Omega-6: Nws Pharmacology, Cov nyhuv ntawm Broiler Production, Thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv

Lipids thiab roj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm monounsaturated thiab polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA thiab PUFA), uas tsim nyog rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj noj qab haus huv. Omega-3 thiab omega-6 yog cov as-ham tseem ceeb rau broilers. Omega-6 cov tswv cuab, xws li linolenic acid, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau broilers thiab yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm kev pub. Cov roj zaub yog lub hauv paus ntawm omega -6 ntxiv rau broiler pub. Unsaturated fatty acids yog zoo digested thiab absorbed tshaj saturated fatty acids thiab tsim ntau zog ntawm tus nqi qis, boosting productivity. Kev pub mis ntxiv nrog omega-6 tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov roj fatty acid hauv cov nqaij thiab nce qhov hnyav, carcass, viscera, thiab FCR. Qhov zoo ntawm cov nqaij saj thiab cov ntsiab lus antioxidant kuj tau txhim kho tom qab muab omega -6 thiab cuam tshuam cov zaub mov metabolism. Broiler kev ua me nyuam kuj tseem txhim kho los ntawm kev txo qis embryonic tuag lig, yog li txhim kho fertility, hatchability, phev zoo, thiab phev kom muaj nuj nqis. Lub caij no, rau kev noj qab haus huv broiler, omega -6 tuaj yeemtxo cov roj cholesterol, triglycerides, heevtsawg-density lipoprotein, thiabtsawg-density lipoprotein. Nws kuj tseem txhawb kev txhawb nqa ntawm pab cell (TH)-2-zoo li IgG titers, nce prostaglandins, eicosanoids, thiabantioxidants. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj txhawb nqativ thaiv kab mob. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb fawb ntau thiab tshuaj xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm omega -6 rau nqaij qaib. Lub caij no, hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb muab cov kev tshawb pom tshiab los txhawb cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm omega -6 ntawm lwm cov nqaij qaib yog xav tau los txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm omega -6 ntau dua.

1. Taw qhia

Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov nqaij qaib nyob rau hauv qhov nruab nrab ntiaj teb cov zis ntawm 323.25 lab tons (mt) nyob rau hauv tsib lub xyoos dhau los yog 122.82 lab tons (mt) los yog 37.99 feem pua ​​[1]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nqaij qaib cov zis tau nce ntxiv hauv cov teb chaws tsim thiab txhim kho nyob rau xyoo dhau los [2]. Ntxiv mus, vim nws cov protein ntau, cov roj tsawg, thiab cov khoom noj qab haus huv, nqaij qaib yuav tsum yog cov tsiaj noj protein ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb xyoo 2020. Cov roj thiab roj tau nquag ntxiv rau cov nqaij qaib noj kom txhawb lawv lub zog ceev. Los ntawm kev xaiv cov zaub mov thiab tshuaj ntxiv rau cov noog nyob, nws muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nqaij qaib, uas yog ib qho ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntau cov roj tau ua haujlwm ua lag luam los muab cov lipids rau qaib. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias kev noj cov nqaij qaib ntxiv nrog cov lipids hloov pauv kev noj zaub mov, lub zog ua haujlwm, qhov profile ntawm tus ncej puab thiab lub mis, thiab cov nqaij broiler zoo [3-5]. Te supplementation ntawm polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) tuaj yeem nce qhov concentration ntawm PUFAs hauv lub cev. Fatty acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov fatty acids tseem ceeb, tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev noj nqaij qaib vim lawv txhim kho cov noog noj qab haus huv thiab tsim khoom. Peb cov kab lis kev cai paub txog kev noj qab haus huv nyiam noj zaub mov kom zoo kom txo tau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo [6]. PUFA kuj tau txhawb nqa qhov kev thov rau tsiaj noj zaub mov uas muaj c-linolenic acid [7]. c-linolenic acid (C18 : 3 n − 6) txhim kho nqaij qaib noj qab haus huv los ntawm kev ua raws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob, antithrombotic, antiproliferative, thiab lipid-lowering tus neeg sawv cev los ntawm kev hloov mus rau prostaglandin E1 [8].

