Neural Basis ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Nco hauv ADHD: Load Versus Complexity

Hu rau:joanna.jia@wecistanche.com/ WhatsApp: 008618081934791

Prerna Mukherjee a,*, Tadeus Hartanto a, Ana-Maria Iosif b, J. Faye Dixon a,

Stephen P. Hinshaw c, Murat Pakyurek a, Wouter van den Bos d, Amanda E. Guyer e, f,

Samuel M. McClure g, Julie B. Schweitzer ib, Catherine Fassbender a, h

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA

b Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA

c Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3rd Floor, Berkeley Way West Building, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

d Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands

e Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA f Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA g Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

h Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Psychology, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin 9, Ireland

Cistancheechinacoside cov tshuajmuaj qhov zoo heevneuroprotective nyhuv

A B S T R A C T

Ua haujlwm nco (WM)Kev tsis txaus siab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev xav tsis txaus siab tsis txaus ntseeg (ADHD). Txawm li cas los xij, WM tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb hauv ADHD. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv paus neural rau WM qhov tsis txaus hauv ADHD tsis tau ua tiav, nrog rau cov cheeb tsam suav nrog prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, thiab caudate raug cuam tshuam. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no yuav cuam tshuam txog kev xav ntawm WM lub peev xwm, xws li kev thauj khoom (ntau cov ntaub ntawv) piv rau kev ua haujlwm nyuaj (kev saib xyuas-rov qab los yog kev tswj xyuas). Piv txwv li, txheeb ze rau cov tib neeg neurotypical (NT), kev ua haujlwm WM nyuaj tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo hauv ADHD, thaum ua haujlwm yooj yim dua. Xwb, tag nrho cov kev khiav hauj lwm tej zaum yuav impaired ntawm loads siab dua. Ntawm no, peb piv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm WM muaj peev xwm: kev thauj khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm-kev nyuaj, ntawm ADHD thiab NT, kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab neurally. Peb xav tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm WM load yuav ntau dua hauv ADHD, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural yuav raug hloov. Cov neeg koom nrog (hnub nyoog 12-23 xyoos; 50 ADHD (18 tus poj niam); 82 NT (41 poj niam)) tau rov qab peb lossis plaub yam khoom (load) hauv pem hauv ntej lossis rov qab txiav txim (kev ua haujlwm-kev nyuaj) thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Cov teebmeem ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev ua haujlwm tau muab piv rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm neural. Kev coj cwj pwm, peb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev thauj khoom, thiab ntawm kev kuaj mob, kev thauj khoom, thiab kev nyuaj. Neurally, peb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev thauj khoom hauv txoj cai striatum, thiab ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev nyuaj hauv txoj cai cerebellum thiab sab laug occipital gyrus. ADHD pab pawg tau nthuav tawm hypo-ua kom zoo dua piv rau pawg NT thaum lub sijhawm thauj khoom ntau dua thiab nyuaj dua. Qhov no qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov teeb meem ua haujlwm ntsig txog WM hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj ADHD (xws li, kev kawm txuj ci) thiab kev kho mob (xws li, WM-kev cob qhia).

1. Taw qhia

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)yog ib qho kev mob tshwm sim ntxov ntxov, nrog kev kwv yees li ntawm 5-6 feem pua, feem ntau pheej mus rau cov neeg laus (Asherson li al., 2016). Ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv ADHD yog kev ua haujlwm nco (WM), nrog qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias WM yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ADHD (Martinussen et al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2001). WM kev puas tsuaj yog txuas rau cov tsos mob tseem ceeb xws li kev tsis txaus siab thiab kev ua siab ntev hauv ADHD (Orban li al.,

2018; Kev Tshaj Tawm thiab al., 2009; Campez et al., 2020). WM muaj peev xwm hais txog lub peev xwm los tswj lossis tswj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hlwb, tom qab kev nkag siab ntawm kev nkag siab (Baddeley li al., 1974). Undeniably, WM-hais txog kev puas tsuaj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ntawm lub neej, xws li kev kawm tau zoo (Simone et al., 2018; Fried et al., 2019), kev xav (Groves et al., 2020), kev sib raug zoo (Kofler li al., 2011). Yog li, kev nkag siab ntau ntxiv ntawm WM-txog kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb.

Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem nyuaj hauv WM kev tshawb fawb yog qhov sib txawv hauv kev txhais WM tsim. Qee qhov WM txoj kev xav sib txawv ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj xyuas, tsim nyog tsuas yog kev tswj hwm raws li qhov tseeb WM, nrog kev saib xyuas tsuas yog rov qab los (Rapport et al., 2013), hos lwm tus xav tias ob qho tib si yog WM kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov sib txawv (D'Esposito li al., 1999. ; Rypma et al., 2002; Jolles et al., 2011). Qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia hauv WM raug txo qis vim qhov nyuaj ntawm cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nce ntxiv (xws li kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj xyuas). Ib qho kev tsis zoo zoo sib xws ntawm WM yog pom raws li cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia (piv txwv li, thauj khoom) nce. Yog li, WM peev xwm yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev thauj khoom, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, lossis ob qho tib si.

Divergent qauv tau raug npaj los piav qhia lub hauv paus neural ntawm txawv WM tsim. Ib qho qauv ntawm WM posits tias kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj hwm kev vam khom sib txawv hauv lub frontal thiab parietal cortex. Kev saib xyuas yog xav kom nrhiav tau ib lub ventral ntau dua, qhov kev tswj hwm kuj tseem nyob ntawm ntau thaj chaw dorsal (D'Esposito li al., 1999; Crone li al., 2006). Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm kev thauj khoom ntau dua, kev saib xyuas kuj tau ua rau pom kev sib txuas dorsal (Rypma li al., 2002; Miller, 1956; Braver et al., 1997; Tan et al., 2006; Jaeggi et al., 2009; Zarahnet; ib., 2005). Yog li, kev tswj hwm tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog lub luag haujlwm siab WM ntau dua li qhov cuam tshuam tsis sib xws nrog lub hlwb sib koom tes. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsawg heev tau sim qhov no los ntawm kev sib piv ncaj qha kev saib xyuas ntawm kev thauj khoom siab dua nrog kev tswj hwm (Jolles li al., 2011; Veltman et al., 2003; Cannon et al., 2005). Ob qhov kev tshawb fawb no pom kev saib xyuas ntawm kev thauj khoom siab dua tau txais cov cheeb tsam zoo sib xws li kev tswj hwm, suav nrog dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Veltman li al., 2003; Cannon et al., 2005) thaum lwm qhov pom tsis muaj DLPFC recruitment rau manipulation (Jolles li al. , 2011). Lwm yam kev ua haujlwm qhia WM muaj peev xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm, tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev sib raug zoo DLPFC ua kom muaj hnub nyoog (Jolles li al., 2011; Crone et al., 2006; Federico et al., 2014).

