv 11 replicates ib tug termite tuag ua ntej fungal kis, uas tshwm sim vim tuav thaum pleev xim rau. Termites raug rau conidia npaj los ntawm ib tug clonal kab lis kev cai ntawm M. Roberts los yog M. brunneum. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ntxiv rau 1.5 mL hlab uas muaj 500 µL ntawm conidia dilutions, los yog 0.05% Tween 80 rau kev tswj, nrog rau ib tug me me yas funnel thiab maj mam agitated rau 10 s kom tiav immersion. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv lim kom nqus cov kua dej ntau dhau, hloov mus rau 55 hli txoj kab uas hla Petri cov tais diav uas muaj cov ntawv lim dej (Whatman 1), thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab kaw rau 12 min. Kev tuag tau saib xyuas txhua hnub rau ob lub lis piam. Cov neeg tuag raug tshem tawm, nto sterilized nrog 70% ethanol, thiab muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv lim dej hauv Petri tais diav (55 mm) khaws cia ntawm 24 ◦C thiab 100% av noo rau kev pom zoo ntawm tus kab mob Metarhizium (ntsuab muscardine loj hlob tom qab 3-4 hnub). Tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm LOMs pom nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab tshaj 12 min tau qhab nia rau txhua tus nas. LOMs tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2-7 s thiab yuav tsum tau nres thiab rov pib ua kom tau qhab nia raws li cov xwm txheej sib txawv [23].

2.3. Survivorship thiab Allogrooming rau Pairs thiab Singletons

Kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov kab kab sib txuas tau muab piv rau singletons tom qab kis tau los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tsawg (104 conidia mL−1) ntawm conidia uas tsis ua rau muaj kev tuag ntau dhau thiab yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam txog cov kab mob uas tau ntsib thaum tsiv hauv av [10] . Cov khub thiab singletons tau muab piv rau kev ntsuas kev muaj sia nyob them los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Cov pab pawg ntawm 12 tus neeg ua haujlwm tau pib sib tw nrog lossis tsis muaj cov kab mob raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no, tshwj tsis yog tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm kwv yees li 107 conidia mL-1 tau npaj rau hauv 0.1% Tween 80 thiab nquag vortexed ua ntej dilutions nrog sterile dej mus rau 104 conidia mL-1. Tween 80 tsis suav nrog hauv kev sib cais vim tias kev ncua ntawm tus neeg conidia tuaj yeem khaws cia ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab thiab vim tias cov surfactant tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov adhesion ntawm conidia rau cuticle. Cov neeg no tsis tau pleev xim rau. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev kho mob thiab ua ntej termites muaj lub cib fim sib cuam tshuam, lawv tau muab faib ua khub lossis singletons hauv cov qhov dej ntawm 24-cov kab lis kev cai zoo ntawm tes (CELLTREAT Scientific, Pepperell, MA). Txhua lub qhov dej tau ua los ntawm cov ntawv lim dej (Whatman 1). Rau txhua tus kab ntsig / fungal ua ke (n=4), plaub kab kab sib cais tau muab cais ua ib leeg tom qab 15 min, 2 h, 5.5 h, 8 h, thiab 27 h (n=160), thiab rau txhua qhov termite/fungal ua ke 12 termites uas tsis muaj lub sijhawm los cuam tshuam tau muab cais ua fungal kho lossis tswj singletons (n ​​= 96). Cov kab no ib leeg kuj tau muab faib ua 24- cov phiaj zoo nrog cov ntawv lim. Kev tuag ntawm cov kab mob tom qab tau saib xyuas tom qab kaum hnub, thiab cov neeg tuag raug tshem tawm kom paub tseeb tias muaj kab mob los ntawm Metarhizium. Ib lub colony tau siv rau ob qho tib si R. flavipes kho nrog M. robertsii lossis M. brunneum thiab R. virginicus kho nrog M. robertsii lossis M. brunneum (n=256). Rau cov khub uas tsis kho tau kuj tau khaws cia hauv 24- daim phiaj zoo rau 10 hnub rau txhua hom. Ib qho kev sim cais nrog tib lub cheeb tsam tau tsom mus rau kev sau cov allogrooming ua ntej lub sij hawm sib cais ntawm cov khub ntawm 15 min, 2 h, 5.5 h, 8 h, thiab 27 h. Rau qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua hom kab tsuag tau kho nrog txhua tus kab mob lossis dej rau kev tswj hwm thiab tau qhab nia rau allogrooming rau 15 feeb ua ntej lub sij hawm sib cais (n=180). Allogrooming cov xwm txheej tau qhab nia thaum lub qhov ncauj-rau-lub cev sib cuag ntawm ob lub termites koom nrog kev txav ntawm lub qhov ncauj (palps), thiab lub sijhawm ntawm txhua qhov kev tshwm sim tsis cuam tshuam rau allogrooming tau kaw. Allogrooming tau qhab nia los ntawm ib tus neeg soj ntsuam uas qhov muag tsis pom kev kho cov kab mob tau txais. LOMs kuj tau qhab nia tab sis tsis muaj tseeb thiab tsis siv hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam. Kev tu tus kheej tsis tau pom.