Txhim kho cov nqaij qaib nqaij qaib nrog PUFAs, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog omega -3 thiab omega -6 fatty acids, tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob plawv thiab tiv thaiv atherosclerosis thiab kab mob plawv los ntawm kev txo cov roj cholesterol thiab cov lipoprotein tsawg (LDL) qib hauv cov ntshav thiab txo platelet aggregation [9] Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev tshawb fawb tsawg ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm omega -6 hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm broiler. Cov kab lus tam sim no suav nrog kev hloov tshiab ntawm kev kho zoo ntawm omega-6, nrog rau nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb, chemistry, biosynthesis, nqus, tis, broiler ntau lawm, thiab kev noj qab haus huv.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia

Cov ntaub ntawv sau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob ua raws li tsab ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los xws li PubMed, Elsevier, ResearchGate, thiab Google Scholar siv lo lus tseem ceeb "omega{0}}," "omega- 6 pharmacology," "omega{2} } absorptions," "omega-6 rau nqaij qaib," "omega-6 rau broilers," "omega-6 rau broiler kev ua tau zoo," thiab "omega-6 rau broiler noj qab haus huv ." Cov ntawv xaiv los ntawm 2006 txog 2022 raug xaiv raws li lawv cov ntsiab lus. Cov kab lus ntsig txog uas siv cov ntsiab lus tau hais dhau los thiab tau sau ua lus Askiv tau suav nrog.

2.1. Qhov chaw thiab Chemistry ntawm Omega-6.

Lipids 'lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom raug txiav txim los ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus fatty acid, carbon chain length, thiab degree ntawm saturation. Unsaturated qhia tias muaj ib lossis ntau dua ob daim ntawv cog lus, whereas saturated qhia tias tsis muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus hauv cov qauv tshuaj [10]. Ua kom ntev ntawm carbonic saw ntawm saturated fatty acids nce cov roj melting point, thaum lub xub ntiag ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus txo cov roj melting point [11]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus cuam tshuam rau lub melting point. Lub melting point ntawm trans fatty acids yog siab dua li ntawm lawv cov cis isomers [12].

Lub acyl saw ntawm polyunsaturated fatty acids muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj methylene-interrupted double-bond desaturations [13]. PUFAs kuj tseem muaj cov carboxylic acid ntawm ib kawg ntawm cov molecule thiab ib pawg methyl ntawm lwm qhov. Cov qauv no yog hu ua Omega ("Ꞷ" lossis "n") thiab muab faib ua n − 3, n − 6, n − 7, thiab n − 9 fatty acids, uas sib raug rau ob daim ntawv cog lus yog tias tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg [14] . (n−) qhia txoj hauj lwm ntawm carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus suav los ntawm methyl kawg. Omega-3 thiab Omega{9}} cov neeg hauv tsev neeg yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig PUFAs rau nqaij qaib noj [15]. Raws li pom hauv Table 1, muaj ntau yam Omega{12}} variants. Palmitoleic acid thiab oleic acid tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm txoj kev metabolic. Txawm li cas los xij, linolenic acid thiab linoleic acid yog qhov tsim nyog fatty acids uas yuav tsum tau noj [14]. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov roj polyunsaturated fatty acids tau txais autoxidation sai dua li cov PUFAs saturated, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum raug tshav kub, lub teeb, oxygen, thiab cov hlau hloov thaum lub sij hawm tsim, ua, thiab cia [15, 16]. Txawm li cas los xij, conjugated linoleic acids yog qee zaum misclassified li omega{16}} (abbreviated −6 los yog n − 6) fatty acids. Conjugated linoleic acids yog ib chav kawm ntawm fatty acids xws li mus txog 56 isomers nrog conjugated (juxta posed los yog nyob ib sab) ob daim ntawv cog lus nrog octadecadienoic (18 : 2) [17, 18].