WM deficits yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ADHD (Martinussen li al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2001). WM yog txuas rau ADHD cov tsos mob (Rapport et al., 2009), thiab WM deficits tseem nyob rau hauv neeg laus (Alderson et al., 2013). Txawm li cas los xij, WM tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb hauv ADHD (Martinussen li al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2008; Gathercole and Alloway, 2006; Vance et al., 2013; Kofler et al., 2019; 50 Nigg, and 2019). no heterogeneity yog tsis to taub tag nrho. Lwm qhov teeb meem nyuaj tuaj yeem suav nrog qhov ua tau tias WM kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD tuaj yeem yog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias spatial WM tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam ntau dua li hais lus (Martinussen li al., 2005). Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no meta-kev tshuaj ntsuam pom cov lus WM yuav cuam tshuam rau ADHD (Ramos li al., 2020). Lwm qhov kev xav qhia tias WM tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov tib neeg uas muaj cov tsos mob tsis txaus ntseeg (Mar- tinussen thiab Tannock, 2006), tab sis WM qhov tsis txaus kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov tsos mob hnyav / impulsive (Kofler li al., 2019).

Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb npaj siab tias ADHD-txog kev hloov pauv ntawm WM tuaj yeem nyob ntawm seb puas muaj peev xwm WM txhais los ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab / lossis qhov nyuaj. Yog li, kev ua haujlwm WM nyuaj, xws li kev tswj hwm, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam hauv ADHD, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm yooj yim dua, xws li kev saib xyuas-rov qab yuav raug cuam tshuam tsawg dua, xws li cov mob xws li Parkinson's disease (Lewis et al., 2003). Xwb, ob qho tib si kev tswj hwm thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov khoom hnyav dua tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo, raws li tau pom hauv schizophrenia (Cannon li al., 2005; Hill et al., 2010).

Lub hauv paus neural rau WM qhov tsis txaus hauv ADHD tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv hauv kev tshawb pom txog WM kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD. Lub hlwb sib txuas txhawb nqa WM hauv cov neeg mob neurotypical (NT) tau kawm ntau, thiab thaum lub sij hawm prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal cortex (PC), ntxiv rau lub cev muaj zog (SMA), thiab cov cheeb tsam sab nraud (D'Esposito li al., 1999) muaj kev sib txuas nrog WM, cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia cov cerebellar (Tomlinson li al., 2014; Steinlin, 2007) thiab thaj chaw striatal (O'Reilly thiab Frank, 2006; Darki thiab Klingberg, 2015) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv WM ua. Lub striatum yog txuas mus rau gating cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub PFC (Chatham thiab Badre, 2015; McNab thiab Klingberg, 2008), thiab qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau WM muaj peev xwm (xws li, txij nkawm) thaum lub cerebellum koom nrog ntau complexity (Marvel thiab

Desmond, 2012) (piv txwv li, manipulation). Cov qauv sib txawv tau raug tshaj tawm hauv ob lub caudate (Vaidya, 2012; Valera li al., 2007; Hoog-man et al., 2017) thiab cerebellum (Steinlin, 2007; Vaidya, 2012; Valera et al., 2007; al., 2008; Berquin et al., 1998; Giedd et al., 2001; Casey et al., 2007) hauv ADHD, piv rau NT, thiab cov kev tshuaj xyuas tseem ceeb ntawm WM impairments hauv ADHD tau qhia txog frontostriatal-cerebellar networks tuaj yeem ua si. lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv WM qhov tsis txaus hauv ADHD (Martinussen li al., 2005; Giedd et al., 2001; Castellanos et al., 2002; Durston, 2003; Bollmann et al., 2017). Yog li, WM kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD tuaj yeem raug tsav los ntawm kev nce hauv kev thauj khoom lossis kev nyuaj, los ntawm kev sib txawv hauv kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm striatal lossis cerebellar systems hauv kev sib txuas nrog frontal networks. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau kev tshawb nrhiav qhov sib txawv hauv WM kev ua tau zoo, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub hauv paus neural rau WM kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD, txawm tias tau tsav los ntawm kev thauj khoom lossis kev nyuaj, yuav pab txheeb xyuas qhov chaw rau WM qhov sib txawv hauv ADHD.

Txhawm rau ncaj qha sib piv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm WM muaj peev xwm hauv ADHD, peb tau sim cov txiaj ntsig ntawm WM load (qis piv rau siab) thiab nyuaj (kev saib xyuas-nco rov qab piv rau kev tswj hwm) nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke fMRI paradigm, hauv ib pab pawg neeg nrog ADHD thiab ib qho NT tswj pawg. Peb xav tias WM kev ua tau zoo yuav raug cuam tshuam hauv ADHD piv nrog NT pab pawg thiab tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo no yuav raug nrog rau kev hloov pauv hauv WM-txog kev ua haujlwm neural. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev coj cwj pwm yav dhau los kuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm WM load hauv ADHD (xws li Bollmann li al., 2017; Weigard and Huang-Pollock, 2017); peb xav tias, rau cov tib neeg uas muaj ADHD, qhov nce ntxiv yuav ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm WM kev ua tau zoo piv nrog NTs, tsis hais txog qhov nyuaj, thiab qhov no yuav tau nrog rau kev nrhiav neeg coob ntxiv ntawm frontostriatal-cerebellar networks.

Kev nkag siab txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ADHD ntawm WM muaj peev xwm (qhov nyuaj rau kev thauj khoom) tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm WM nyuaj rau cov neeg uas muaj ADHD. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem qhia txog kev tsim qauv ntawm WM kev cob qhia tus kheej los ntawm kev coj kev siv zog rau qee yam ntawm WM kev ua haujlwm. Raws li tau hais tseg hauv kev ua haujlwm dhau los, kev siv sab nraud cia, cues, lossis ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tuaj yeem txo WM load thiab cov kev cuam tshuam tsom rau cov haujlwm no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua (Martinussen et al., 2005).

kuaj rau flavonoids

1. Cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem

1.1. Cov neeg koom nrog

1.1.1. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg koom tes

Peb tau sau cov ntaub ntawv imaging (saib cov lus hauv qab no rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov duab kos thiab cov ntsiab lus nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm) los ntawm 78 cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas (AYA) nrog kev nthuav qhia ua ke ntawmADHD(piv txwv li, ua kom pom cov tsos mob ntawm ob qho tib si inattention thiab hyperactivity / impulsivity) thiab ib pab pawg sib piv ntawm 86 NT AYA, ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntev. Peb tau txais cov neeg tuaj koom los ntawm University of California, Davis (UCD), MIND lub koom haum raws li kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm, UCD, thiab cov chaw kho mob hauv zej zog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab neurodevelopmental disorders, UCD cov ntawv xov xwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov zej zog los ntawm cov phiaj xwm tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab kev tshaj xov xwm. Nees nkaum tus neeg koom nrog ADHD thiab plaub tus neeg koom nrog NT raug tshem tawm vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo (txhais tias tsawg dua ob tus qauv sib txawv hauv qab qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog thiab txhua yam xwm txheej), thiab 8ADHDcov neeg koom nrog ntau lub taub hau thaum lub sij hawm scan (txhais tau tias muaj ntau tshaj 25 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom tshem tawm vim dhau qhov ntim-rau-ntim qhov txwv ntawm 1 hli). Peb txheeb xyuas MRI cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ntxiv, suav nrog 50 ADHD thiab 82 NT koom.