Cistanche deserticola—improve immunity (5)

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cistanche tubulosa- ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

2.4. Hauv Vitro Antifungal Activity

Kaum ob tus neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm 5 R. flavipes lossis R. virginicus colonies tau txias immobilized hauv 1.5 mL Eppendorf hlab, thiab 120 µL dej txias, tsis muaj menyuam tau ntxiv rau txhua lub raj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm ob hom siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog kwv yees li qhov loj me (ntev 4-5 mm). Cov termites tau homogenized nrog cov yas pestle, thiab cov extract tau centrifuged ntawm 16, 000 g rau 2 min. Lub supernatant tau lim sterilized nrog 0.22 µm Ultrafree lim (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). Kaum µL ntawm cov filtrate tau incubated rau 24 h nrog kaum µL muaj 100 conidia ntawm M. robertsii los yog M. brunneum thiab 20 µL ntawm 100 µg mL-1 ampicillin ntxiv kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob. Kev tswj hwm suav nrog 10 µL ntawm cov dej tsis muaj menyuam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Ob qhov rov ua dua rau txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau kis rau ntawm qos yaj ywm dextrose agar (PDA) ntxiv nrog 50 µg mL-1 ampicillin (60 mm Petri tais) thiab incubated ntawm RT hauv qhov tsaus ntuj rau 4-5 hnub. Antifungal kev ua haujlwm tau ntsuas los ntawm kev sib piv cov colony-forming units (CFUs) hauv cov kev kho mob tsis zoo rau kev tswj hwm.

2.5. Kev txheeb cais

Kaplan-Meier kev kwv yees ntawm lub sijhawm muaj sia nyob tau siv rau kev sib piv ntawm kev muaj sia nyob. Hazard ratios of death (HRs) raug xam nrog Cox regression tsom xam. Peb siv Cox regression los tshawb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tuag ntawm cov tib neeg uas nthuav tawm LOMs lossis tsis nthuav tawm LOMs thaum tswj hwm rau lwm yam kev hloov pauv (kev kho kab mob lossis kev tswj hwm, hom kab mob fungi, hom kab mob, thaj chaw ntawm keeb kwm). LOMs tau categorized li tsis tuaj los yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg vim hais tias ntawm cov zaus ntawm outliers thiab tsis muaj normality. Nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam ciaj sia taus nrog termite khub thiab singletons, HR yog raws li kev sib piv ntawm conidia-kho khub (sib cais ntawm lub sij hawm sib txawv) thiab conidia-kho singletons. Cov HRs no, yog li ntawd, muab ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm kev ciaj sia los ntawm kev sib raug zoo mechanisms ntawm kev tiv thaiv thaum tswj rau tus kheej mechanisms ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm siv ua khub thiab kev hloov hauv HR tau ntsuas nrog Pearson kev sib raug zoo. Kev faib tawm ntawm LOMs ntawm cov kev kho mob sib txawv tau muab piv nrog Kruskal-Wallis test nrog Bonferroni kho rau ntau qhov kev sim rau kev sib piv ua ke. Lub ntsiab lus CFU lossis lub sijhawm ntawm allogrooming cov xwm txheej tau muab piv nrog ANOVA xeem nrog Bonferroni kho rau kev sib piv ua ke. Peb tau siv IBM SPSS Statistics (version 28) rau cov kev xeem ntsuas.

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Ciaj sia nyob thiab ceeb toom ntawm Cov Pab Pawg Sib Tw ntawm Kaum Ob