Cov roj zaub xws li roj sunflower, safflower roj, xibtes roj, Silybum marianum roj, sesame roj, taub dag noob roj, txiv laum huab xeeb, roj noob nplej, roj nplej, roj linseed, thiab pob kws roj yog qhov chaw ntawm n − 6 PUFAs [ 19–23] ib. Daim duab 1 qhia qhov chaw ntawm n − 6 PUFAs. Feem ntau ntawm PUFAs nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov zaub mov marine yog cis-configured. n − 6 PUFAs feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm linoleic acid (C18 : 2) thiab arachidonic acid (AA, C20 : 4) [24], whereas linoleic acid tej zaum yuav ua rau desaturation thiab elongation los tsim arachidonic acid (ARA, 20: 4n − 6) thiab docosahexaenoic acid (DTA, 22 : 4n − 6) [25]. Tsis tas li ntawd, Certık et al. [26] txheeb xyuas oleaginous qis filamentous fungi raws li ib tug nplua nuj qhov chaw ntawm c-linolenic acid. Siv cov fungi no nyob rau hauv ib tug solid-state fermentation txoj kev generates ib tug bioproduct enriched nrog c-linolenic acid uas yuav siv tau ncaj qha raws li ib tug qaib pub ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj tsawg c-linolenic acid qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag (xws li, blackcurrant, yav tsaus ntuj primrose, borage, los yog hemp noob). Siv cov khoom siv hauv xeev fermentation (SSF) yog ib txoj hauv kev los tsim c-linolenic acid los ntawm cov kab mob. SSF yog ib tug yav tom ntej bioprocess uas ua ke nrog fungal noj (Tamnidium elegans, Cunninghamella hom, los yog Mortierella isabelline) ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntub dej (ua liaj ua teb byproducts) nrog rau tiam ntawm cov metabolites muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv tus nqi-zoo [27].

2.2. Omega-6 Biosynthesis, Absorption, thiab Distribution.

Tshwj xeeb, cov saw ntev n − 6 thiab n − 3 PUFAs raug suav tias yog qhov tsim nyog vim qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm avian hom los ntxig ob daim ntawv cog lus tshaj 19 carbons vim tsis muaj 1-12 thiab 15 desaturases; lawv yuav tsum tau muab los ntawm cov zaub mov [28, 29]. Ntev-chain PUFAs yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim siab [20]. Thaum lub sij hawm hloov pauv ntawm c-linolenic acid rau eicosapentaenoic acid los yog docosahexaenoic acid thiab linoleic acid rau arachidonic acid, desaturation thiab elongation ntawm cov precursors tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm elongation ntawm heev ntev-saw fatty acids ELOVL2 thiab ELOVL15, Δ{{{{{{{{{{{ }}}}}}. }}desaturase, Δ6-desaturase, thiab peroxisomal -oxidation kom tau docosahexaenoic acid (Daim duab 2.) [12]. Txawm li cas los xij, desaturase enzymes rau omega -3 thiab omega -6 txoj kev yog zoo ib yam [29].

Daim duab 1: Ntau yam nroj tsuag uas muaj qib siab ntawm omega-6.

Absorbed c-linolenic acid fatty acids thiab linoleic acid raug xa mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg adipose thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, arachidonic acid yog khaws cia ntau nyob rau hauv daim siab, duodenum, lub plawv, spleen, hlwb, thiab lwm yam hlwb (thrombocytes, peripheral ntshav mononuclear (PBMN)) [30]. Ntxiv mus, ntev-chain unsaturated fatty acids muaj peev xwm tsim micelles. Lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke hauv kev nqus ntawm cov roj ntsha saturated fatty acids (SFA) thaum ua ke nrog saturated fatty acids (SFA). Tsis tas li ntawd, micelles muaj qhov kwv yees qhov loj me ntawm 30 thiab 40 ˚ A, uas yog qhov me me kom dhau ntawm microvilli ntawm mucosal hlwb [31]. Hauv cov tsiaj txhu monogastric, kev nqus rog tshwm sim ntawm qhov kawg ntawm duodenum thiab qhov kawg ntawm ileum [32].

Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thaum c-linolenic acid-nplua nuj roj tau noj ntawm qhov ncauj, c-linolenic acid tau yooj yim nqus thiab pib tshwm hauv cov ntshav phospholipids. Tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj no tau tawg mus thoob plaws cov phospholipid feem ntau tom qab noj txuas ntxiv. Ib feem ntawm c-linolenic acid tau txais yog oxidized. Cov seem yog txuas mus rau Dihomo-c-linolenic acid nyob rau hauv cov ntshav plasma, lub raum hlab ntsha, siab, thiab aorta thiab tseem tuaj yeem nce arachidonic acid, txawm tias tsuas yog hauv cov ntshav thiab daim siab [33]. Dihomo-c-linolenic acid thiab c-linolenic acid theem nyob rau hauv lub siab yog proportional rau tus nqi ntawm c-linolenic acid tam sim no, tsis hais seb cov roj qhov twg los, qhia tau hais tias cov roj tau zoo absorbed thiab tus nqi ntawm c-linolenic acid absorbed yog. koob tshuaj-dependent [34].