Cov neeg koom nrog hnub nyoog 12-23 xyoos thiab suav nrog 41/41 thiab 18/32 poj niam / txiv neej hauv NT thiabADHDpawg, ntsig txog (Table 1). Ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ADHD, 28 tam sim no tau muab tshuaj stimulant (12 methylphenidate, 16 amphetamine), thiab ob yam tshuaj tsis muaj zog. Cov neeg tuaj koom tau muab tshuaj noj ib hnub 48-96 teev

* Txheeb xyuas los ntawm Conners 'Rating Scale – 3.

** Wechsler Cov Kev Xeem Ua Tau Zoo ntawm Tus Kheej. Demographic variables rau NT thiabADHDpawg tau nthuav tawm, ua raws li t statistic thiab p-tus nqi rau qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg. Cov lej sawv cev qhov tseem ceeb thiab tus qauv sib txawv (SD) tshwj tsis yog qhov qhia.

cov tshuaj noj hnub so ua ntej qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, nrog rau lawv cov kws kho mob tau pom zoo, sib xws rau tsib lub neej ntawm cov tshuaj kho. Saib Tshooj Lus Qhia Ntxiv rau cov lus qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg koom.

2.1.2. Cov txheej txheem kuaj mob

Ob tus kws paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv peb pab pawg (JBS thiab JFD) tau soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam los txiav txim siab tsim nyog rau txoj kev tshawb fawb raws li Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Txheeb Xyuas Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Puas Siab Puas Ntsws - 5th Edition (DSM 5). Niam Txiv (Conner-3 Parent Rating Scale – CPRS-3) thiab cov xib fwb ntsuas ntsuas (Conners-3 Xib Fwb Rating Scale – CTRS-3) (Conners, 2008) tau ua tiav, whereas cov neeg laus koom nrog Conners 'AdultADHDRating Scale (CAARS) nrog niam txiv, tus txij nkawm, lossis tus phooj ywg ze (feem ntau cov no tau ua tiav los ntawm niam txiv) ua tiav daim ntawv Observer ntawm CAARS ntawm tus neeg koom. Childhood nyob ntawmADHDrau cov neeg laus ADHD koom kuj tau lees paub (lossis tsis tuaj rau NT) los ntawm kev ntsuas rov qab los ntawm cov niam txiv ntawm Barkley AdultADHDRating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV). Ib tug kws kho mob uas muaj ntawv tso cai los ntawm peb pab neeg tau xam phaj cov niam txiv ntxiv kom paub meej qhov kev kuaj mob (lossis nws tsis tuaj) yog tias xav tau. Saib hauv qab no rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas kev kawm tsis taus.

chology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA).

1.1. Paradigm

Cov neeg koom ua ib qho version ntawm Daim Duab OrderNcoParadigm (Crone et al., 2006) siv qhov xwm txheej ntsig txog kev tsim qauv-raws li kev sim ua piv txwv (Fig. 1.1). Hauv txoj haujlwm no, txhua qhov ntawm plaub qhov kev khiav haujlwm muaj lub sijhawm kho ntawm 4000 ms, ua raws li 15 qhov kev sim. Txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog kev thaiv encoding, muaj plaub daim duab qhia ntawm 1000 ms ib ntus. Lub load tau sib txawv los ntawm kev hloov daim duab plaub nrog lub hnub qub hauv 3 qhov kev sim, uas cov neeg koom tau qhia kom tsis quav ntsej. Qhov no tau ua raws li 5000 ms cov lus qhia thaiv, thaum cov neeg koom tau hais kom rov qab cov khoom hauv qhov kev txiav txim tau nthuav tawm (piv txwv li rau-ward; F) lossis rov qab txiav txim (ie, rov qab; B). Qhov no yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev txaus siab vim qhov no yog thaum cov khoom yuav raug tswj xyuas (kev txiav txim tom ntej) lossis kev tswj hwm (rov qab txiav txim). Tom qab lub sijhawm kho (1000 ms), kev sojntsuam thaiv tau tshwm sim, thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg koom nrog rov qab cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm yav dhau los dhau 8000 ms lub sijhawm. Lub sijhawm sib tw ntawm 4000 ms, 6000 ms, 8000 ms (txhais tau tias 6000 ms) ua raws txhua qhov kev sim. Cov xwm txheej tau muab faib ua ntu zus hauv ib qho kev khiav.

1.2. Kev ntsuas kev coj cwj pwm

Peb siv SAS version 9.4. (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) los txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm kev ua tau zoo. Peb muab qhov tseeb nruab nrab thiab lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv rau 3 yam khoom (3F thiab 3B), 4 yam khoom (4F thiab 4B), rau pem hauv ntej (3F thiab 4F), thiab rov qab (3B thiab 4B) kev sim. Kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua los ntawm kev siv cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke (Laird thiab Ware, 1982) txij li cov ntaub ntawv tau sau ntau zaus rau txhua tus neeg hla cov haujlwm ua haujlwm (kev nyuaj thiab kev thauj khoom). Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj hauv kev no yog lub peev xwm los ncaj qha qauv heterogeneous variances (thov pab pawg lossis cov xwm txheej). Peb kuaj rau

Fig. 1. Kev sim ua piv txwv thiab kev coj cwj pwm ua tau zoo. 1.1. Kev sim paradigm. Txhua ntawm plaub qhov kev khiav haujlwm tau ua ntej los ntawm lub sijhawm kho ntawm 4000 ms, ua raws li 15 qhov kev sim. Txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog kev thaiv encoding, muaj plaub khub ntawm kev kho, ua raws li ib yam khoom, rau 1000 ms. Lub load tau sib txawv los ntawm kev hloov daim duab plaub nrog lub hnub qub hauv 3 qhov kev sim, uas cov neeg koom tau qhia kom tsis quav ntsej. Qhov no tau ua raws li 5000 ms cov lus qhia thaiv, thaum cov neeg koom tau hais kom rov qab cov khoom hauv qhov kev txiav txim tau nthuav tawm (piv txwv li rau pem hauv ntej) lossis rov qab txiav txim (ie rov qab). Qhov no yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev txaus siab vim qhov no yog thaum cov khoom yuav raug tswj xyuas (kev txiav txim tom ntej) lossis kev tswj hwm (rov qab txiav txim). Tom qab lub sijhawm kho (1000 ms), qhov no tau ua raws li kev sojntsuam ntawm 8000 ms, thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg koom tau hais kom rov qab cov khoom uas tau hais dhau los. Lub sijhawm sib tw ntawm 4000 ms, 6000, 8000 ms (txhais tau tias

6000 ms) ua raws txhua qhov kev sim. 1.2. Kev coj cwj pwm. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev kuaj mob, kev nyuaj, thiab kev thauj khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb (p=0.048). Peb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev thauj khoom (p=0.04), tab sis tsis kuaj thiab nyuaj (p=0.62). Cov tib neeg uas muaj ADHD ua yuam kev ntau dua, piv rau NT, hla cov xwm txheej. Ob pab pawg tau teb tsawg dua rau cov haujlwm nyuaj dua - vim tias muaj kev thauj khoom ntau dua (4 piv rau 3) lossis nce qhov nyuaj (rov qab piv rau pem hauv ntej, lossis kev tswj hwm kev saib xyuas), tab sis ADHD, piv rau NT pab pawg, pom tias muaj kev poob qis dua vim qhov nce load. .