The Cox regression model of survivorship that included categorical variables for fungal treatment, LOMs, termite species, fungi species, and a colony of origin was significant (Chi-square = 246.29, df = 12, p < 0.001). Challenged termites were 9.28 times more likely to die than untreated termites (Wald = 143.05, p < 0.001) while controlling for the other variables. Termites that displayed LOMs (n = 422) were 1.52 times more likely to survive (Wald = 8.30, p = 0.004) than individuals that did not display LOMs (n = 286). R. virginicus workers were 2.08 times more likely to die than R. flavipes workers (Wald = 6.31, p = 0.012). Fungal species did not contribute significantly to the model (Wald = 0.841, p = 0.359). The colony of origin contributed significantly to the model (Wald = 50.16, p < 0.001), which is consistent with previously reported colony variation in Reticulitermes resistance to Metarhizium infections [24]. Survivorship did not differ between the same colony when the experiment was repeated 3 months later with workers that were exposed to M. Roberts (Breslow pairwise comparison, Chi-square = 0.342, p = 0.559). Most deaths in the challenged termites were attributable to Metarhizium infection (>90% kev lees paub). Rau cov kab mob sib tw nrog M. Roberts, 129 tus neeg tuag tau pom ntawm 237 tus neeg, thiab lub sijhawm muaj sia nyob nruab nrab rau R. virginicus (9.10 hnub) qis dua rau R. flavipes (10). 98 hnub)(Breslow=10.05, df=1, p=0.002) (Daim duab 1). Rau cov kab mob sib tw nrog M. brunneum, 79 tus neeg tuag tau pom ntawm 120 tus neeg, thiab lub sijhawm muaj sia nyob nruab nrab rau R. flavipes (9.70 hnub) qis dua rau R. virginicus (10.68 hnub) tab sis tsis tseem ceeb (Breslow=2} .74, df=1, p=0.098). Kev faib tawm ntawm LOMs (Daim duab 2) ntawm cov kab mob fungal thiab tswj kev kho mob yog qhov sib txawv heev (Kruskal–Wallis=176.897, df=5, p < 0.001). Qhov zaus ntawm LOMs tsis txawv txav ntawm M. brunneum kev kho mob thiab lawv cov kev tswj hwm rau R. flavipes (hloov p=0.097) thiab R. virginicus (hloov p=1.000 ). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zaus ntawm LOMs tau ntau dua rau M. Roberts kev kho mob piv rau lawv cov kev tswj hwm rau R. flavipes (hloov p <0.001) thiab R. virginicus (kho p < 0.001) (Daim duab 2). Rau kev kho M. Roberts, qhov zaus ntawm R. flavipes LOMs tau ntau dua li R. virginicus LOMs (hloov p <0.001). Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev kho M. brunneum, qhov zaus ntawm R. flavipes LOMs tsis txawv ntawm R. virginicus LOMs (hloov p=1.000). Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau M. brunneum, pawg ntawm 12 termites sib tw nrog M. Roberts conidia ua rau muaj kev coj cwj pwm tseem ceeb.

3.2. Survivorship ntawm Kev Sib Tw Pairs thiab Singletons

Kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov kab kab sib cais sib cais ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv sai tom qab kev sib tw kab mob tau muab piv rau kev muaj sia nyob ntawm kev sib tw singletons nrog kev phom sij ntawm kev tuag (HRs). Ib qho HR ntawm 1 sib txuam nrog kev sib npaug ntawm kev muaj sia nyob hauv cov khub sib cais thiab singletons dhau kaum hnub. Cov nqi qis dua ib qho qhia tias muaj kev txo qis hauv cov khub sib cais piv rau cov singletons. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sijhawm siv ua khub thiab kev txo qis hauv HR tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau R. flavipes kho nrog M. Roberts (r=−0.978, p=0). {7}}04) los yog M. brunneum (r=−0.983, p=0.003), thiab tsis yog rau R. virginicus kho nrog ob qho tib si M. Roberts (r=−0.643, p=0.242) los yog M. brunneum (r=−0.812, p=0.095). Qhov no kuj tau tshwm sim hauv R2 qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm cov kab rov tav regressions pom hauv daim duab 3 (lub sijhawm tau hloov pauv rau kev suav ntawm Pearson correlations thiab R2 qhov tseem ceeb). Tsis muaj kev tuag tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khub tsis kho (6 khub rau txhua hom kab) thiab ib qho tuag hauv 16 khub kho (4 khub rau txhua kab kab / fungi ua ke) uas tsis tau sib cais dhau 10 hnub.

Figure 1


Daim duab 1. Survivorship rau pawg 12. Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes, Rv nrog R. virginicus, Mr nrog M. robertsii thiab Mb nrog M. brunneum. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ciaj sia rau kev sib piv ua ke yog raws li kev xeem Breslow (generalized Wilcoxon tests). * Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob, NS tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob (p< 0.025 Bonferroni adjusted α). The distribution of LOMs (Figure 2) among fungal and control treatments was significantly different (Kruskal–Wallis = 176.897, df = 5, p < 0.001). The frequency of LOMs was not significantly different between M. brunneum treatments and their respective controls for R. flavipes (adjusted p = 0.097) and R. virginicus (adjusted p = 1.000). However, the frequency of LOMs was significantly greater for M. robertsii treatments compared to their respective controls for R. flavipes (adjusted p < 0.001) and R. virginicus (adjusted p < 0.001) (Figure 2). For the M. robertsii treatment, the frequency of R. flavipes LOMs was significantly greater than R. virginicus LOMs (adjusted p < 0.001). However, for the M. brunneum treatment, the frequency of R. flavipes LOMs was not significantly different from R. virginicus LOMs (adjusted p = 1.000). In contrast to M. brunneum, groups of 12 termites challenged with M. robertsii conidia resulted in a significant behavioral response. 

