Onco-immunity Thiab Therapeutic Application Of Amygdalin: Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Ntu 1

TSAB NTAWV

Keeb kwm:

Amygdalin yog lub npe hu ua chemical compound tau los ntawm ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov glycosides uas muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag no tau siv keeb kwm los ua tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm amygdalin thiab nws txoj kev tiv thaiv ib zaug thiab lwm yam kev siv tshuaj kho mob.

Laetrile yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas ib txwm saj zoo li almonds thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov nroj tsuag xws li cherries thiab hibiscus. Laetrile pab lub cev boost nws kev tiv thaiv los ntawm exerting nws antibacterial thiab anti-inflammatory zog. Nws kuj tseem txhawb nqa cov qe ntshav dawb hauv cov ntshav, yog ib lub hlwb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob uas tawm tsam cov kab mob, kab mob, thiab lwm yam aggressors txawv teb chaws.

Tsis tas li ntawd, amygdalin tseem tuaj yeem txo cov lus teb rau hauv lub cev, uas yuav pab txo qis kev qaug zog thiab mob hauv lub cev thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog li, kev noj tshuaj amygdalin kom raug tuaj yeem pab lub cev kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob, vim Cistanche muaj ntau yam tshuaj antioxidant, xws li vitamin C, vitamin C, carotenoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. qhov system tsis kam.

Nyem cistanche tubulosa cov txiaj ntsig

Txoj kev:

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb txog amygdalin thiab kev kho mob qog noj ntshav tau ua tiav siv PubMed thiab Google Scholar. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no tau siv rau hauv cov tswv yim tshawb fawb: "amygdalin," "rhodanese," "cyanide," "cyanogenic," "hypothiocyanite," "mandelonitrile," "glucosides," "cancer," "apoptosis," thiab " cytotoxicity, ua ke nrog lub sij hawm mob qog noj ntshav xws li "noob," "almond," lossis "apricot," "cancer plus cell line, antiproliferation or inhibition," "BAX Txij lub Peb Hlis 3, 1981, txog rau lub Plaub Hlis 15, 2021, tag nrho cov Cov ntaub ntawv Askiv tau raug tshuaj xyuas raws li cov txheej txheem suav nrog.

Cov txiaj ntsig:

FDA txwv tsis pub Amygdalin los ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho mob raws li kev kho mob qog noj ntshav vim tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm kev kho mob qog noj ntshav. Thaum cov khoom siv ntuj tsim no siv nrog cov tshuaj kho mob kho mob ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, amygdalin yog siv los tswj kev mob hawb pob, txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, induce apoptosis hauv tib neeg lub raum fibroblasts, thiab inhibit hyperglycemia.

Xaus:

Ntau yam kev siv tshuaj kho mob ntawm amygdalin tau pom xws li tswj kev mob hawb pob, txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, ua rau apoptosis hauv tib neeg lub raum fibroblasts, thiab inhibiting hyperglycemia. Kev ua tau zoo dua hauv vitro thiab tshuaj xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab no hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob.

1. Taw qhia

Cancer yog ib hom kab mob sib txawv uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tes tsis zoo, kev sib txawv, thiab kev tuag. Nws kuj tseem suav hais tias yog ib qho teeb meem loj hauv cov tshuaj niaj hnub no.1 Hauv cov hlwb ib txwm, kev faib tawm ntawm tes, kev tuag ntawm tes, thiab kev sib txawv yog tas li nyob rau hauv kev sib npaug, tab sis cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav raug cais tawm ntawm cov cell sib faib, kev loj hlob, thiab tsis muaj kev loj hlob.2 Qhov tshwj xeeb. qhov chaw ntawm qhov tshwm sim no tsis paub; Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem los yog cov ntsiab lus uas hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes thiab cov nucleus tej zaum yuav raug liam.3 Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov co toxins, thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau xws li hnub ci, yog cov ntawm no.4 Qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws ua rau tuag yog mob qog noj ntshav. thoob ntiaj teb.5

Lub koom haum American Cancer tau tshaj tawm cov kev txheeb cais ntawm cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav tshiab, cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav, thiab mob qog noj ntshav thiab cov neeg muaj sia nyob txhua xyoo. Txij li xyoo 1991, kev mob qog noj ntshav tau txo qis los ntawm kwv yees li 23 feem pua ​​​​, raws li kev txheeb cais.6 Qhov kev tuag ntawm daim siab, pancreatic, thiab uterine, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog maj mam loj tuaj. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tau pom tias ntau cov tshuaj ntsuab muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob.7