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseeb nrog qhov nyuaj (kev tswj hwm thiab kev saib xyuas), kev thauj khoom (4 piv rau 3), thiab kev kuaj mob (ADHD piv rau NT) raws li yam tseem ceeb. Tus qauv suav nrog cov teebmeem ruaj khov rau kev kuaj mob, kev thauj khoom, kev nyuaj, hnub nyoog (qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab), kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom, kev nyuaj, thiab kev kuaj mob, kev thauj khoom thiab kev kuaj mob, kev nyuaj thiab kev kuaj mob, kev thauj khoom thiab hnub nyoog, kev nyuaj, thiab hnub nyoog. Peb kuj tau tshuaj xyuas cov nyhuv plaub ntawm lub hnub nyoog. Random cuam tshuam rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog.

1.1. Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas

1.1.1. Kev ua ntej

Peb txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv fMRI siv FSL thiab AFNI (Cox, 1996). Thawj ob qhov ntim ntawm txhua qhov scan raug muab pov tseg rau lub teeb liab stabilization. Kev khiav haujlwm tsis yog lub hlwb raug tshem tawm ua ntej kev sib raug zoo rau ib tus neeg T1- hnyav tus qauv MR duab thiab hloov mus rau Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) qhov chaw. Kev sau npe siv FMRIB's Linear Image Registration Tool (Greve and Fischl, 2009). Smoothing, siv 4 hli puv-dav ntawm ib nrab-qhov siab tshaj plaws (FWHM) Gaussian lim, thiab normalization tau ua raws li peb cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Fassbender et al., 2011). Voxel loj yog 2 mm3. Volume tshaj ib lub ntim-rau-ntim nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 1 mm tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntxiv. Cov neeg koom nrog ntau dua 25 feem pua ​​​​tso tawm ntim tau raug cais tawm.

1.1.2. Kev tsom xam txog kev rov qab los

General linear qauv soj ntsuam haum cov lus teb hemodynamic nrog lub boxcar activation muaj nuj nqi siv lub sij hawm pib ntawm txhua yam mob. Kev txav mus los kuj tseem suav nrog cov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo. Regressors ua qauv encoding, qhia, nco qab, thiab siv sijhawm.

1.1.3. Nyob rau hauv thiab nruab nrab-pab pawg tsom xam

Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov cheeb tsam hauv lub hlwb uas tau txais rau WM qhov nyuaj thiab thauj khoom hauv txhua pab pawg, suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub hnub nyoog, peb tau ua ib qho kev sib xyaw ua qauv qauv kev soj ntsuam, siv los ntawm 3dLME hauv AFNI, ntawm tag nrho lub hlwb. Cov teebmeem ruaj khov hauv peb cov qauv yog kev kuaj mob, kev nyuaj, thiab kev thauj khoom. Peb suav nrog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev kuaj mob, kev nyuaj, thiab kev thauj khoom, kev kuaj mob thiab kev nyuaj, kev kuaj mob thiab kev thauj khoom, hnub nyoog thiab kev thauj khoom, hnub nyoog thiab qhov nyuaj, hnub nyoog thiab kev kuaj mob. Cov neeg koom tau raug kho raws li kev cuam tshuam tsis sib xws. Hnub nyoog tau suav nrog covariate.

Peb tau ua Monte Carlo simulations los kho rau ntau qhov kev sib piv nrog voxel-theem p-tus nqi ntawm 0.005, ua rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus pawg loj ntawm 182 voxels xav tau kom ua tiav qhov tshwm sim ntawm 0.05 ntawm qhov tseem ceeb pawg ciaj sia los ntawm caij nyoog. Kev simulations tau suav nrog siv 3dClustSim nrog autocorrelation muaj nuj nqi (ACF), zam qhov kev xav txog Gaussian nrov tis (Cox li al., 2017). Kev kwv yees kwv yees los ntawm pawg tseem ceeb, ua los ntawm ANCOVAs, tau muab rho tawm thiab npaj (rau kev ua qauv qhia nkaus xwb), los sawv cev qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg thiab cov haujlwm ua haujlwm, suav nrog hnub nyoog.

Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias pawg sib txawv tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub taub hau, peb piv qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev txav mus los (xws li lub hauv paus square ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov squares ntawm kev txav hauv x, y, z cov lus qhia) ntawm pab pawg, siv cov qauv ywj pheej t-tests (ob- tailed, sib npaug sib txawv

tsis xav). Tsis pom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg (t=-0.12, df=102.26, p=0.90).

2. Cov txiaj ntsig

2.1. Cwj pwm

Daim duab 2 thiab daim duab 1.2 qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm kev soj ntsuam kev sim rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nyuaj thiab kev thauj khoom ntawm qhov raug. Raws li cov lus qhia, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev kuaj mob, kev nyuaj, thiab kev thauj khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb (p 0.048). Peb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev thauj khoom (p 0.04), tab sis tsis kuaj thiab nyuaj (p

{0}}.62). Peb pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog (p 0.03). Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab kev thauj khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb (p <0.001). peb="" kuj="" tau="" sim="" rau="" plaub="" lub="" hnub="" nyoog="" ntawm="" kev="" ua="" tau="" zoo,="" tab="" sis="" nws="" tsis="" tseem="" ceeb="" (p="">

Rooj 2

Parameter kwv yees los ntawm cov kab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qauv ntsuas rau qhov tseeb ntawm pawg (NT piv rauADHD), complexity (manipulation tiv thaiv txij nkawm, los yog rov qab mus rau pem hauv ntej), thiab load (4 piv rau 3), muaj hnub nyoog raws li ib tug co-variate. Cov pawg siv tau yog neurotypical rau kev kuaj mob, kev saib xyuas rau qhov nyuaj, thiab 3 yam khoom rau kev thauj khoom.

0.06) thiab yog li tsis suav nrog cov lus hauv fMRI cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas.