Daim duab 1. Survivorship rau pawg 12. Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes, Rv nrog R. virginicus, Mr nrog M. robertsii thiab Mb nrog M. brunneum. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ciaj sia rau kev sib piv ua ke yog raws li kev xeem Breslow (generalized Wilcoxon tests). * Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob, NS tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob (p< 0.025 Bonferroni adjusted α). For the survivorship of pathogen-challenged single termites (Figure 4), 47 deaths were observed among 48 individuals, and the mean survival time for R. flavipes (4.21 days) was significantly lower than for R. virginicus (6.17 days)(Breslow, chi-square = 33.927, df = 1, p < 0.001). This relationship held for both species of fungi: For M. robertsii exposure, the mean survival time for R. flavipes (4.25 days) was significantly lower than for R. virginicus (5.83 days) (chi-square = 16.133, df = 1, p < 0.001); For M. brunneum exposure, the mean survival time for R. flavipes (4.17 days) was significantly lower than for R. virginicus (6.50 days) (chi-square = 20.994, df = 1, p < 0.001). 3.3. Antifungal Activity of Crude Extracts The two species of fungi were analyzed separately (the viability of conidia on PDA differs between the two species). For M. robertsii, mean colony-forming units (CFUs) among fungal and control treatments were significantly different (F = 18.08, df = 2, p < 0.001) (Figure 5a). Crude extracts of R. virginicus but not R. flavipes workers showed significant antifungal activity against M. robertsii compared to the control (adjusted p < 0.001 and p = 1.000, respectively). The antifungal activity of R. virginicus extracts against M. robertsii was significantly greater than the antifungal activity of R. flavipes extracts against M. robertsii (adjusted p < 0.001). For M. brunneum, mean CFUs (Figure 5b) among fungal and control treatments were significantly different (F = 27.26, df = 2, p < 0.001). Crude extracts of R. virginicus but not R. flavipes showed significant antifungal activity against M. brunneum compared to the control (adjusted p < 0.001 and p = 0.072, respectively). The antifungal activity of R. virginicus extracts against M. brunneum was significantly greater than the antifungal activity of R. flavipes against M. brunneum (adjusted p < 0.001).

3.3. Antifungal Activity ntawm Crude Extracts

Ob hom fungi tau txheeb xyuas cais (qhov kev muaj peev xwm ntawm conidia ntawm PDA txawv ntawm ob hom). Rau M. robertsii, txhais tau tias colony-forming units (CFUs) ntawm cov kab mob fungal thiab tswj kev kho mob txawv heev (F=18.08, df=2, p < 0 .001) (Daim duab 5a). Crude extracts ntawm R. virginicus tab sis tsis yog R. flavipes cov neeg ua haujlwm tau pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb tiv thaiv M. robertsii piv rau kev tswj hwm (hloov p < 0.001 thiab p=1.{{ 10}}, raws). Cov kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm R. virginicus extracts tawm tsam M. robertsii tau ntau dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm R. flavipes extracts tawm tsam M. robertsii (hloov p <0.001). Rau M. brunneum, txhais tau tias CFUs (Daim duab 5b) ntawm cov kab mob fungal thiab kev tswj xyuas kev kho mob sib txawv heev (F=27.26, df=2, p < 0.001). Crude extracts ntawm R. virginicus tab sis tsis yog R. flavipes pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb tiv thaiv M. brunneum piv rau kev tswj hwm (hloov p < 0.001 thiab p=0.072, feem). Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm R. virginicus extracts tawm tsam M. brunneum yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm R. flavipes tawm tsam M. brunneum (hloov p <0.001).



Figure 2

Daim duab 2. Tswb teb rau cov kab mob fungal. Boxplots sawv cev rau kev faib tawm ntawm LOMs (LOMs tau qhab nia hauv 709 cov neeg kos duab kos duab). Cov thawv sib raug nrog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm sab sauv thiab qis qis los ntawm qhov nruab nrab (IQR). Whiskers sib haum nrog 1.5 × IQR. Lub voj voog thiab hnub qub qhia txog cov kev tawm tsam dhau 1.5 × IQR lossis 3 × IQR, raws li. Cov ntawv sib txawv qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev faib tawm rau cov kab mob fungal thiab kev tswj hwm kev kho mob (Bonferroni kho). Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes, Rv nrog R. virginicus, Mr nrog M. robertsii thiab Mb nrog M. brunneum.