Cov neeg mob uas muaj mob qog noj ntshav feem ntau sim nrhiav "lwm txoj kev" lossis "ua tiav" (CAM) txoj kev kho mob los pab lawv txoj kev kho mob, txo txoj kev mob qog noj ntshav, lossis txo qis qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kev kho mob ib txwm muaj.8 Qee cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab lwm yam tshuaj suav nrog siv cov khoom ntuj tsim, homeopathy, kho lub siab lub cev, tshuaj suav tshuaj, lossis tshuaj Ayurvedic. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau CAM txoj hauv kev yog kev noj cov nroj tsuag ntuj, ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov xwm txheej.9 Txawm tias muaj kev siv ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntuj, tsis muaj kev paub me ntsis txog lawv yuav siv tau li cas.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tshuaj ntuj amygdalin (D-mandelonitrile-bD-glucoside-6-b-glucoside) yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Rosaceae nuclei. Nws yog ib qho cyanogenic glycoside uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo.10 Amygdalin, pom feem ntau hauv iab almonds, tau pom tias muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav ntxiv rau antioxidant, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob.11 Nws tau pom tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov qog nqaij hlav, xws li mob qog noj ntshav, mob raum cell carcinoma, thiab mob ntsws cancer, los ntawm kev tsim cov cytotoxicity thiab apoptosis, cuam tshuam rau lub voj voog ntawm tes, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.12

Lub amygdala raug suav hais tias yog kev kho mob qog noj ntshav los ntawm nws cov neeg txhawb nqa.13 Txawm hais tias Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Saib Xyuas Tshuaj thiab Tshuaj (BfArM) muaj ntau tshaj 40 lub vev xaib sib txuas rau amygdalin kho, pes tsawg tus neeg siv amygdalin tsis meej.14 Amygdalin cov neeg tawm tsam taw qhia. nws qhov kev ua tsis tau zoo thiab tseem ceeb tias beta-glucosidase hloov amygdalin rau cyanide, ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj heev rau cyanide.15 Beta-glucosidase qib hauv cov ntaub so ntswg malignant yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li qib qub hauv daim siab thiab cov hnyuv. Txij li cov qog nqaij hlav cancer muaj cov enzyme rhodanese qis dua piv rau lub siab thiab lub raum, lawv tuaj yeem raug tsom los ntawm cyanide secretion los ntawm kev ua ntawm beta-glucosidase ntawm amygdalin.16 Tsis tas li ntawd, amygdalin feem ntau qhia cov txiaj ntsig zoo li vitamin.

Cov nas noj zaub mov tsis muaj cyanogenic glycoside rau ntau tiam neeg tsis muaj cov tsos mob ntawm cov qog.17 Kev sim nrog amygdalin ntawm cov qog-resistant tsiaj tau pom tias nws muaj peev xwm kho tau.18 Ntawm qhov tod tes, amygdalin yog nontoxic thaum noj qhov ncauj; Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tshuaj lom thaum ua ke nrog cov nroj tsuag nplua nuj beta-glucosidase. 19

2. Txoj kev

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb txog amygdalin thiab kev kho mob qog noj ntshav tau ua tiav siv PubMed thiab Google Scholar. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no tau siv rau hauv cov tswv yim tshawb fawb: "amygdalin," "rhodanese," "cyanide," "cyanogenic," "hypothiocyanite," "mandelonitrile," "glucosides," "cancer," "apoptosis," thiab " cytotoxicity, ua ke nrog lub sij hawm mob qog noj ntshav xws li "noob," "almond," lossis "apricot," "cancer plus cell line, antiproliferation or inhibition," "BAX Txij lub Peb Hlis 3, 1981, txog rau lub Plaub Hlis 15, 2021, tag nrho cov Cov ntaub ntawv Askiv tau raug soj ntsuam raws li cov txheej txheem suav nrog. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas, tshooj los ntawm cov phau ntawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb qub, tseem muaj cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro, hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb tsiaj, lossis kev tshawb fawb tib neeg, nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas meta. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm amygdalin thiab nws txoj kev tiv thaiv ib zaug thiab lwm yam kev siv tshuaj hauv biomedicine.