1.1. Lub paj hlwb ua kom

1.1.1. Cov teebmeem ua haujlwm

Rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas neuroimaging, peb tau pib los ntawm kev sim rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab kev nyuaj ntawm cov neeg koom nrog, thiab peb tau txheeb xyuas cov cheeb tsam yav dhau los cuam tshuam nrog WM, suav nrog ventrolateral thiab dorsolateral PFC, striatum, thiab cerebellum. Kev tsom xam ua ke ntawm cov teebmeem tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab qhov nyuaj tau txheeb xyuas qhov loj ntawm occipital, parietal, nruab nrab ntawm lub cev gyrus, precentral gyrus, DLPFC, cerebellum, thiab striatum ob sab. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyuaj siab suav nrog cov pawg loj hauv PFC medial, ob sab pre-cuneus, thiab cerebellum. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj khoom ntxiv suav nrog ob sab occipital gyrus, striatum, sab laug VLPFC, thiab txoj cai precentral gyrus. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob suav nrog pawg hauv cerebellum, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws hauv qhov poob. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog pom qhov loj, cov pawg tseem ceeb nrog cov ncov nyob rau sab laug lentiform nucleus thiab suav nrog ob sab caudate, ob sab cerebellum txuas ntxiv rau ntawm uvula thiab culmen, ob sab sab hauv sab hauv sab hauv (IFG), precentral gyrus, nruab nrab frontal gyrus, thiab ob sab qis. parietal lobule (Fig. 2.1, Table 3.1).

1.1.2. Cov teebmeem hauv pab pawg

Nyob rau hauv ob pawg, cov kev ntsuam xyuas rau cov nyhuv ntawm load thiab complexity qhia tau hais tias tseem ceeb ua kom ob tog nyob rau hauv tus qauv WM cheeb tsam, xws li lateral PFC, parietal cortex, striatum, thiab cerebellum (Fig. 2.2, Table 3.2).

1.1.3. Kev sib cuam tshuam: pab pawg ua haujlwm-qhov xwm txheej

Peb tsis pom qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm peb txoj kev sib cuam tshuam (pab pawg load complexity). Ib qho kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg thiab qhov nyuaj tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj cai cerebellum thiab nyob rau sab laug lingual gyrus. Peb kuj pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg thiab kev thauj khoom hauv txoj cai caudate (Fig. 3, Table 3.3).

1.1.4. Kev sib cuam tshuam: hnub nyoog ua haujlwm-qhov xwm txheej

Muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab kev thauj khoom nyob rau sab laug paracentral lobule, thiab cov zaub mov thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm txoj cai caudate (Table 3.4).

1.1.5. Kev sib tham: pawg hnub nyoog

Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm hnub nyoog thiab pab pawg.

2. Kev sib tham

WM deficits tau dav dav qhia nyob rau hauvADHD(Alderson thiab al.,

Fig. 2. Cov teebmeem tseem ceeb thiab cov teebmeem hauv pawg - tag nrho cov duab qhia feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov teeb liab hloov (sib npaug rau beta qhov tseem ceeb) overlayed ntawm lub hlwb dluab, thresholded ntawm p < 0.005,="" pawg="" kho="" ntawm="" p=""><0.05 nws.="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" duab="" ua="" kom="" pom="" tshwj="" tsis="" yog="" kev="" sib="" txuas="" siv="" cov="" phiaj="" xwm="" ua="" kom="" pom="" qhov="" zoo="" ntawm="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" cov="" xim="" liab="" mus="" rau="" daj="" thiab="" tsis="" zoo="" ua="" rau="" cov="" xim="" xiav="" 2.1.="" cov="" teebmeem="" tseem="" ceeb="" ntawm="" kev="" thauj="" khoom="" (4="" vs.="" 3),="" complexity="" (rov="" qab="" vs.="" rau="" pem="" hauv="" ntej),="" thiab="" kev="" sib="" txuas="" ntawm="" ob="" lub="" ntsiab="" cuam="" tshuam.="" kev="" sib="">

daim ntawv qhia qhia txog kev thauj khoom hauv daj, kev ua haujlwm hauv cyan, thiab sib tshooj ntawm ob lub ntsiab cuam tshuam hauv ntsuab, 2.2. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom (4 vs. 3) cais rau NT, Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom (4 vs. 3) cais rau ADHD, Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nyuaj (rov qab rau pem hauv ntej) cais rau NT, thiab Cov nyhuv ntawm qhov nyuaj (rov qab vs. rau ADHD. (Rau kev txhais cov lus hais txog xim hauv cov lus dab neeg no, tus nyeem ntawv raug xa mus rau lub vev xaib ntawm kab lus no.)

2013), thiab lawv tau txuas nrog cov tsos mob (Rapport li al., 2009) nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig ua haujlwm (Simone li al., 2018; Fried et al., 2019; Kofler et al., 2011; Orban et al., 2018; Rapport li al., 2009; Campez li al., 2020). WM qhov kev puas tsuaj kuj tau pom tias muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus (Alderson li al., 2013). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm WM cuam tshuam txog kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD, nws tsis paub meej tias cov kev tsis txaus WM no tau tsav los ntawm kev nce hauv WM load lossis kev ua haujlwm nyuaj lossis ob qho tib si. Kev hloov pauv hauv neural activation nrog rau qhov nce hauv WM load, piv rau lub hlwb ua kom sib raug rau kev ua haujlwm ntau dua kuj tsis paub, hauv ADHD piv rau NT.

Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias thoob plaws txhua qhov xwm txheej, cov tib neeg uas muaj ADHD ua yuam kev ntau dua, piv rau NT. Ob pab pawg tau teb tsawg dua rau cov haujlwm nyuaj dua - vim tias muaj kev thauj khoom ntau dua (4 piv rau 3) lossis ntau dua qhov nyuaj (rov qab piv rau kev xa mus, lossis kev tswj hwm thiab kev saib xyuas). Txawm li cas los xij, hauv pawg ADHD, kev nce hauv kev thauj khoom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau WM kev ua tau zoo, piv rau NT pawg.