3.4. Allogrooming ntawm Challenged Pairs

Qhov zaus ntawm allogrooming bouts tau txo qis nrog kev sib tw fungal (kev sib tw txhais tau tias {{{0}}}.55, tswj txhais tau tias=8.80, t=−4.461, p < {{20}}.001). Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm allogrooming tau nce ntxiv nrog cov nyom nyom (kev sib tw txhais tau tias=19.01 s, tswj txhais tau tias=5.62 s, t=4.876, p <0.001). Lub sij hawm ntawm allogrooming bouts rau txhua qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm termite khub sib txawv heev ntawm kev kho mob thiab kev tswj hwm (F=7.166, df=5, p < 0.001) (Daim duab 6). Lub sijhawm allogrooming ib qho kev tshwm sim tau nce siab hauv R. flavipes khub kho nrog M. robertsii (hloov p <0.001) lossis M. brunneum (hloov p=0.037) txheeb ze rau kev tswj tab sis tsis nyob hauv R. virginicus khub kho nrog M. robertsii (hloov p=1.000) lossis M. brunneum (hloov p=1.000) txheeb ze rau kev tswj.


Figure 3

Daim duab 3. Kev muaj sia nyob ntawm ob tus kab ntsig piv rau ib qho tau muab piv nrog kev phom sij ntawm kev tuag (n=80 khub, 96 singletons). Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes, Rv nrog R. virginicus, Mr nrog M. robertsii thiab Mb nrog M. brunneum. Lub sijhawm tau hloov pauv rau kev suav ntawm R2 qhov tseem ceeb.


Figure 4

Daim duab 4. Kev muaj sia nyob ntawm ib kab kab tom qab kev sib tw fungal (n=96). Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes, Rv nrog R. virginicus, Mr nrog M. robertsii thiab Mb nrog M. brunneum. Saib cov ntawv nyeem kom paub meej txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev kho mob. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ciaj sia rau kev sib piv ua ke yog raws li kev xeem Breslow (generalized Wilcoxon tests). * Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob (p < 0.025 Bonferroni kho ).

Figure 5

Daim duab 5. Crude extract antifungal kev tiv thaiv M. robertsii (a) thiab M. brunneum (b). Cov nqi saum toj no sawv cev txhais tau tias CFUs (± SD), thiab cov ntawv sib txawv qhia qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (Bonferroni kho). Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes thiab Rv nrog R. virginicus. Kev tsom xam tau siv ob qhov kev rov ua dua los ntawm 5 cov cheeb tsam los ntawm txhua hom kab kab, 6 replicates rau Rf tswj, thiab 2 replicates rau Rv tswj.


Figure 6

Daim duab 6. Duration ntawm allogrooming ib qho kev sib tham (n=161 allogrooming events). Cov txiaj ntsig saum toj no sawv cev lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam (± SD), thiab cov ntawv sib txuas sib txawv qhia qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (Bonferroni kho). Rf sib raug nrog R. flavipes, Rv nrog R. virginicus, Mr nrog M. robertsii, thiab Mb nrog M. brunneum.