3. Keeb kwm ntawm amygdalin

Robiquet thiab Bourton-Chalard pib rho tawm amygdalin los ntawm iab almonds hauv 1830s, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias yog cyanogenic glycoside hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.20 Amygdalin kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv txiv ntseej, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab buckwheat noob, thiab nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov kernels. Qee cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li apricots (8 feem pua), txiv duaj (6 feem pua), iab almonds (5 feem pua), thiab plums (2.5 feem pua). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov noob txiv apple, taum lima, clover, thiab sorghum tag nrho muaj amygdalin.21

Amygdalin tau xav tias yog cov tshuaj cog qoob loo, nrog rau daim ntawv laetrile raws li kev ua kom zoo. amygdalin laetrile, laetrile, thiab d-mandelonitrile-glucuronoside glucose.23 Tseem muaj qee qhov tsis paub meej txog cov npe no. Mandelonitrile, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg cyanide, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ob qho tshuaj.24 Hauv xyoo 1950, amygdalin raug xa mus rau "vitamin B-17," thaum beta-d-glucosidase catalyzes degradation ntawm amygdalin. .25

4. Amygdalin cov yam ntxwv thiab nws cov biosynthesis

Amygdalin yog benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid, thiab qabzib uas muaj ntxhiab aminoglycoside nrog cov tshuaj formula C20H27NO11 (Fig. 1).26 Lub npe tshuaj rau amygdalin (R) - - [(6-O{{ 8}}D-glucopyranosyl-bD-glucopyranosyl-oxy)] - (phenyl) yog acetonitrile, los yog [d - (− ) mandelonitrile - -d-gentiobioside].27

Lub amygdalin txoj cai ntawm R, nws daim ntawv ntuj tsim, kuj yog daim ntawv nquag ntawm amygdalin.28 Nws yog cov khoom tsis muaj xim uas muaj molecular mass ntawm 457.4 g / mol, lub melting point ntawm 213 ◦C, thiab cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. (CAS) of 29883-15-6. Nws yog insoluble hauv chloroform, uas tsis yog-polar hnyav; Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog me ntsis soluble hauv dej thiab soluble hauv ethanol.29 Amygdalin, laetrile, los yog vitamin B-17 yog tag nrho cov hu ua tib yam khoom.

Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis yog cov lus sib hloov. Laetrile yog cov ntshiab version ntawm amygdalin, uas yog ib tug cyanogenic glucoside.30 Ntawm qhov tod tes, laetrile yog ib tug semi-synthetic cyanogenic glucuronide uas txawv ntawm amygdalin nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Mexico, cov synthesis ntawm laetrile tag nrho sib txawv.31 Laetrile yog tib neeg tsim amygdalin hauv Asmeskas, thaum nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv Mexico los ntawm tws apricot kernels.32 Laetrile yog ib qho vitamin lossis kev noj haus ntxiv ua los ntawm ET. Krebs Jr., uas tsim cov kab lus vitamin B-17.5

Cov amino acid phenylalanine yog hydroxylated rau phenyl acetaldoxime hauv amygdalin los ntawm enzyme CYP79, uas yog tom qab ntawd hydroxylated rau mandelonitrile (2-hydroxy-2- phenyl acetonitrile) los ntawm enzyme CYP71.8 Mandelonitrile yog lub molie ntawm aglyanitrile. cyanogenic glycosides prunasin thiab amygdalin.9 Kev tsim ntawm prunasin yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuas tom qab ntawm cov piam thaj molecule rau -hydroxyl mandelonitrile pawg, uas yog catalyzed los ntawm cov uridine qabzib-glucosyltransferase uridine.10 Thaum kawg, nws tau hloov mus rau lwm qhov ntawm mygdalin. qabzib molecule rau pawg 6′ -hydroxyl, tsim cov gentiobiose glucoside.12 Amygdalin's enzyme hydrolysis generates benzaldehyde thiab hydrocyanic acid, whereas nws cov kua qaub hydrolysis generates gentiobiose li ib yam khoom.13

Amygdalin muaj pre-hepatic metabolism hauv uas ua rau cov prunasin ntau lawm nyob rau hauv lub plab.14 Nws yog questionable seb amygdalin tsub kom cov qog recurrence los yog tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb kom muaj nuj nqis, thiab seb nws hloov mus rau ib tug tshuaj lom es tsis yog tshuaj kho mob los yog tsis. 33 Ntau qhov kev sim kuaj tau pom tias cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tua cov hlwb tsis zoo thiab thaiv lossis qeeb lub voj voog ntawm tes hauv ntau cov qog nqaij hlav cancer.34 Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txwv hauv vivo cov kev tshawb fawb txog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm amygdalin tau qhia txog lub luag haujlwm inhibition ntawm HeLa cell proliferation. nyob rau hauv liab qab nas.35 Kev tshawb fawb txog toxicity ntawm amygdalin qhia nws toxicity, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muab qhov ncauj, ua rau nws FDA txwv nyob rau hauv 1979.36