Covcov ntaub ntawv neuralpom tau tias txhua tus neeg koom tau nrhiav cov cheeb tsam hauv hlwb uas feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog WM, xws li PFC, PC, SMA, superior temporal gyrus (D'Esposito li al., 1999), cerebellum (Tomlinson et al., 2014; Steinlin, 2007) , thiab cheeb tsam striatal (O'Reilly thiab Frank, 2006; Darki thiab Klingberg, 2015). Kev ua haujlwm hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau nce ob qho tib si nrog nce load thiab ntau dua complexity, tawm tswv yim tseem ceeb sib koomneuralarchitecture ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm WM muaj peev xwm. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev saib xyuas ntawm kev thauj khoom nce ntxiv, nrog rau kev tswj hwm, koom nrog DLPFC thoob plaws ob pawg, xws li hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Veltman li al., 2003; Cannon et al., 2005). Peb kuj pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm-kev nyuaj thiab pab pawg hauv cerebellum thiab hauv cov lus gyrus, thiab ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab pab pawg hauv striatum. Thaum nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej yooj yim, thauj lossis tsis yooj yim, pawg NT tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg ADHD, rau kev thauj khoom ntau dua lossis nyuaj dua, pawg NT nce kev ua haujlwm hauv cov cheeb tsam no, ntau dua li pawg ADHD. Ua ke qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua kom lub hlwb sib txawv qhia tau hais tias cov neeg uas muaj ADHD tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub hlwb ua haujlwm hauv qee thaj chaw hauv lub hlwb thaum ua haujlwm nyuaj, tab sis qhov no yog nrog kev txo qis hauv kev coj cwj pwm, piv rau NT, tsuas yog rau kev nce hauv WM load. Qhov no qhia tias kev thauj khoom tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li qhov nyuaj ntawm WM hauv ADHD. Raws li, peb kuj pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg, kev thauj khoom, thiab qhov nyuaj rau kev coj tus cwj pwm raug, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab kev nyuaj ntawm ob pawg, tab sis peb tsis pom qhov sib cuam tshuam cuam tshuam hauv lub hlwb ua kom lub hlwb.

Thoob plaws hauv pab pawg, cov neeg koom nrog cov laus tau teb ntau dua rau txhua yam kev mob, ua raws li qhov kev tshawb pom uas WM txhim kho nrog lub hnub nyoog (Jolles et al., 2011; Crone et al., 2006). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm raug txo qis hauv kev teb rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv rau cov laus dua piv rau cov neeg koom nrog hluas, thoob plaws ob pawg. Ntau lub paj hlwb tau pom qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub hnub nyoog, suav nrog ob sab caudate, cerebellum, thiab qee thaj tsam frontal thiab inferior parietal cheeb tsam. Peb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab hnub nyoog nyob rau sab laug paracentral lobule, thiab ntawm qhov nyuaj thiab hnub nyoog hauv txoj cai caudate. Tsis muaj cheeb tsam pom muaj kev cuam tshuam loj nrog pab pawg thiab hnub nyoog, qhia tias ob pawg tsis cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm hnub nyoog hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no.

Lub lingual gyrus tau txuam nrog encoding complex dluab (Machielsen li al., 2000) los yog cov lus (Mechelli li al., 2000). Ua ntej fMRI

Table 3

Sib piv lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pab pawg (NT piv rau ADHD) rau qhov nyuaj (kev tswj hwm tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas, lossis rov qab mus rau pem hauv ntej) thiab kev thauj khoom (4 piv rau 3), nrog hnub nyoog raws li covariate, siv rov ntsuas ntsuas ANCOVA, raws li siv los ntawm 3dLME hauv AFNI 3.1) Main cuam ​​tshuam ntawm pab pawg, load, complexity, thiab hnub nyoog; 3.2) Load thiab complexity nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg; 3.3) Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm pab pawg; 3.4) Kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam nrog lub hnub nyoog.

Faj seeb: DLPFC Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, VLPFC Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex, VMPFC Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, MFG Middle Frontal Gyrus, IFG Inferior Frontal Gyrus, ITG Inferior Temporal Gyrus, MTG Nruab Nrab Temporal gyrus, STPLG Superior Pem Hauv Ntej Gyrus, SPL Superior Parietal Lobule kev tshawb fawb ntawm WM hauv ADHD tau pom qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov lus gyrus. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov sib txawv yog sib xyaw, uas tuaj yeem yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias caudate thiab cerebellum tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv WM kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD, rau kev thauj khoom thiab qhov nyuaj raws li. Kev koom tes ntawm striatum thiab lub cerebellum rau WM tau raug qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej (Tomlinson et al., 2014; O'Reilly and Frank, 2006; Lewis et al., 2004; Middleton and Strick, 1994; Watson et al., 2014). Lub striatum yog hypothesized los tswj cov ntaub ntawv ntws mus rau WM (O'Reilly thiab Frank, 2006), thiab fMRI WM cov dej num tau qhia txog kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm caudate (Lewis et al., 2004) thiab cerebellum (Tomlinson et al., 2014). Cerebellar puas kuj tau txuam nrog WM impairments (Tomlinson li al., 2014). Peb tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg cerebellum raws li tau pom los ntawm (Buckner li al., 2011), qhov twg cerebellum tau parcellated raws li kev sib txuas rau cov hlwb tseem ceeb, siv Yeo-7 lub hauv paus network (Yeo li al. , 2011). Lub ncov ntawm peb cov txiaj ntsig cerebellar yog nyob rau hauv feem ntau

Fig. 3. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub hlwb ua kom nruab nrab ntawm-pab pawg (NT vs ADHD) thiab WM complexity (manipulation tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas) thiab nruab nrab ntawm pawg thiab load (3 piv rau 4) - tag nrho cov duab qhia feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov teeb liab hloov (sib npaug rau beta qhov tseem ceeb) overlaid ntawm lub hlwb dluab, thresholded ntawm p < 0.005="" pawg="" kho="" ntawm="" p="">< 0.05.="" tag="">

ua kom cov dluab tshwj tsis yog kev sib txuas siv heatmaps, nrog kev ua kom zoo hauv liab thiab tsis zoo ua rau xiav. Cov duab qhia qhov ntsuas ntsuas los ntawm pawg tseem ceeb, muab rho tawm thiab npaj rau kev ua qauv qhia nkaus xwb. Kev sib cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg thiab qhov nyuaj hauv txoj cai cerebellum thiab sab laug lingual gyrus, nrog rau pab pawg thiab thauj khoom hauv txoj cai insula thiab caudate tau muab los ntawm 3dLME hauv AFNI. Peb tau tso tawm ib qho ntawm cov kab uas nyob ib sab los qhia txog qhov loj ntawm pawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho txuas ntawm lub ncov hauv insula hla lub caudate. (Rau kev txhais cov lus hais txog xim hauv cov lus dab neeg no, tus nyeem ntawv raug xa mus rau lub vev xaib ntawm kab lus no.)

heev txuas mus rau salience networks. Txawm li cas los xij, pawg loj no tseem txuas ntxiv hla limbic, pom, sensorimotor tes hauj lwm thiab frontoparietal tswj tes hauj lwm. Lub limbic, pom, thiab sensorimotor tes hauj lwm yog txuam nrog kev xav, pom, thiab lub cev muaj zog ua. Lub salience network yog txuas rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev xav tau zoo thiab nrhiav cov haujlwm tsim nyog (Menon thiab Uddin, 2010; Bressler thiab Menon, 2010). Lub network tswj frontoparietal yog lub network tswj kev sib cuam tshuam nrog thiab tswj cov haujlwm thiab lwm cov tes hauj lwm los txhawb cov hom phiaj (Marek thiab Dosenbach, 2018).