4. Kev sib tham

R. flavipes tso siab rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob fungal hauv zos kom ntau dua li R. virginicus. Rau cov neeg ua haujlwm R. flavipes tau sib tw nrog ob hom Metarhizium, muaj kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ob lub termites siv ua ke thiab lawv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tuag txheeb ze rau kev sib tw ib leeg. Qhov kev phom sij ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus txheeb ze rau kev sib tw ib leeg yog halved nyob rau hauv kwv yees li ob teev (Daim duab 3). Kev sib raug zoo thaum ntxov yog li ntawd zoo li tseem ceeb rau kev muaj sia nyob thaum R. flavipes cov neeg ua haujlwm ntsib qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm Metarhizium conidia. Hauv qhov sib piv, R. cov neeg ua haujlwm virginicus tau pom tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ob lub termites siv ua ke thiab lawv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tuag. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau R. virginicus, R. flavipes tus neeg ua haujlwm khub tau nce lub sijhawm ntawm allogrooming bouts tom qab muaj kev sib tw fungal (Daim duab 6). Kev tshawb pom ntawm conidia ntawm tus neeg zes 'cuticle yuav ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv. Kev tshem tawm tau zoo dua ntawm conidia ntawm qhov chaw cuticular los ntawm kev ua kom lub sij hawm ntawm allogrooming bouts tshwm rau R. flavipes 'kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tseem qhia tau tias R. virginicus tso siab rau tib neeg lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob fungal hauv zos kom ntau dua li R. flavыs. Kev tuag ntawm ib leeg R. flavipes cov neeg ua haujlwm sib tw nrog ib qho ntawm Metarhizium hom muaj ntau dua li kev tuag ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm R. virginicus (Daim duab 4). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm R. virginicus tus neeg ua haujlwm cuticular ntxuav tawm tsam Metarhizium conidia yav dhau los tau pom tias muaj zog ntau dua li kev ua haujlwm ntawm R. flavipes cov neeg ua haujlwm [20]. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm crude extracts ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob kuj tseem muaj zog hauv R. virginicus dua li ntawm R. flavipes (Daim duab 5). Cov extracts muaj xws li cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm cov hnyuv symbionts, uas, nrog rau cov kab mob termite antifungal compounds, kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab txhawb kom tshem tawm cov kab mob conidia [26]. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev tuag thiab lawv qhov tsis muaj zog sib cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm sib cais hauv R. virginicus cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo ib yam nrog kev vam khom ntau dua ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev uas sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg ntau dua li kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv zej zog. R. flavipes kuj tau pom tias muaj kev vam khom ntau dua ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo thaum pab pawg ntawm 12 tus neeg ua haujlwm tau raug luv luv los ntawm M. robertsii conidia. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kis tau rau M. robertsii conidia, ob hom kab ntsig tau pom LOMs siab. Qhov kev ceeb toom no tau nce siab dua hauv R. flavipes ntau dua li hauv R. virginicus (Daim duab 2), thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob ua rau tuag taus kuj tseem ceeb dua hauv R. flavipes dua li hauv R. virginicus (Daim duab 1). Hauv qhov sib piv, muaj qhov nce siab tab sis tsis muaj zog lub tswb teb rau M. brunneum conidia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim no, nws tau dhau los ua pov thawj tias lub tswb nrov hauv R. flavipes teb rau conidia ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv Metarhizium thiab hom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev nce siab allogrooming thiab ciaj sia taus [23]. R. flavipes cov neeg ua haujlwm tej zaum yuav muaj qhov qis dua R. cov neeg ua haujlwm virginicus rau kev lees paub thiab teb cov lus sib sau ua ke thiab ua tau zoo rau cov kab mob cuticular nrog M. robertsii conidia. M. robertsii, uas yog hom Metarhizium uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv peb qhov chaw kawm [24], tuaj yeem sawv cev rau kev hem thawj rau R. flavipes uas yuav tsum muaj lub zog tiv thaiv kab mob vim tias tus kab mob no muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tiv thaiv nws. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cuam tshuam nrog cov qog ua kua qaub yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tus neeg tiv thaiv tau pom hauv txoj kev tshawb no [20]. Cov tebchaw no muaj nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ua ntej muaj kev sib tw fungal raws li lawv tau hais los ua ke thiab tau nthuav tawm tas li los ntawm theem pib ntawm allogrooming, uas yog li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus kheej thiab kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo. Qhov gestalt no yuav suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv me me zoo li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob peptide termicin, uas tau tso rau hauv cov qog ua kua qaub thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv kev tuag los ntawm Metarhizium [27]. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm R. flavipes thiab R. virginicus los ntawm tib qhov chaw sau hauv Maryland tau siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no qhia tias termicins tsis ntev los no tau ntsib ib qho kev xaiv cheb uas ua rau txo qis hauv nucleotide polymorphism, thiab qhov txo qis hauv R. flavipes ntau dua R. nkauj xwb [28].

Desert ginseng—Improve immunity (3)

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Kev cheb tej zaum yuav yog thiab tejzaum nws tseem yuav ua tau, hnyav dua rau R. flavы vim R. virginicus muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob uas txo nws txoj kev cia siab rau termicins rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob fungal tsis ntev los no. Xwb, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob evolution (tsis muaj kev hloov pauv caj ces) yuav ua rau R. flavipes nrog riam phom tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm cov kab mob fungal tshiab. Kev txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv termicins nyob rau hauv kev xaiv muaj zog kuj pom tseeb hauv Australian Nasutitermes [29]. Cov txheej txheem stochastic ntawm cov noob duplication zoo li tau tso tawm qhov kev txwv no hauv cov kab sib txawv nasute, uas ua rau rov ua dua ntawm ob lub termicins nrog cov nqi sib txawv. Qhov no yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv kab mob vim tias ob lub terminals nrog cov khoom sib txawv txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob fungal rau lawv. Termites nthuav tawm lub tswb (LOMs) tom qab kis tau cov koob tshuaj ntau ntawm conidia tsawg dua yuav tuag ntau dua ob lub lis piam dua li cov tib neeg uas tsis muaj lub tswb. LOMs muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog R. flavipes cov neeg ua haujlwm sib sau ua ke thiab kev sib koom ua ke [23], uas qhia tias cov tib neeg uas muaj kev ceeb toom hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau thov kev tu cev ntau dua los ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. LOMs tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam cov kab mob Metarhizium nyob rau hauv cov kab mob thiab tau luv nqi raws li kev ua si lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teeb liab kis tau tus kab mob [30]. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yuav tsis tuaj yeem vim tias lawv tsis tshwm sim hauv cov tib neeg uas nyob ib leeg, tsis raug tshem tawm los ntawm qee hom kab mob thiab hom Metarhizium, siv sijhawm li 3 feeb tom qab kev sib tw ua ntej lawv nce, thiab txo qis tom qab kwv yees li 30 min [22,23]. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias LOMs sib txuas lus ceeb toom thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev tom qab kis tau ntau ntawm conidia, uas tau kuaj pom thaum allogrooming. Txawm li cas los xij, LOMs tsis tsim nyog rau cov lus teb rau tus cwj pwm zoo txij li lub sijhawm ntawm allogrooming tau nce ntxiv tom qab kev siv tshuaj tsawg thaum LOMs tsis saib xyuas.