2.3. Cov nyhuv ntawm Omega-6 hauv Broiler Production.

Muab cov khoom noj lipid nrog cov fatty acid profile uas yuav tsum tau ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov cov fatty acid profiles ntawm cov nqaij broiler. Velasco et al. [35] pom tau tias muaj kev noj zaub mov ntau dua hauv cov menyuam qaib uas tau txais cov khoom noj uas muaj cov rog tsis muaj rog ntau dua li cov menyuam qaib uas tau noj cov zaub mov uas muaj roj saturated. Ntxiv mus, tam sim no cov nqaij qaib pub yog raws li cov nplej nrog qhov sib piv siab ntawm n - 6 fatty acids rau n - 3 fatty acids. Qhov kev pub noj no ua rau muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm arachidonic acid (20 : 4n − 6) hauv cov nqaij thiab qe thiab txo qis docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22 : 5n − 3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20 : 5n 3), thiab docosahexaenoic (DHA. , 22:6n − 3) acids [23]. Tsis tas li ntawd, broilers tau noj cov zaub mov uas muaj qib siab ntawm linoleic acid tau noj tsawg dua ib hnub dua li cov neeg uas tsis tau txais cov khoom noj ntxiv lossis cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj linoleic acid [36].

Omega-6 supplementation qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm broiler. Te siab tshaj lub cev hnyav, carcass tawm los, thiab FCR tau pom thaum linoleic acid ntxiv rau broiler pub [37]. Pirzado thiab al. [38] kuj pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam thiab pom tias broilers' feed conversion ratio (FCR) qhov tseem ceeb tau txhim kho zoo tom qab tau txais omega -6. Nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm linoleic acid, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj chlorides kuj tseem pom nyob rau hauv cov nqaij qaib cov ntshav, uas tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev xav tau ntau dua rau cov concentration ntawm HCl hauv plab hauv kev teb rau kev noj ntau dua lipid thiab txhim kho cov tshuaj chloride ion tswj. hauv lub cev [39]

Broiler ntawm kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm omega {{0}} supplementation. Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Gaad et al. [36], omega -6 nce qhov hnyav ntawm giblets; lub siab, lub plawv, thiab gizzard yog hnyav dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib piv siab ntawm n − 6 PUFAs (txog 45.0 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov roj pob kws noj) ua rau cov hlab plawv thiab cov kab mob siab ua rau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm fatty acids [40]. Hauv lwm hom nqaij qaib, kev noj haus 6 feem pua ​​​​PUFA pib los ntawm cov pob kws roj hauv Japanese quail pom tias muaj peev xwm nce ntxiv, follicular hierarchy nyob rau hauv lub zes qe menyuam, thiab lub plawv hnyav tsis ua mob rau lwm yam kab mob visceral vim nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo li lub zog thiab qhov tseem ceeb fatty acid qhov chaw, antioxidant, antiparasite, thiab endocrine hormone precursor [41–43]. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub peev xwm antioxidant ntawm cov nqaij broiler mis tau txhim kho los ntawm kev noj zaub mov nrog rau c-linolenic acid thiab linoleic acid, raws li tau pom hauv kev kawm ua ntej [44]. Txawm li cas los xij, Fejerˇc'akov'a et al. [33] nrhiav pom tias GPx kev ua ub no tau soj ntsuam hauv daim siab yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntawm agrimony thiab -linolenic acid.

Omega-6 kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov roj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nqaij qaib. Raws li kev tshawb fawb (El-Katcha), kev kho mob ntau dhau nrog n − 6 fatty acids boosts fatty acid oxidation thiab yog li ua rau cov tsiaj txhu nce metabolic. Qi et al. [45] pom tias kev noj zaub mov n − 6 / n − 3 PUFA (10: 1) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov roj subcutaneous thiab intramuscular rog nrog rau cov nqaij zoo hauv qaib (xim thiab rhiab). Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tau qhia tias hens noj ib pluag mov ntxiv nrog linoleic acid muaj cov roj ntau dua hauv lub mis thiab ncej puab [39]. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm linoleic acid rau compound pub rau broilers, raws li lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Haˇsˇc´ık li al. [46], txhim khu kev siv ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm sab hauv, subcutaneous, thiab intramuscular rog.