bioflavonoids ntsiav tshuaj

Vim yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm striatum hauv kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv WM (Chatham thiab Badre, 2015; McNab thiab Klingberg, 2008), peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm ADHD pab pawg los txhawb kev ua haujlwm striatal nrog kev thauj khoom yuav qhia tau tias tsis ua tiav- nce kev ua tau zoo. Raws li lub cerebellum txuas nrog rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntau dua WM complexity (Marvel thiab Desmond, 2012), txo qis kev ua kom lub cerebellum rau ntau dua complexity nyob rau hauv ADHD pab pawg neeg, tej zaum yuav sawv cev rau ib tug tsis muaj peev xwm mus scale nrhiav neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub cheeb tsam no kom phim ntau complexity. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis pom qhov no tshwm sim hauv kev ua tau zoo, uas tuaj yeem raug tsav los ntawm kev nyuaj ntau dua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj hwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv siab, rau txhua tus neeg koom.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm frontostriatal-cerebellar tes hauj lwm hauv ADHD, thoob plaws cov qauv, tau rov hais dua (Martinussen li al., 2005; Valera et al., 2007; Hoogman et al., 2017; van Ewijk et al., 2012; al Giedd. ., 2001; Casey et al., 2007; Castellanos et al., 2002). Tshwj xeeb, kev txo qis tau pom nyob rau hauv cerebellum (Valera li al., 2007; Baldaçara li al., 2008; Berquin et al., 1998; Wyciszkiewicz et al., 2017; Seidman et al., 2008). thiab al., 2007; Castellanos et al., 2002; Seidman et al., 2005; Frodl and Skokauskas, 2012); nrog rau cov teeb meem dawb qis hauv kev sib txuas ntawm frontostriatal-cerebellar (Nagel li al., 2011) hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ADHD, piv rau NT. Functionally, WM kev tshawb fawb ntawm ob tug me nyuam (Martinussen li al., 2005) thiab cov neeg laus (Alderson li al., 2013) nrog ADHD feature txawv nyob rau hauv recruitment ntawm frontostriatal-cerebellar tes hauj lwm. fMRI cov kev tshawb fawb pom muaj kev ua kom tsis muaj zog thaum WM cov dej num hauv cerebellum (Mackie li al., 2007), caudate (Martinussen li al., 2005; Fassbender et al., 2011; Roman-Urrestarazu et al., 2016) los yog ob qho tib si (Massat. thiab al., 2012) hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ADHD, piv rau NT. Hauv cov neeg laus uas muaj ADHD, peb tau ua dhau los ua qauv qhia siv positron emission tomography, nce hauv cheeb tsam cerebral ntshav ntws hauv ntau thaj chaw, suav nrog cerebellum, piv rau NT (Schweitzer et al., 2004). Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb WM hauv cov neeg laus ADHD qhia txog kev ua kom tsis muaj zog, txawm tias tsis muaj kev txo qis hauv WM kev ua tau zoo (Mechelli et al.,2000). Yog li, peb qhov kev tshawb pom hauv caudate thiab cerebellum, tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm yav dhau los qhia txog lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv ADHD thiab hauv WM. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav yog vim muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg koom, kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj.

Lub zog ntawm peb txoj kev kawm nteg nyob rau hauv peb cov txheej txheem suav nrog uas ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tsos mob hauv peb pawg ADHD; Txhua tus neeg koom yuav tsum tau ua kom pom kev kho mob tsis txaus ntseeg, ntxiv rau lwm cov tsos mob ADHD. Ib qho kev txwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog cov txheej txheem nruj ntawm tsis suav nrog cov neeg koom nrog kev ua haujlwm qis (piv txwv li, qee qhov kev sim raug raug), uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam peb cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg ua tau zoo dua nrog ADHD, txwv qhov cuam tshuam rau kev kho mob. Qhov kev sib pauv no yuav tsum tau muab piv rau lub hlwb ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab rau feem coob ntawm peb cov pejxeem. Raws li txoj kev tshawb no yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev kawm ntev, peb kuj tau xaiv los siv ib txoj hauj lwm nrog ib qho kev mob uas lub load muab chav rau cov neeg koom los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo (piv txwv li, 4 load) raws li peb cov neeg tuaj koom kev loj hlob thiab tag nrho cov neeg laus, thaum 3. cov khoom ua haujlwm yuav ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm nrog lub qab nthab. Raws li peb cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no yog hla ntu, kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej yuav tsum tshawb xyuas seb kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov thawj coj ua haujlwm thiab frontostriatal- cerebellar systems hauv ADHD sib txawv ntev nrog kev loj hlob nrog rau kev ua haujlwm nco thiab lwm yam haujlwm tseem ceeb. Peb lub hom phiaj los tshawb xyuas cov lus nug no yav tom ntej thaum peb cov ntaub ntawv ntev ntev loj tuaj.

Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev txawj ntse ntawm peb cov pab pawg nrog ADHD pab pawg kuaj ntawm qib kev txawj ntse qis dua peb pawg NT. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog txuam nrog kev txawj ntse qis thiab kev txawj ntse tag nrho (FSIQ) feem ntau yog qis dua hauv ADHD dua li kev tswj hwm neurotypical (Frazier li al., 2004). Qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob vim tias kev ua haujlwm nco thiab lwm cov txheej txheem uas xav tau kev saib xyuas thaum lub sijhawm kuaj IQ yog qhov yuav txo qis IQ qhab nia thiab yog li, kev tswj hwm nws yuav zoo li tswj tau rau ADHD hauv cov qauv kev txheeb cais. Qhov tseem ceeb, pawg IQs rau ob qho tib si ADHD thiab NT cov neeg koom tau nyob rau hauv qhov nruab nrab mus rau qhov nruab nrab siab, thiab yog li, peb tsis xav tias qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txawj ntse ua haujlwm yuav ua rau ADHD pawg, zoo heev.

WM deficits yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ADHD (Martinussen li al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2001). WM yog txuas rau ADHD cov tsos mob (Rapport et al., 2009), thiab WM deficits tseem nyob rau hauv neeg laus (Alderson et al., 2013). Txawm li cas los xij, WM tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb hauv ADHD (Martinussen li al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2008; Gathercole and Alloway, 2006; Vance et al., 2013; Kofler et al., 2019; 50 Nigg, and 2019). no heterogeneity yog tsis to taub tag nrho. Lwm qhov teeb meem nyuaj tuaj yeem suav nrog qhov ua tau tias WM kev puas tsuaj hauv ADHD tuaj yeem yog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias spatial WM tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam ntau dua li hais lus (Martinussen li al., 2005); Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no meta-kev tshuaj ntsuam pom cov lus WM yuav cuam tshuam rau ADHD (Ramos li al., 2020). Lwm qhov kev xav tau qhia tias WM tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov tib neeg uas muaj cov tsos mob tsis txaus ntseeg (Martinussen thiab Tannock, 2006), tab sis WM qhov tsis txaus kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov tsos mob hnyav / impulsive (Kofler li al., 2019).