5. Cov lus xaus

LOMs zoo li yog ib feem ntawm cov lus teb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev rau cov kab mob hnyav hnyav uas siv cov kev sib txuas lus sib txuas kom nrawm nrawm rau kev tshem tawm thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm feem ntau conidia ua ntej lawv muaj lub sijhawm los txuas ruaj khov thiab tawg, uas yuav siv sijhawm li 12 teev [31]. Cov lus teb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev no yuav muaj zog heev. Txhim khu kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo hauv R. flavы teb rau M. robertsii tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev hloov pauv uas R. virginicus tsis tas yuav ua rau tib yam vim tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum ntsib nrog cov kab mob qis qis uas cov neeg ua haujlwm foraging yuav tsum niaj hnub tiv taus, allogrooming kuj tshwm sim los them nyiaj rau lub cev tsis muaj zog hauv lub cev.

Cov ntaub ntawv

1. Cremer, S.; Rub, CD; Fuerst, MA Social immunity: Kev tshwm sim thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob colony. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2018, 63, 105–123. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Cremer, S.; Armitage, SA; Schmid-Hempel, P. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17, R693–R702. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

3. Evans, JD; Aronstein, K. Chen, YP; Hetru, C.; Imler, JL; Jiang, H.; Kanost, M.; Thompson, GJ; Zou, Z. Hultmark, D. Immune pathways and defense mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera. Kab Mol. Biol. 2006, 15, 645–656. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

4. Harpur, BA; Zayed, A. Accelerated evolution of innate immunity proteins in social insects: Adaptive evolution lossis so kom txaus? Mol. Biol. Evol. Xyoo 2013, 30, 1665–1674. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

5. Nws, S.; Sieksmeyer, T.; Chaw, Y.; Mora, MAE; Stiblik, P.; Banasiak, R.; Harrison, MC; Soobotník, J.; Wang, Z.; Johnston, PR; ua al. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau txo qis kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob. Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B 2021, 288, 20203168. [CrossRef]

6. Bulmer, MS; Stefano, AM Termite eusociality thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev xaiv siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2022, 76, 1–12. [CrossRef]

7. Yanagawa, A.; Shimizu, S. Resistance of the termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki to Metarhizium anisopliae vim kev tu plaub hau. BioControl 2007, 52, 75–85. [CrossRef]

8. Rosengaus, RB; Traniello, JF; Bulmer, MS Ecology, tus cwj pwm thiab evolution ntawm kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob. Nyob rau hauv Biology ntawm Termites: Ib Niaj Hnub Sib Tham; Bignell, DE, Roisin, Y., Lo, N., Eds.; Springer: London, UK, 2011; Ib., 165–192.

9. Zhukovskaya, M.; Yanagawa, A.; Forschler, BT Grooming tus cwj pwm ua ib lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Kab 2013, 4, 609–630. [CrossRef]

10. Milner, RJ Kev Xaiv thiab ua tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kab mob Metarhizium anisopliae rau kev tswj cov kab hauv av hauv Australia. Hauv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob ntawm Locusts thiab Nyom; Lomer, CJ, Ua ntej, C., Eds.; CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 1991; Ib., 200–207.

11. Traniello, JF; Leuthold, RH Cwj Pwm thiab ecology ntawm foraging hauv termites. Nyob rau hauv Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology; Abe, T., Bignell, DE, Higashi, M., Higashi, T., Abe, Y., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, Lub Netherlands, 2000; ib., 141–168.

12. Vaaj, E.; Husseneder, C. Biology ntawm subterranean termites: Kev nkag siab los ntawm kev tshawb fawb molecular ntawm Reticulitermes thiab Coptotermes. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2009, 54, 379–403. [CrossRef]

13. Abe, T. Evolution of life types in termites. Hauv Evolution thiab Coadaptation hauv Biotic Zej Zog; Kowana, S., Connell, JH, Hidaka, T., Eds.; University of Tokyo Press: Tokyo, Nyiv, 1987; ib., 128–148.