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv anaerobic tuaj yeem tso tawm cyanide hauv plab vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm amygdalin breakdown.37 Rhodanese, ib qho mitochondrial enzyme tam sim no nyob rau ntau hom, yuav hloov siab amygdalin-derived cyanide rau non-toxic thiocyanate.30 Amygdalin kuj muaj ntau yam kev ua tshuaj, suav nrog tshuaj tua kab mob thiab mob hawb pob.38

5. Metabolism ntawm amygdalin

Xyoo 1967, Heismann thiab Knight tau tshaj tawm lawv thawj tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txog tag nrho enzymatic thiab acid hydrolysis ntawm amygdalin.38 Glucose thiab prunasin yog tsim thaum amygdalin cuam tshuam nrog beta-glucosidase. Prunasin yog ntxiv hydrolyzed kom tau cov piam thaj, thiab lwm cov tshuaj hu ua mandelonitrile.37,39 Cov khoom no hloov mus rau hauv hydrocyanic thiab benzaldehyde acid tsis muaj enzymes.40 Cov kua qaub hydrolysis ntawm amygdalin yields ib yam khoom genetic khoom (ib tug disaccharide nrog 6-6} beta-binding compounds).41 Lub Michaelis-Menten kinetics tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem enzymatic cuam tshuam.42 Peb enzymes, amylase lyase, prunasin lyase, thiab hydroxyl lyase, tau pom thiab catalyzed hauv peb theem.32,43 Hydrocyanic acid thiab glucosidase yog ob qho tseem ceeb pab rau amygdalin ua rau apoptosis thiab txwv kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer.44

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lactate tsim los ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer thaum lub sij hawm anaerobic respiration, glucosidase kev ua tau zoo heev txhim khu kev qha.45 HCN kuj tuaj yeem tua cov qog nqaij hlav cancer los ntawm kev nce lawv cov acidity thiab tsim lysosomes los tso lawv cov ntsiab lus enzyme, ua rau cell lysis.46 Amygdalin tau kuaj pom. nyob rau hauv kev ncig ntawm nas 5 min tom qab txhaj tshuaj.47 Amygdalin muaj ob txoj hauv kev metabolic, raws li kev tshawb fawb pharmacokinetic.41 Thawj yog kev hloov pauv ntawm amygdalin mus rau prunasin, uas tshwm sim ua ntej lub siab lossis thawj qhov kev hloov hauv txoj hnyuv proximal.30,48 ,50 Amygdalin metabolism hauv simulated gastrointestinal cell kab lis kev cai qhia tias nws yog thawj degraded rau prunasin, ces mus rau mandelonitrile.49 Tom qab ntawd, nws yog hydroxylated rau hydroxy semandononitrile nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me los ntawm beta-glucosidase.47 Ntawm no, tsis yog benzide. tsim, qhia tau hais tias cyanide feem ntau yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv, densely populated nrog cov kab mob.31 Txhawm rau soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus amygdalin hauv cov ntshav, kua chromatography-mass spectrometry tau siv (LC-MS) ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb rau kev kuaj.51

Raws li ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, amygdalin undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis thiab raug xa mus rau hauv ob lub molecules ntawm qabzib thiab mandelonitrile, uas yog cia li hloov mus rau HCN thiab benzaldehyde vim nws tsis yooj yim sua raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2. 37 Nws tej zaum yuav oxidized ntxiv rau benzoic acid, thiab yog tias amygdalin tau noj ntawm qhov ncauj, HCN tuaj yeem ua rau mitochondrial toxicity los ntawm kev thaiv cov enzyme cytochrome oxidase (ETC). Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tshav kub, lub enzyme hydrolysis ntawm amygdalin tau pom kom ceev. Hauv manufacturing.52 Piv txwv li, txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo li cherries hydrolyze benzaldehyde los ntawm kev nce tus nqi ntawm amygdalin hydrolase, prunasin lyase, beta-glucosidase, dej, thiab mandelonitrile lyase thaum kub nce mus rau 65 ◦C.53

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