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm WM kev tshawb fawb hauv ADHD yog qhov sib txawv hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm WM qhov tsis txaus hauv ADHD (Martinussen li al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2008; Gathercole and Alloway, 2006; Vance et al., 2013; Kofler et al. , 2019; Nigg, 2005). Txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los hauv WM pom qhov tsis txaus hauv ADHD (Martinussen et al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2001), qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam (Martinussen et al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2008. ; Gathercole and Alloway, 2006; Vance et al., 2013; Kofler et al., 2019; Nigg, 2005). Qhov no heterogeneity tsis to taub tag nrho. Ib qho laj thawj rau qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov txiaj ntsig yuav yog tias WM thiab ADHD yog ob qho tib si nyuaj thiab ntau yam kev tsim kho (Martinussen thiab Tannock, 2006; Castellanos et al., 2002; Fosco et al., 2020) thiab cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txawj ntse tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb pom WM qhov kev puas tsuaj los cuam tshuam nrog cov tsos mob tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ADHD (Martinussen thiab Tannock, 2006), thaum lwm tus pom lawv txuas ntxiv rau cov tsos mob hnyav / impulsive (Kofler li al., 2019). Tsis tas li ntawd, WM yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, thiab ib qho ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm WM suav nrog cov thawj tswj hwm hauv nruab nrab, uas tswj cov haujlwm yuav ua li cas, thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb khaws cia (phonological piv rau visuospatial) (Martinussen thiab Tannock, 2006; Castella- nos et al., 2002; Fosco et al., 2020). Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov thawj coj hauv nruab nrab: rov xaj dua, hloov kho dua tshiab, thiab ua dual-ua hauv ADHD, pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb hauv kev rov txiav txim dua thaum hloov kho thiab dual-ua peev xwm yog qhov nruab nrab lossis zoo dua ntawm cov neeg feem coob nrog ADHD (Fosco li al. , 2020). Txawm li cas los xij, Fosco thiab cov npoj yaig kuj pom ADHD cov tsos mob hnyav los cuam tshuam nrog lub hauv paus tswj kev muaj peev xwm, coj los ua ke, qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem sib koom thoob plaws hauv nruab nrab cov thawj coj (Fosco li al., 2020). Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj ntxiv los ntawm WM modality. Spatial WM tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam ntau dua li hais lus WM hauv ADHD raws li tau hais los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus qhuab qhia (Martinussen et al., 2005). Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas meta pom tau hais tias WM yuav cuam tshuam rau ADHD (Ramos li al., 2020). Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb tau tsom mus rau kev hais lus WM hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj kev sib koom ua ke kev nthuav qhia, muaj cov tsos mob tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov tsos mob hnyav, thiab piv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm WM nyuaj, txhais tau tias yog ib qho kev tswj hwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuav hauv WM uas tsis yog kev saib xyuas yooj yim, piv txwv. WM load, hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raws li WM load. Unpacking precisely dab tsi qhov ntev ntawm WM muaj feem xyuam rau kev nkag siab ADHD yog tseem nyob rau hauv nws nascency, tab sis peb ua hauj lwm haum nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv aiming delineate cheeb tsam ntawm txawv txav thiab ib txwm WM muaj nuj nqi.

Hauv kev xaus, txawm hais tias WM raug cuam tshuam hauv ADHD, cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm ADHD thiab WM (Martinussen et al., 2005; Rapport et al., 2008). Ntawd yog, nws tsis tau paub yog tias tag nrho cov haujlwm WM raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev thauj khoom ntau dua, lossis tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, xws li kev tswj hwm, cuam tshuam. Feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej ntawm WM hauv ADHD, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb hauv hlwb, tshwj xeeb, tau tsom mus rau kev saib xyuas (Martinussen et al., 2005; Roman-Urrestarazu et al., 2016; Massat et al., 2012), thiab tsis muaj leej twg tau muab piv ncaj qha. kev tu thiab kev tswj xyuas thiab kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv tib qhov kev sim. Peb pom tias hauv AYA nrog ADHD tsis yog tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm nyuaj xws li kev tswj hwm tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev saib xyuas ntawm cov khoom hnyav dua yog cuam tshuam rau ADHD. Qhov tseeb, peb qhia tias kev coj tus cwj pwm cuam tshuam ntawm kev thauj khoom ntau dua li qhov nyuaj ntxiv, hauv ADHD, txawm hais tias ob qho tib si pom muaj kev cuam tshuam neurally, nrog rau ADHD pawg hauv qab-ua kom lub cerebellum rau ntau dua complexity thiab caudate rau siab dua load. Cov kev tshawb pom no txhim kho qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm WM qhov tsis txaus hauv ADHD los ntawm kev qhia txog qhov twg ntawm WM nyuaj nyuaj rau cov neeg muaj ADHD. Qhov no nyob rau hauv lem tuaj yeem qhia txog kev tsim kho kev cuam tshuam.

hesperidin siv

Nyiaj txiag

Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm National Institute of Mental Health pab nyiaj R01 MH091068 (Schweitzer) thiab U54 HD079125 (Abbeduto).

Kev nthuav tawm nyiaj txiag

Dr. Hinshaw tau txais phau ntawv muaj nuj nqis los ntawm Oxford University Press thiab St. Martin's Press. Mr. Hartanto thiab Dr. Mukherjee, Fassbender, Iosif, van den Bos, Guyer, Pakyurek, McClure, thiab Schweitzer qhia tsis muaj kev sib tw.

CREDiT daim ntawv qhia txog kev sau ntawv

Prerna Mukherjee: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Sau - review & editing, Visualization, Project Administration. Tadeus Hartanto: Kev Tshawb Fawb, Software, Cov ntaub ntawv curation. Ana-Maria Iosif: Kev tsom xam, Sau - tshuaj xyuas & kho. J. Faye Dixon: Kev Tshawb Fawb, Sau - tshuaj xyuas & kho. Stephen P. Hinshaw: Sau

- tshuaj xyuas & kho. Murat Pakyurek: Kev Tshawb Fawb. Wouter van den Bos: Sau - tshuaj xyuas & kho Amanda E. Guyer: Sau - tshuaj xyuas & kho. Samuel McClure: Conceptualization, Methodology, Sau - tshuaj xyuas & kho, Saib Xyuas. Julie B. Schweitzer: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquiring, Project Administration. Catherine Fassbender: Conceptualization, Methodology, Kev Tshawb Fawb, Sau - tshuaj xyuas & kho, Visualization, Supervision, Project Administration.

Kev lees paub

Peb xav kom lees paub qhov kev txhawb nqa zoo ntawm peb cov neeg koom nrog kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau Catrina A. Club, Erin Calfee, Lauren Boyle, Laurel Cavallo, Maria BE Bradshaw, Jessica Nguyen, Steven J. Riley, thiab Dr. J. Daniel Ragland .

Appendix A. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv

Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau tsab xov xwm no tuaj yeem pom hauv online ntawm https://doi. org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102662.