14. Shellman-Reeve, JS Lub spectrum ntawm eusociality nyob rau hauv termites. Nyob rau hauv Evolution ntawm Social Behavior nyob rau hauv Kab thiab Arachnids; Choe, JC, Crespi, BJ, Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1997; ib., 52–93.

15. Griffiths, HM; Eggleton, P.; Hemming-Schroeder, N.; Swinfield, T.; Woo, JS; Allison, SD; Coomes, DA; Ashton, LA; Parr, CL Carbon flux thiab hav zoov dynamics: Nce deadwood decomposition nyob rau hauv tropical rainforest tsob ntoo-poob canopy khoob. Ntiaj teb. Chang. Biol. 2001, 27, 1601–1613. [CrossRef]

16. Guo, C.; Tau, B.; Ci, H.; Yan, ER; Cornelissen, JH Dynamic tawm tswv yim ntawm cov ntoo ua haujlwm zoo, cov neeg muaj kab mob, thiab cov ntoo tuag. J. Ecol. 2021, 109, 578–1590. [CrossRef]

17. Zanne, AE; Flores-Moreno, H.; Powell, JR; Cornwell, NWS; Dalling, JW; Austin, UA; Chav Kawm, AT; Eggleton, P.; Okada, KI; Parr, CL; ua al. Termite rhiab heev rau qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam rau ntiaj teb cov ntoo lwj. Science 2022, 377, 1440–1444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

18. Liu, L.; Wang, W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, P.; Li, C.; Huang, Q. Tus cwj pwm ntawm allogrooming tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej innate tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv subterranean termite Reticulitermes chinensis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Kab Sci. 2019, 19, 6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

19. Polizzi, JM; Forschler, BT Intra-and interspecific agonism nyob rau hauv Reticulitermes flavы (Kollar) thiab R. virginicus (Banks) thiab cov teebmeem ntawm arena thiab pab pawg loj hauv kev soj ntsuam kuaj. Insectes Sociaux 1998, 45, 43–49. [CrossRef]

20. Hamilton, C.; Laj, F.; Bulmer, MS Subterranean termite prophylactic secretions thiab lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. J. Kab Physiol. 2011, 57, 1259–1266. [CrossRef]

21. Rosengaus, RB; Jordan, C.; ib. Lefebvre, ML; Traniello, JFA Pathogen tswb tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv ib tug termite: Ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo kab. Sci. Nat. 1999, 86, 544–548. [CrossRef]

22. Myles, TG Tswb, sib sau ua ke, thiab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Reticulitermes flavыs teb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho kev cais ntawm Metarhizium anisopliae. Sociobiology 2002, 40, 243–256.

23. Bulmer, MS; Franco, IB; Fields, EG Subterranean termite social tswb thiab hygienic teb rau fungal pathogens. Kab 2019, 10, 240. [CrossRef]

24. Denier, D.; Bulmer, MS Variation nyob rau hauv subterranean termite susceptibility rau tuag kab mob los ntawm lub zos Metarhizium av cais. Kab Sociaux 2015, 62, 219–226. [CrossRef]

25. Bischoff, JF; Rehner, SA; Humber, RA Ib tug multilocus phylogeny ntawm Metarhizium anisopliae kab. Mycologia 2018, 101, 512–530. [CrossRef]

26. Rosengaus, RB; Schultheis, KF; Yalonetskaya, A.; Bulmer, MS; DuComb, WS; Benson, RWM; Taum, JP; Godoy-Carter, V. Symbiont-derived -1, 3-glucanases nyob rau hauv cov kab kev sib raug zoo: Mutualism dhau kev noj haus. Pem hauv ntej. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 607. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

27. Hamilton, C.; Bulmer, MS Molecular antifungal tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv subterranean termites: RNA cuam tshuam qhia nyob rau hauv vivo lub luag hauj lwm ntawm terminus thiab GNBPs tiv thaiv ib tug tej yam kab mob. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2012, 36, 372–377. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

28. Bulmer, MS; Laj, F.; Hamilton, C. Adaptive evolution in subterranean termite antifungal peptides. Kab Mol. Biol. 2010, 19, 669–674. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

29. Bulmer, MS; Crozier, RH Duplication thiab diversifying xaiv ntawm termite antifungal peptides. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2004, 21, 2256–2264. [CrossRef]

30. Moob, MN; Aguero, WM; Eyer, PA; Vargo, EL Rescue lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv ib tug termite: Cov neeg ua hauj lwm raug tus kab mob fungal yog reintegrated rau hauv lub colony. Pem hauv ntej. Ecol. Evol. 2022, 10, 840223. [CrossRef]

31. Davis, HE; Meconcelli, S.; Raub, R.; McMahon, DP Termites zoo li lawv cov lus teb coj tus cwj pwm raws li theem ntawm kev kis kab mob. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 14433. [CrossRef]

Koj Tseem Yuav Zoo Li