Ntxiv mus, cov khoom noj uas tau xaiv nrog ntau dua ntawm c-linolenic acid (3.676 1.09 kg−1 hauv cov nplej bran) nce qhov concentration ntawm c-linolenic acid nyob rau hauv lipids ntawm nqaij qaib mis ua [47] . Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, Oliveira et al. [48] ​​hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm c-linolenic acid raws li tus neeg sawv cev ntawm n − 6 PUFAs, uas muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog n − 3 PUFAs xws li DHA thiab EPA, whereas dihomo-c-linolenic acid thiab arachidonic acid tejzaum nws muaj ntau dua. concentration vim yog feem ntau ntawm c-linolenic acid. Txawm li cas los xij, Khatibjoo et al. [49] qhia tias qhov siab ntawm linoleic acid nyob rau hauv cov nqaij ntawm broilers pub linoleic acid tuaj yeem txo qhov feem ntawm monounsaturated fatty acids thiab nce qhov feem ntawm polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm El-Zenary li al. [50] qhia tias tag nrho n − 6 PUFA cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pob txha, tawv nqaij tsis muaj mis mirrored ntawm linoleic acid hauv kev noj haus. Tag nrho n - 6 PUFAs tau siab tshaj plaws hauv cov noog, feem ntau yog vim kev hloov pauv ntau dua ntawm linoleic acid rau arachidonic acid. Te n - 6 PUFAs lossis lawv qhov chaw, xws li cov roj fsh, xibtes roj, cov roj taum pauv, thiab cov roj linseed, tseem txhawb cov pob txha tsim, kev loj hlob, thiab kev loj hlob los ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntxhia hauv cov metabolism, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov calcium, zinc, thiab magnesium, uas ua rau cov pob txha tsim. lawv tsis tuaj yeem nkag tau tom qab hnub nyoog [20].

Te cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus arachidonic acid ntawm Hinai jidori ntses tuaj yeem nce ntxiv nrog arachidonic acid noj cov khoom noj thiab Hinai jidori nqaij thiab kua zaub nrog cov ntsiab lus arachidonic acid ntau dua muaj qhov kev xav zoo dua li cov uas tsis tshua muaj arachidonic acid cov ntsiab lus [6] . Arachidonic acid txhawb lub TRPM5 cation channel, ib feem ntawm hom II receptor hlwb 'qab zib, umami, thiab iab saj txoj kev, raws li tau hais los ntawm Liu li al. [51]. Takahashi et al. [6] tau pom tias qhov concentration ntawm arachidonic acid nyob rau hauv nqaij qaib fesh yuav raug hloov los ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog arachidonic acid (AA) thiab kev xaiv caj ces siv cov polymorphism ntawm FADS1 thiab FADS2 noob raws li cov cim xaiv. Cov txheej txheem no txhim khu kev nyiam ntawm qaib.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab tias suav nrog 2 feem pua ​​​​ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm omega -6 fatty acids (tshwj xeeb yog cov roj noob roj) hauv cov zaub mov ntawm cov neeg yug me nyuam hauv plab yuav txo qis embryonic tuag lig, yog li txhim kho fertility, hatchability, phev zoo. , thiab phev kom muaj nuj nqis [20, 52]. Tsis tas li ntawd, n − 6 FA-nplua nuj noj zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov phev ntim thiab tag nrho cov phev spermatozoa tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov phev concentration. Tsis tas li ntawd, avian phev feem ntau muaj feem ntau ntawm PUFA, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog n − 6 PUFA [49]. Table 2 qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag pub cov khoom noj uas muaj ntau tshaj omega -6 cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm broilers. Feem ntau, omega -6 supplementation txhim kho broiler kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev ua kom lub cev hnyav thiab cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, ua kom cov fatty acids hauv cov nqaij, cuam tshuam cov ntxhia hauv cov metabolism, thiab txhim kho kev ua me nyuam.

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